Free Catalyst Research Articles

Heterogeneously-catalyzed aerobic oxidation of furfural to furancarboxylic acid with CuO-Promoted MnO2

A cost-effective and sustainable noble-metal free catalyst system based on ubiquitously available Mn–Cu bimetallic oxides was served as efficient catalysts for furfural selective oxidation to furancarboxylic acid (FA). Interestingly, Mn2Cu1Ox exhibited an excellent furfural conversion of 99% with quantitative selectivity toward FA. Especially, we demonstrate the significant weakening of the Mn–O bonds with the incorporation of CuO into the Mn–Cu oxides, resulting in an improved OL reactivity of Mn2Cu1Ox, which brings about a higher catalytic activity for furfural oxidation. More importantly, Mn2Cu1Ox could exhibit YFA>90% over 5 cycles of reusability test. Through this study, the relationship between the morphology, surface chemistry, and catalytic activity of Mn–Cu bimetallic oxides are elucidated, providing a simple and environmentally friendly catalytic strategy and scientific basis for the development of Mn–Cu bimetallic oxides bioderived molecular aerobic oxidation materials.

Tuning Two-Electron Oxygen-Reduction Pathways for H2 O2 Electrosynthesis via Engineering Atomically Dispersed Single Metal Site Catalysts.

The hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) generation via the electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) under ambient conditions is emerging as an alternative and green strategy to the traditional energy-intensive anthraquinone process and unsafe direct synthesis using H2 and O2 . It enables on-site and decentralized H2 O2 production using air and renewable electricity for various applications. Currently, atomically dispersed single metal site catalysts have emerged as the most promising platinum group metal (PGM)-free electrocatalysts for the ORR. Further tuning their central metal sites, coordination environments, and local structures can be highly active and selective for H2 O2 production via the 2e- ORR. Herein, recent methodologies and achievements on developing single metal site catalysts for selective O2 to H2 O2 reduction are summarized. Combined with theoretical computation and advanced characterization, a structure-property correlation to guide rational catalyst design with a favorable 2e- ORR process is aimed to provide. Due to the oxidative nature of H2 O2 and the derived free radicals, catalyst stability and effective solutions to improve catalyst tolerance to H2 O2 are emphasized. Transferring intrinsic catalyst properties to electrode performance for viable applications always remains a grand challenge. The key performance metrics and knowledge during the electrolyzer development are, therefore, highlighted.

Hierarchical titanium nitride nanostructured thin film gas diffusion electrodes for next generation PEM fuel cells

Durability of the catalyst support in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is still one of the main obstacles to its full deployment. In fact, despite the high peak performances achieved by state of the art membrane electrode assemblies (MEA), the degradation of their performances is still a major issue. Since engineering solutions proposed to overcome this issue increase the complexity and the cost of the system, the development of a stable catalyst support capable to stabilize the Pt nanoparticles is a preferable strategy. For this reason, in this work a highly durable, high surface area support has been developed by growing an array of hierarchical nanostructures of an extremely oxidation resistant material, i.e., titanium nitride (TiN) directly on the microporous layer of a commercial gas diffusion layer. Pt was successively deposited to obtain a hierarchical titanium nitride nanostructured thin film gas diffusion electrode (HTNTF-GDE). It resulted capable to withstand the harsh conditions of the accelerated stress tests (AST) with a degradation of the electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) of to 31% after 15,000 cycles in the rotating disk electrode (RDE) setup and of 34% degradation after 5000 cycles in a fuel cell set-up, exceeding in both cases the DOE target for support durability. Besides durability, we investigated the HTNTF-GDE also in an ionomer free catalyst layer configurations.

One–pot synthesis of boron and nitrogen co–doped nanocarbons for efficient catalytic reduction of nitrophenols

The earth–abundant, highly active, and multifunctional catalysts have attracted enormous interest in heterogeneous catalysis for environmental remediation. Herein, boron and nitrogen co–doped porous nanocarbons (BNC) are synthesized with a one–pot and scalable approach as promising metal–free catalyst materials. The resulting BNC catalysts display controllable morphologies varying from the nanotubes to nanosheets, along with tunable C–N and B–C ratios. Possessing large surface area, highly accessible active centers as well as excellent adsorption capacity, the as–prepared BNC catalysts demonstrate an outstanding hydrogenation reduction of nitrophenols to corresponding aminophenols. Taking 4–nitrophenol reduction as proof–of–concept, the as–synthesized BNC–H-0.30 catalyst exhibits an impressive catalytic activity with a low activation energy of 30.65 kJ mol−1, an impressive reaction rate constant of 6.99 × 10−3 s−1, and acceptable recyclability for 7 cycles without obvious activity decline. Combining both experimental exploration and density functional theory (DFT) calculation, the synergistic effect of graphite N and BCO2 structures within the carbon framework mainly contributes to the high activity. This work not only sheds new light on the rational design of versatile carbon–based catalysts, but paves a new avenue for efficient pollutant conversion and elimination.

Degradation of mixed cationic dye pollutant by metal free melem derivatives and graphitic carbon nitride

Graphitic carbon nitride (GCN), a polymeric metal free catalyst is widely used to degrade the toxic organic dye from the aqueous pollution. However, its catalytic efficiency and effective simultaneous reduction of mixed dye is still a challenge. Here, we have tuned the physiochemical properties of the GCN and melem derivatives by facilely tuning the degree of polycondensation and examined their catalytic activity towards the removal of cationic dye individually and together in solution. Catalysts were synthesized by thermal treatment of low-cost melamine and characterized by XRD, FTIR, RAMAN, FE-SEM, EDX, UV-DRS, and FL spectroscopy to confirm materials' structure, phase, morphology and optical properties. A suitable phase of the catalyst (M−450) exhibited superior removal capacity with a high-rate constant compared to others. The results demonstrate that M−450 has a maximum loading efficacy of 2.13 and 1.12 mg g−1 for methylene blue (MB) and Rhodamine B (RhB) dyes respectively in a single dye system. Attractively, when MB and RhB co-exist in the solution, the efficacy increased by 14% (2.44 mg g−1) and 27% (1.43 mg g−1) for MB and RhB respectively. The adsorption kinetics, stability, effect of pH and reusability of M−450 catalyst was testified. Further, radical scavenger experiments and terephthalic acid tests were carried out to explain the reaction mechanism involved in the degradation of textile dyes. Moreover, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis validated the availability of hydroxyl radicals in the photocatalytic reaction. Excellent stability and reusability were attained even after five successive cycles, demonstrating a suitable photocatalyst for the efficient degradation of mixed dye.

Interface engineering of in−situ formed nickel hydr(oxy)oxides on nickel nitrides to boost alkaline hydrogen electrocatalysis

Highly efficient platinum−group−metal (PGM) free catalysts for alkaline hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) are of vital issues for the development of alkaline hydroxide exchange membrane fuel cells (HEMFCs). Herein, with the help of interface engineering by the in−situ electrochemical surface reconfiguration strategy, the seamless nickel nitrides-nickel hydr(oxy)oxide (denoted as Ni3N−Ni(OH)2) heterostructures were developed. From the systematic electrochemical measurements, the impressive HOR performance such as nearly zero onset overpotential, larger exchange current density, excellent long−term durability, and robust CO tolerance in alkaline media, are obtained by the optimized Ni3N−Ni(OH)2 catalyst, thus rendering it significant potential for applications in HEMFCs. Furthermore, this catalyst also exhibits superior HER activity, approaching to that of Pt/C catalyst. The tailored d band center of Ni and the enhanced hydroxyl adsorption ability at Ni3N−Ni(OH)2 heterojunctions are evidenced by the comprehensive spectroscopy and electrochemical analyses, which are favorable for the accelerated Volmer step toward alkaline hydrogen electrocatalysis.

Advances in proton exchange membranes in polyelectrolytefuel cells

<p indent="0mm">Polyelectrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) are promising devices for clean power generation in automotive, stationary, and portable applications. As a transition, the proton exchange membrane (PEM) is one of the important components in PEFCs, always promotes H⁺ ion transport, isolates the reaction gas (H₂ and O₂), and prevents electronic transmission between cathodes and anodes. Therefore, the performance of PEMs will directly affect the efficiency and stability of PEFCs, and the PEM with excellent performance is of great significance to PEFCs. Generally, PEMs should have extremely low gas permeability, high ion conductivity, fast water transmission and electrical insulation. To achieve this goal, PEM materials usually consist of three parts: Main chains, fixed groups, and ion exchange groups. Ion exchange groups provide faster ion transmission, while main chains and fixed groups endow PEMs with excellent chemical and mechanical stability for more stable mass transport in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Nowadays, due to better microphase separation (ordered arrangement between hydrophobic backbones and hydrophilic side chains), perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) membranes are the most widely used and commercialized PEMs. Moreover, to reduce the cost of PEMs, fluorine-containing PEMs and non-fluorine PEMs have been well developed. Specifically, the fluorine-containing PEMs with better microphase separation, fabricated by Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions or superacid catalysis methods, can provide high H⁺ conductivity and low cost. Surprisingly, some research has broken through the original H⁺ ion transport mechanism (Vehicular and Grotthuss mechanisms) and effectively improved the H⁺ ion transport rate by the modification of ion channels, such as polyrotaxane prepared via host-guest interactions, COFs-PEMs and PIMs-PEMs. This review mainly summarizes the research advances in PEMs in the past two decades. It starts from the principle of PEFCs and the important role of PEMs in PEFCs. The structural characteristics and mass transport characteristics of PEMs are then investigated while emphasizing the influence of molecular structures on the performance of PEFCs, mainly including PFSAPEMs, fluorine-containing PEMs and non-fluorine PEMs, as well as the recently developed new generation PEMs (polyrotaxane, COFs-PEMs and PIMs-PEMs). Meanwhile, the development and challenges of high-temperature proton exchange membranes (HT-PEMs) are introduced. HT-PEMs can effectively extend the operating temperature range of PEMFCs. HT-PEMFCs have attracted more attention due to several advantages, including improved electrode reaction kinetics, enhanced tolerance to fuel/air impurities, simple plate design, and better heat/water management. These advantages may mean the potential for using low Pt metal loading or even Pt metal free catalysts. Finally, according to the study of PEMs in recent years, this review looks forward to and predicts the direction of low-cost, high-performance PEMs in future. Up to now, although PEMs have been well developed, some performances are still not enough for the harsh environment during fuel cell operation, such as poor resistance to free radical, trade-off effects between cost and performance, and so on. Therefore, the development of PEMs should not only improve the H⁺ ionic conductivity, but also enhance the synergy between PEMs and other components in PEMFCs. Future research should focus on the performance of PEMs in the actual operating environment of PEMFCs.

Fabrication of three dimensional SiC@C hybrid for efficient direct dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene to styrene

• The 3D carbon decorated SiC hybrid (core-shell structure) is first prepared by a simple template method as a potential robust metal free ethylbenzene DDH catalyst. • The SiC@C catalyst exhibits a large specific area (410.30 m 2 g −1 ) and high catalytic activity (11.58 mmol g −1 carbon h −1 ) in DDH of EB, nearly 4 times that of nanodiamond. • The extraordinary catalytic performance is attributed to the abundant surface carbonyl groups on the carbon layers. • The unique 3D core shell structure can inhibit the aggregation of SiC@C nanocrystals and is benefit for the heat and mass transfer during the dehydrogenation reaction. Synthesis of hybrid carbon materials with core-shell structure and robust catalytic performance is of great research interest, and remains a great challenge in catalytic dehydrogenation of hydrocarbons reaction. In this paper, few-layer sp 2 carbon decorated SiC nanocrystals with core-shell structure (SiC@C) were fabricated through a dual-confined magnesiothermic method by employing glucose and SiO 2 as precursors. The SiC@C nanocrystals were further crosslinked to be a three dimensional (3D) mesoporous hybrid by the in situ generated carbon as binders and exhibiting a 410.30 m 2 g −1 large surface area. The as-prepared SiC@C hybrid materials as metal-free catalysts were evaluated in the steam-free direct dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene to styrene. Benefiting from the abundant surface carbonyl groups on the graphite carbon layers, the optimized yield rate of styrene normalized by carbon mass was as high as 11.58 mmol g −1 carbon h −1 , nearly 4 times that of nanodiamonds. Considering the low cost and excellent catalytic activity, the hybrid 3D SiC@C material may be a promising candidate for direct dehydrogenation of hydrocarbons.

DFT reveals the support effects in Pd nanoclusters over defect-ridden graphene for the oxidative addition of bromobenzene

Oxidative addition of aryl halides is an elementary and the rate limiting step common to several cross-coupling reactions. Metal complex-based homogeneous catalysts are conventionally used for catalysing such reactions. In search for heterogeneous catalysts, graphene has been widely used as a support for immobilising catalytically active Pd nanoparticles or clusters. In this study, we investigated the activities of small Pdn (n = 3, 4) clusters immobilised over pristine and defected graphenes for the oxidative addition of bromobenzene in the presence of water solvation. We compared the adsorption energetics and activation barriers of oxidative addition for a series of graphene supports and contrasted them with homogeneous free Pdn catalysts. Our theoretical investigations reveal the defected graphene supports to act as charge donors thereby drastically reducing the activation barriers of oxidative addition of bromobenzene when compared to free Pdn clusters. Double vacancy defected graphene and B-doped graphene were concluded as the best support materials providing stronger traps for small Pdn (n = 3, 4) clusters and reducing the oxidative addition barriers, making them potential heterogeneous catalysts for cross-coupling reactions.

Ultrathin layered Zn-doped MoS2 nanosheets deposited onto CdS nanorods for spectacular photocatalytic hydrogen evolution

The utilization of non-precious and noble-metal free catalysts for the photo conversion of water into hydrogen is of significant interest. In particular, the typical layered MoS2 has attracted interest as a low-cost alternative to platinum in the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution system. However, theoretical studies have suggested that the activity of the MoS2 co-catalyst arises only at the S sites on the edges of grains, and not on the basal planes. In this respect, the doping of a foreign metal into the MoS2 system is an interesting method for boosting the hydrogen production rate by increasing the conductivity and number of active sites. Herein, simple methods are used to decorate CdS nanorods with earth-abundant, few-layered zinc-doped MoS2 nanosheets (Zn-MoS2/CdS), and the so-obtained Zn-MoS2/CdS composite is used for the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction under solar irradiation in the presence of lactic acid as a hole scavenger. Thus, the catalyst is shown to provide significant hydrogen generation activity, along with excellent and continuous photo stability for more than 60 h under optimal conditions. Moreover, the hydrogen evolution rate of the Zn-MoS2/CdS composite is up to ~75-fold greater than that of the pure CdS. The loading of Zn-MoS2 is shown to increase the synergistic effects of the photocatalyst due to the effective separation of charge carriers, extensive exposure of catalytic sites, and high dispersion of the few-layered Zn-MoS2. In addition, the stability of the optimized material is enhanced by the doping of Zn metal into the MoS2. To the best of our knowledge, the hydrogen evolution activity of the as-prepared composite is the highest ever reported for the CdS and single metal-doped MoS2-based catalysts. Hence, this type of Zn-MoS2/CdS composite is strongly believed to have great potential as a low-cost, highly-efficient, noble-metal free catalyst for the photocatalytic reduction of water.

Organophotocatalytic Intramolecular Formal Enyne‐Metathesis – An Alternative to Transition‐Metal Catalysis

AbstractA new approach to access 1,3‐diene derived quinolinone compounds has been realized using a mild reaction protocol employing a metal free catalyst (1,2,3,5‐tetrakis(carbazol‐9‐yl)‐4,6‐dicyanobenzene) (4CzIPN), blue LED as activation source, and benefits from a sustainable solvent dimethylcarbonate (DMC). The mechanism is postulated as an amide‐tethered enyne intramolecular [2+2]‐photocatalyzed cycloaddition‐retrocycloaddition sequence, proceeding via a cyclobutene intermediate species. The methodology offers an efficient route towards decorated 1,3‐diene products.

Recent advances in integrating platinum group metal-free catalysts in proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Platinum group metal (PGM)-free catalysts are promising low-cost materials for the oxygen reduction reaction in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). A variety of chemical precursors and synthesis methods have been proposed to increase their catalytic activity. In comparison, significantly less attention has been dedicated to the integration of these PGM-free catalysts into operating electrodes by investigating the role of the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) fabrication on the PEMFC performance. We discuss here some remarkable performance improvements recently achieved by tuning catalyst loading, ionomer content, and ink solvent composition, and call for further explorations of the ink processing and MEA fabrication to improve performance. • Thick PGM-free catalyst layers suffer from proton and mass transport limitations. • Improving the active site accessibility is as important as their turnover frequency. • Progresses in ink processing and MEA fabrication can improve the PEMFC performances. • Good interactions between ionomer and catalyst agglomerates are crucial.

PGM-Free Oxygen-Reduction Catalyst Development for Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells: Challenges, Solutions, and Promises

ConspectusProton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are efficient and clean hydrogen energy technologies for transportation and stationary applications. Highly active and durable low-cost cathode catalysts for the oxygen-reduction reaction (ORR) under challenging acidic environments are desperately needed to address the cost and durability issues of PEMFCs. The most promising platinum group metal (PGM)-free catalysts for the ORR in acidic media are atomically dispersed and nitrogen-coordinated metal site catalysts denoted as M–N–C, M = Fe, Co, or Mn. Due to significant efforts in the past few decades, these catalysts have demonstrated much-improved ORR activity and promising initial fuel cell performance approaching traditional Pt/C catalysts. However, the insufficient long-term stability (up to 5000 h) under PEMFC operation represents a primary technical barrier to making current PGM-free catalysts less viable yet in PEMFCs. In this Account, we highlight recent advances in synthesizing efficient PGM-free catalysts for the ORR in PEMFCs, emphasizing effective strategies to improve mass and intrinsic activity and the possible degradation mechanisms. In particular, a chemical doping method based on the zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF)-8 represents the key to developing efficient M–N–C catalysts containing atomically dispersed and nitrogen-coordinated single metal active sites (i.e., MN4). The newly acquired understanding of the formation mechanism of MN4 active sites during the thermal activation and its correlation to catalytic properties guide the rational catalyst design rather than relying on current trial-and-error approaches. Considerable efforts have further been invested in increasing the active site density and enhancing intrinsic activity by regulating carbon-phase structures and the local coordination environment. These highly active catalysts usually suffer from significant activity loss during the ORR. Therefore, breaking the activity–stability trade-off is the key to simultaneously achieving activity and stability in one catalyst, which is discussed on the basis of our recent successes in regulating local carbon structures surrounding active single metal sites. Significant research efforts toward understanding the degradation mechanisms and improving the lifetime of PGM-free catalysts are still crucial for viable applications in the future. Novel electrode designing strategies are needed to translate the PGM-free catalysts’ ORR activity to solid-state electrolyte-based membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) with robust three-phase (i.e., gas–liquid–solid) interfaces for efficient charge and mass transports for performance improvement. On the basis of our effort at the University at Buffalo supported by ElectroCat Consortium associated with U.S. DOE’s Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies Office, we provide a perspective on PGM-free cathode catalysts concerning remaining bottlenecks and future opportunities, aiming to inspire the community in both mechanistic understanding and technological development.

Co Anchored B36 Cluster as a Novel Single Atom Catalyst for Removing Toxic CO Molecules: A Mechanistic First‐Principles Study

AbstractThe catalytic oxidation of toxic carbon monoxide (CO) into carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the most significant reactions in heterogeneous catalysis and industrial chemistry. Hence, finding efficient and cost‐effective catalysts for CO oxidation is very critical. In this study, the electronic and catalytic properties of a Co atom incorporated B36 cluster (Co@B36) are investigated by means of first‐principles calculations. The results show that the Co atom can seriously tune the properties of the B36 cluster due to significant hybridization between the 3d states of the Co atom and the B‐2p states of the surrounding B atoms. This induces a significant positive charge on the Co atom, providing an active site for O2 and CO molecules to attack. Furthermore, the well‐known mechanisms for CO oxidation, namely the Eley‐Rideal (ER), Langmuir‐Hinshelwood (LH), termolecular Eley‐Rideal (TER), and new Eley‐Rideal (NER), are taken into account in this work. According to our findings, the LH and TER mechanisms are the most energetically efficient routes for CO oxidation; however, the favored mechanism may be depending on the relative concentrations of CO and O2 molecules in the reaction mixture. The obtained activation energies through the TER and LH mechanisms are also comparable with those reported on noble metals. The findings of this work might help in the design and manufacture of noble‐metal free single atom catalysts for the removal of harmful CO molecules from the environment.

Iron doped titania/multiwalled carbon nanotube nanocomposite: A robust electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction in aqueous acidic medium

Development of Pt free catalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is a key area in the field of alternate fuel production. The present work describes the electrocatalytic activity of Fe doped TiO2/MWCNT nanocomposite towards hydrogen evolution electrocatalyst. The catalyst is prepared using a surfactant wrapping in situ sol gel method. This method generates a well-defined nanocomposite with individual MWCNTs decorated with active Fe doped titania particles. The nanocomposite catalyses the evolution of H2 at potentials between -0.55 V and -0.10 V vs RHE in acidic aqueous medium. A comparative study of different catalysts (Fe doped TiO2/MWCNT, platinized Fe doped TiO2, Fe doped TiO2 and bare TiO2) towards HER shows better catalytic activity by Fe doped TiO2/MWCNT than the rest, with a small overpotential of 221 mV and a tafel slope value of 0.152 V dec−1 at current density 10 mA cm−2. The catalyst maintains stability for 63,809 s. The performance enhancement of Fe doped TiO2/MWCNT can be attributed specifically to the increased electric conductivity by MWCNTs. The catalytic activity increases with increasing MWCNT content (from wt% 0.35 to 0.50). MWCNTs also lower the band gap in the synthesized catalyst, thereby promoting charge separation by shortening the charge transfer distance from the generation site to the surface, making spatial charge separation and overall increasing the number of active sites in the final composite.

Synthesis of High Molecular Weight Stereo-Di-Block Copolymers Driven by a Co-Initiator Free Catalyst.

Stereo-diblock copolymers of high molecular weight polylactide (PLA) were synthetized by the one pot-sequential addition method assisted by a heteroscorpionate catalyst without the need of a co-initiator. The alkyl zinc organometallic heteroscorpionate derivative (Zn(Et)(κ3-bpzteH)] (bpzteH = 2,2-bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)-1-para-tolylethoxide) proved to assist in the mechanism of reaction following a coordination-insertion process. Kinetic studies along with the linear correlation between monomer and number average molecular weight (Mn) conversion, and the narrow polydispersities supported the truly living polymerization character of the initiator, whereas matrix-assisted laser desorption/Ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) studies showed a very low order of transesterification. The high stereo-control attained for the afforded high molecular weight derivatives was revealed by homonuclear decoupled 1H NMR spectra and polarimetry measurements. The nanostructure of the PLA derivatives was studied by both wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the stereocomplex phase of the PLA stereo-diblock copolymers was successfully identified.

Proton reduction by a bimetallic zinc selenolate electrocatalyst.

The development of alternative energy sources is the utmost priority of developing society. Unlike many prior homogeneous electrocatalysts that rely on a change in the oxidation state of the metal center and/or electrochemically active ligand, here we report the synthesis and structural characterization of a bimetallic zinc selenolate complex consisting of a redox silent zinc metal ion and a tridentate ligand that catalyzes the reduction of protons into hydrogen gas electrochemically and displays one of the highest reported TOF for a homogeneous TM-metal free ligand centered HER catalyst, 509 s−1. The current–voltage analysis confirms the onset overpotential of 0.86 V vs. Ag/AgCl for the HER process. Constant potential electrolysis (CPE) has been carried out to study the bulk electrolysis of our developed protocol, which reveals that the bimetallic zinc selenolate catalyst is stable under cathodic as well as anodic potentials and generates hydrogen gas with a faradaic efficiency of 75%. Preliminary studies on the heterogeneous catalyst were conducted by depositing the bimetallic zinc selenolate catalyst on the electrode surface.

THERMAL DECOMPOSITION BEHAVIORS OF 30&amp;#37; HYDROGEN PEROXIDE OVER FREE NOBLE METAL-SYNTHESIZED SOLID CATALYSTS

THERMAL DECOMPOSITION BEHAVIORS OF 30&amp;#37; HYDROGEN PEROXIDE OVER FREE NOBLE METAL-SYNTHESIZED SOLID CATALYSTS

Single-Step Hydrothermal-Deposited Ni-Co Phosphites as a Noble-Metal Free Catalyst for the Durable Anion-Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzer Cell

Single-Step Hydrothermal-Deposited Ni-Co Phosphites as a Noble-Metal Free Catalyst for the Durable Anion-Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzer Cell

Scalable and thermally-integrated solar water-splitting modules using Ag-doped Cu(In,Ga)Se2 and NiFe layered double hydroxide nanocatalysts

A thermally-integrated solar water-splitting approach is presented, using bifunctional precious metal free catalysts based on Fe and Ni. The approach is scalable and reaches up to 13.4% solar-to-hydrogen (STH) efficiency.