Free Association Research Articles

The image of Russia as a result of political perception (based on the results cognitive analysis of the concepts of <i>Russia</i>, <i>Homeland</i>, <i>Country</i>, and <i>State</i>)

The article raises the problem of political perception and formation of the image of Russia in the individual and public consciousness. The hypothesis of the study is that the image of Russia as a result of political perception is structured from certain concepts (Russia, Homeland, country, and state). These concepts are basic for the conceptual sphere of the Russian people, and they have been studied in detail within the framework of cognitive linguistics. However, trends in political perception can be traced by studying changes in the perception of native Russian speakers of relevant concepts. Within the framework of the free association method, 326 respondents were selecting attributive distributors for lexemes that verbalize the corresponding concepts. The results of the study consist in: (1) identification of a range of attributes characteristic of each concept that makes up the image of Russia; (2) identification of overlapping, that is, repetitive and most common definitions that indicate the key characteristics of the concepts; (3) highlighting the most unique, neologous phrases that demonstrate trends in the dynamics of concepts; (4) visualization of the image of Russia (its key and peripheral characteristics), which allows you to see trends in political perception.

Free association is all we need?

Cet article propose un commentaire de l’article d’Arnaud Rey (2024), qui repose sur l’hypothèse que le fonctionnement neuronal est essentiellement de nature associationniste, et plus largement, sur la théorie de l’Associationnisme Radical Unifié (ARU). Cette théorie s’aligne sur les modèles psychanalytiques où la libre association est considérée comme la « règle fondamentale », les associations du patient étant censées révéler son fonctionnement psychologique inconscient. La libre association peut concerner le langage verbal, mais aussi l’associativité sensori-motrice (appelée « associativité formelle ») ainsi que l’associativité de groupe, qui rend compte des associations entre plusieurs personnes au sein d’un groupe. Dans un cadre thérapeutique, la capacité du patient à produire des associations originales – la « générativité associative » – est également considérée comme un marqueur essentiel des processus de symbolisation. Ainsi, les cliniciens pourraient également se reconnaître dans le principe proposé par Arnaud Rey selon lequel « l’association libre est tout ce dont nous avons besoin », et il est remarquable que des disciplines aux méthodologies différentes parviennent à la même idée générale. Des considérations épistémologiques sur les relations entre associativité psychologique et neuronale sont proposées en conclusion, considérations qui conduisent à un questionnement plus large sur ce qu’il est convenu d’appeler le problème difficile de la conscience.

Horses, gender, and (queer) masculine desire, or how experimental found footage film recycles three Hollywood films

Abstract Although the experimental found footage film recycles Hollywood films so that the outcome may radically differ from the original story, there are no accounts on how it adapts images from mainstream cinema to represent human–animal relations, linking to gender and masculinity. To fill this gap, I discuss how experimental film Horsey recycles footage from three Hollywood productions—Reflections in a Golden Eye, The Swimmer, and The Black Stallion—to construct a new narrative, which displays a very close conformity to the prior text, shifting the focus to human–horse interactions. Raising questions about the traditional understanding, scope, and limits of adaptation in avant-garde film studies, Horsey fits in with the broader tradition of cinematic recycling of mainstream cinema as it exemplifies intertextuality as a direct form of quotation, taking quotation as appropriation through cuts, detournement, compilation and free association. Particularly, following Guy Barefoot’s understanding of adaptation as an intertextual form of recycling, Horsey is distinctive in its sole use of found footage from the three Hollywood films as it fully acknowledges the recycled material, strongly alluding to the original stories, and simultaneously re-processes them through a collage of pre-used footage, slow motion, washed-out colours, and an altered soundtrack. Despite appearing to merely extract images and sounds from Reflections, The Swimmer, and The Black Stallion, Horsey emerges as a productive site for recycling Hollywood cinema, placing it into new contexts and audio-visual configurations and offering more complex, engaging ways of looking at how humans connect to horses.

The Effect of Parenting Styles Based on Teeneger Approaches to Prevention of Free Association in Teeneger in Padangsidimpuan

Introduction: Free association is a form of association that isn’t bound by social rules and norms caused by a person's inability to sort out information that must be applied in everyday life. Promiscuity is synonymous with teenagers Objective: This research aims to analyze the influence of parenting styles based on adolescent approaches to preventing promiscuity Method: This research is quantitative type with the method used retrospective research, because the researcher will explore teenagers' experiences related to parenting patterns carried out by parents in everyday life, and without any treatment. The sample size was 120 respondents. Result: The results found that the majority of respondents had an authoritative parenting style, 107 people (89.2%). Based on preventing promiscuity, the majority were able to prevent 112 people (93.3%). The bivariate results for both variables show that the p-value is 0.011, which can be interpreted as having an influence on parental parenting on preventing juvenile delinquency (0.011 < 0.05) Conclusion: Actions to prevent promiscuity according to teenagers are closely related to the parenting patterns used by parents. Authoritative parenting is the best parenting style compared to other parenting styles in caring for teenagers. This is because this parenting style provides teaching in the form of a sense of responsibility and explanation in every action, so that teenagers will understand the reasons for what actions they can and cannot take.

Making sense of pain in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): A qualitative study.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic, gastrointestinal tract condition, in which pain is one of the most widespread and debilitating symptoms, yet research about how individuals make sense of their IBD pain is lacking. The current study aimed to explore how individuals with IBD understand their pain. Twenty participants, recruited via the Crohn's & Colitis UK charity, were interviewed about their understanding of their IBD pain using the Grid Elaboration Method that elicits free associations on which it invites elaboration. Thematic analysis was used to organise transcribed verbatim data. Three related themes - making sense of my pain, navigating my care and support and it takes its toll - comprising seven sub-themes, illustrated the ways in which participants made sense of pain experientially, multi-dimensionally, and in the broader context of IBD and its symptoms. The psychological impact of pain was evident across all interviews. The findings are consistent with other research in IBD pain, demonstrating the importance of pain in IBD. Sense-making underpins both emotional and practical responses to pain and ideally is constructed as an integral part of clinical care of IBD.

Wondering and Wandering: In Defense of Free Association and the Fundamental Rule.

"Free association" and the "fundamental rule" are bedrock for psychoanalytic therapy and apply to what both patient and analyst should experience in the process. The article traces Sigmund Freud's revolutionary recognition of the importance of free association that began with his tribute to the works of Ludwig Börne and Friedrich Schiller. The author invokes other proposals akin to free association made by artists and scientists, including John Keats, Charles Dickens, Robert Frost, Thomas S. Kuhn, Arthur Koestler, and Albert Einstein. While emphasizing the importance and the liberatory potential of free association as it relates to effective treatment and discovery, the author contends that there is a "moral press" for both the patient and the analyst to permit free associative thoughts, particularly to question assumptions about how things are supposed to be.

Novel embeddings improve the prediction of risk perception

We assess whether the classic psychometric paradigm of risk perception can be improved or supplanted by novel approaches relying on language embeddings. To this end, we introduce the Basel Risk Norms, a large data set covering 1004 distinct sources of risk (e.g., vaccination, nuclear energy, artificial intelligence) and compare the psychometric paradigm against novel text and free-association embeddings in predicting risk perception. We find that an ensemble model combining text and free association rivals the predictive accuracy of the psychometric paradigm, captures additional affect and frequency-related dimensions of risk perception not accounted for by the classic approach, and has greater range of applicability to real-world text data, such as news headlines. Overall, our results establish the ensemble of text and free-association embeddings as a promising new tool for researchers and policymakers to track real-world risk perception.

Teknik dan Prosedur Asosiasi Bebas dan Interpretasi dalam Konseling Psikoanalisa

Psychoanalytic theory is a theory that attempts to explain the nature and development of personality. The classic psychoanalyst is Sigmund Freud, Freud initially developed his theory about personality structure and the causes of mental disorders. The main elements of this theory are motivation, emotions, and other aspects of consciousness. The purpose of this article is to know Techniques and Procedures for Free Association and Interpretation in Psychoanalytic Counseling. The method used in this research is qualitative with a literature study, starting with written material that is considered the most relevant. The results of this research include, namely (1) Basic procedures for free association counseling techniques, (2) procedures for interpretation counseling techniques, (3) Steps for free association, (4) Steps for interpretation counseling techniques.

“If I say sustainable diet”: What are French consumers’ social representations?

The adoption of sustainable diets is essential to maintain our planet’s ecosystem and the well-being of its inhabitants. Scientists characterize sustainable diets by four essential dimensions: respectful of the environment, of good nutritional quality, culturally acceptable, and economically fair. The ‘sustainable diet’ concept, however, can be challenging for consumers to understand. They might partially understand the concept or have representations of the concept that are not shared between individuals, which could result in difficulty putting the recommendations into practice. Our study investigated French consumers’ social representations of sustainable diets, aiming more particularly to show if groups with different levels of education might have different representations. A free word association task was carried out by 273 participants aged between 20 and 60 years. Our results revealed common associations among the participants, including concepts such as ecology, health, environment, and locality. Sociocultural and economic dimensions were rarely mentioned, unlike the predominant environmental dimension. Segmentation analysis by education level revealed that participants in the higher education group had more multidimensional social representations. These results show that the ‘sustainable diet’ concept is not fully shared by French consumers. Clarifying the definition should improve consumer understanding, thus promoting the adoption of sustainable diet practices by all.

Food Fraud Conceptualization: An Exploratory Study with Portuguese Consumers

Food fraud refers to deceptive practices conducted for economic gain, and incidents of such fraud are often reported in the media and scientific literature. However, little is known about how European consumers perceive food fraud. To address this gap, a study explored Portuguese consumers' knowledge and perceptions of food fraud using qualitative methods such as free word association and semi-structured interviews. For this research, 340 participants were recruited, providing 911 valid words, classified into categories, major categories, and dimensions. Differences between consumers' previous exposure to food fraud and sociodemographic characteristics were explored. Additionally, other thirty-six participants were selected and interviewed, following a semi-structured guide. Interviews were transcribed, coded, and analyzed using a thematic analysis procedure. The results suggest that Portuguese consumers view food fraud as a morally reprehensible deception and are aware of its causes and impacts. However, not all consumers know the different forms of food fraud or the types of products vulnerable to fraud. Among the most repeated words were “deception”, “expiration date”, and “falsification”. Despite this food fraud awareness, most consumers believed they were not exposed to food fraud and stated that they do not conduct daily practices to reduce exposure to it. Following the chi-square and Mann-Whitney tests, significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) were identified between participants exposed and not exposed to food fraud. The study also found that consumers with higher education and self-reported exposure to food fraud had a better understanding of the issue. This study provides insights for quantitative research on consumer perceptions and beliefs about food fraud to explore further vulnerable food categories and types of food fraud in real-world scenarios.

Perception of Emotions and Colours Among Ukrainians

The study presents research results on the associative connection between emotions and colours among Ukrainian-speaking and non-Ukrainian-speaking Ukrainians. It aims to confirm or refute the constancy of associations between the ten differential emotions identified by C. Izard and different colours, as well as the specificity of the relationship of these associations for the Ukrainian-speaking audience compared to the non-Ukrainian-speaking one. The survey questionnaire comprised a socio-demographic section, which incorporated a query regarding the language that the respondents learned to speak initially. The methodology was based on the free association method, where the stimulus material consisted of the names of ten specified emotions, and the respondents were expected to provide the colours that came to mind first. The study involved 127 participants aged between 18 and 60, of whom 109 were female and 18 were male. The study showed a constant associative relationship ratio between emotions and colours. In contrast, this ratio's specificity in the Ukrainian sample was not supported compared to the non-Ukrainian sample. This finding highlights the need for further research into the influence of language, culture, and individuality on colour perception in modern conditions. The second result shows that some emotions have more associative colours than others, indicating the existence of emotion colour attributes. It allows for the analysis of the uniqueness of each individual's experience of different emotions.

THE PROBLEM OF GREENLANDIC AND FAROESE SEPARATISM IN THE FOREIGN POLICY OF THE KINGDOM OF DENMARK

Over the recent decades the problem of Faroese and Greenland’s secessionism has become immensely pressing both for Denmark and the whole world, particularly in the face of growing geopolitical and military political instability. The authors intend to assess the probability of the dissolution of the Danish Commonwealth of the Realm and, as a consequence, to anticipate eventual international political scenarios. Firstly, the current legal statuses of the autonomous territories and their historical evolution were analyzed. Secondly, the phenomenon of metropolis’ transfers as an instrument of neocolonial policy was studied, demonstrating the relationship between the level of dependence of a self-governing territory on economic aid from the core and the desire and/or willingness to pursue independence. Thirdly, the economic and politico-military factors determining the rise of separatism in the islands were investigated. Despite the steps taken by Copenhagen to contain secession, the situation is developing in an evolutionary way, which allows authors to make a prediction about the modification of the Danish Commonwealth of the Realm into a «free association».

Spiritual and Community-Based Mental Health Services for Children with Special Needs in Islamic Boarding School

This study focuses on enhancing the care and educational support for children with special needs, particularly in rural areas where their families often lack adequate support. Recognizing the vital roles of communities and governments, the research seeks to create an inclusive education and mental health service model that incorporates spirituality and community engagement. A qualitative research method was used to achieve this, involving 19 managers and caregivers of children with special needs. Through interviews, participant observations, and three focus group discussions, data were collected using the free association technique and analyzed via thematic analysis. This analysis highlighted four key themes: the development of spiritual and community-based mental health services, the application of these approaches in service delivery, the care strategies for children with special needs, and the evaluation methods and psychological interventions rooted in indigenous psychology. The goal is to establish a mental health service model for rural settings that can be adapted for broader application in other regions.

Efforts Made By PPKn Teachers in Dealing With Student Fighting

This research aims to determine the efforts of PPKn teachers in dealing with brawls among students. This research uses the Literature review method where the data taken is excerpts of data from several articles and journals accessed from Google. The results of the research on the efforts of PPKn teachers in dealing with student brawls are seen from The aspects of teachers as guides and teachers as moral agents have been running well in accordance with their duties and responsibilities as teachers who guide students' morals. Meanwhile, the factors that influence the occurrence of juvenile delinquency are caused by internal factors and external factors. Where lack of self-awareness, weak self-control and lack of parental attention, free association, social media, social environment causes juvenile delinquency.

Effect of functionalization on the adsorption performance of carbon nanotube as a drug delivery system for imatinib: molecular simulation study

In this study, efficiency of functionalized carbon nanotube as a potential delivery system for imatinib anti-cancer drug was investigated. Accordingly, carboxyl and hydroxyl functionalized carbon nanotube were inspected as a notable candidate for the carriage of this drug in aqueous media. For this purpose, possible interactions of imatinib with pure and functionalized carbon nanotube were considered in aqueous media. The compounds were optimized in gas phase using density functional calculations. Solvation free energies and association free energies of the optimized structures were then studied by Monte Carlo simulation and perturbation method in water environment. Outcomes of quantum mechanical calculations presented that pure and functionalized carbon nanotubes can act as imatinib drug adsorbents in gas phase. However, results of association free energy calculations in aqueous solution indicated that only carboxyl and hydroxyl functionalized carbon nanotubes could interact with imatinib. Monte Carlo simulation results revealed that electrostatic interactions play a vital role in the intermolecular interaction energies after binding of drug and nanotube in aqueous solution. Computed solvation free energies in water showed that the interactions with functionalized carbon nanotubes significantly enhance the solubility of imatinib, which could improve its in vivo bioavailability.

Preliminary Data from the Small World of Singlish Words Project: Examining Responses to Common Singlish Words

We report data from the Small World of Singlish Words (SWOSW) Project, where word associations are obtained for a list of common Singlish words. Singapore English, colloquially known as Singlish, is a dialect of English spoken in Singapore. Free association data on these words were collected from a young adult population of university undergraduates using an online survey platform. This data enables the construction of semantic networks, allowing one to examine the semantic structure of individual words in the Singlish lexicon, as well as to compare differences in semantic structure across groups of participants.

Edukasi Pengajaran Sikap Sopan Santun di Rumah dan Sekolah Sebagai Upaya untuk Meningkatkan Karakter Siswa

Currently, students' social politeness is starting to fade. This is influenced by the development of information technology, cultural modernization and free association. In fact, this attitude is important as a basis for forming a generation of quality and noble character. The aim of this activity is to increase understanding and awareness of the importance of polite culture for elementary school students at SDIT Ma'Arif Sepaku. The method used in this activity is scientific methods of lectures, counseling, training and interactive activities involving students. The results of this work program increase students' understanding of how to interact politely with teachers, parents and peers. Students can also apply the culture of politeness in various situations in everyday life so that they can increase the cultural values of politeness at home and at school.

Paris Diary

Abstract Sergei Eisenstein's Paris Diary, a fragment of which is presented here for the first time in translation, traces two months of the filmmaker's sojourn in Paris between December 1929 and February 1930. It captures the singular way in which he interwove theoretical reflections with free associations, political remarks, and random observations. Containing drawings and notes, these pages also bear witness to significant encounters with the biologist and micro-cinematographer Jean Painlevé, the ethnographer Georges-Henri Rivière, and, the subject of speculation for many decades, the philosopher and cultural theorist Georges Bataille. Critical discussions of Surrealism, including Luis Buñuel's and Salvador Dalí's film Un chien andalou, are also reported. The diary's fragmentary notes and metamorphic associations perform Eisenstein's transposition of experimental Surrealist techniques, such as free association, onto his own autotheoretical writing.

What Do You Mean by Trust? The Free Associations of the Word “Trust”

Abstract The notion of trust has been discussed among several scientific fields, but it still lacks the joint theory. The goal was to analyze the trust associations of 600 participants and clarify how people associate the word “trust”. Overall, 600 participants produced 1800 associations which were sequentially divided into five domains and 14 categories. The findings imply, that when it comes to trust people tend to associate it mainly with relationships and positive emotions. The fact that associations involved mainly positive emotional states and significant others may show, that trust in itself is something emotional and obviously bound to people we have the strongest bonds with.

“We’re Taking Back the Narrative”. An Interview with Benetick Kabua Maddison, of the Marshallese Educational Initiative

This contribution features an interview with Benetick Kabua Maddison, the Executive Director of the Marshallese Educational Initiative (MEI), an NGO that aims to raise awareness of the effects of nuclear testing and climate change on the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI). The RMI was the site of 67 nuclear tests conducted by the United States between 1946 and 1958, which resulted in environmental degradation and health problems for the local population. The interview explores the current renegotiation of the Compact of Free Association (COFA), a treaty that governs the political and economic relationship between the RMI and the US. The interview also discusses the challenges and opportunities for the Marshallese community, the conflicting statements regarding the contamination of the RMI, and the prospects of a nuclear weapons ban and global solidarity to address the twin existential threats facing the RMI and the world.