Free Action Research Articles

Angiotensin-I Converting Enzyme Inhibition and Antioxidant Activity of Papain-Hydrolyzed Camel Whey Protein and Its Hepato-Renal Protective Effects in Thioacetamide-Induced Toxicity

Papain hydrolysis of camel whey protein (CWP) produced CWP hydrolysate (CWPH). Fractionation of CWPH by the size exclusion chromatography (SEC) generated fractions (i.e., SEC-F1 and SEC-F2). The angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory activity (ACE-IA) and free radical scavenging actions were assessed for CWP, CWPH, SEC-F1, and SEC-F2. The SEC-F2 exerted the highest ACE-IA and scavenging activities, followed by CWPH. The protective effects of CWPH on thioacetamide (TAA)-induced toxicity were investigated in rats. The liver enzymes, protein profile, lipid profile, antioxidant enzyme activities, renal functions, and liver histopathological changes were assessed. Animals with TAA toxicity showed impaired hepatorenal functions, hyperlipidemia, and decreased antioxidant capacity. Treatment by CWPH counteracted the TAA-induced oxidative tissue damage as well as preserved the renal and liver functions, the antioxidative enzyme activities, and the lipid profile, compared to the untreated animals. The current findings demonstrate that the ACE-IA and antioxidative effects of CWPH and its SEC-F2 fraction are worth noting. In addition, the CWPH antioxidative properties counteracted the toxic hepatorenal dysfunctions. It is concluded that the hydrolysis of CWP generates a wide range of bioactive peptides with potent antihypertensive, antioxidant, and hepatorenal protective properties. This opens up new prospects for the therapeutic utilization of CWPH and its fractions in the treatment of oxidative stress-associated health problems, e.g., hypertension and hepatorenal failure.

The index of leafwise [formula omitted]-transversally elliptic operators on foliations

We introduce and study the index morphism for leafwise G-transversally elliptic operators on smooth closed foliated manifolds. We prove the usual axioms of excision, multiplicativity and induction for closed subgroups. In the case of free actions, we relate our index class with the Connes–Skandalis index class of the corresponding leafwise elliptic operators on the quotient foliation. Finally we prove the compatibility of our index morphism with the Gysin morphism and reduce its computation to the case of tori actions. We also construct a topological candidate for an index theorem using the Kasparov–Dirac element for euclidean G-representations.

Determination of some biochemical parameters from leaves of Quercus ilex L.(Fagaceae), collected in Djabel Zagouan (Tunisia)

Biochemical characterization, such as, fatty acids, essential oils composition, polyphenols content and antioxidant activities, were investigated from leaves, of Quercus ilex L.(Fagaceae), collected in DjabelZagouan (Tunisia). Only the fatty acid composition was determined by gas chromatography after transformation of the fatty acids into methyl ester derivatives compatible for injection in a Gas Chromatograph,and determined by gas chromatography (GC-FID). Essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation and, analyzed by gas chromatography (GC-FID). Total phenolic content, concentration of flavonoids and, in vitro, antioxidant activities were determined, using spectrophotometric methods. The antioxidant activities was tested by the DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), free radical scavenging assay. Results showed that total fatty acid content varied from 1.78 to 4.86%, based on dry weight (dw) and the predominants fatty acids were oleic acid (63.43–59.76%), linoleic acid (14.93–16.05%) and palmitic acid (9.16–12.13%). The oils contain, an appreciable, amount of unsaturated fatty acids (73.86–85.59%).This study showed that Holm oak leaves, are rich in an unusual fatty acid, the oleic one. The essential oil yield varied, from 0.01 to 0.04%. So the major components, in leaves oils from Quercus ilex L., were trans -2-hexanal (14.89–16.93%), viridiflorol (12.94–15.24%) and sabinene (6.84–9.65%).The total phenolic, content of the samples, varied, from 2.93 to 3.40 mg/g of dry weight, expressed as gallic acid equivalents. The total flavonoid concentrations varied, from 1.83 to 2.72 mg/g, of dry weight quercetin equivalents. The extracts of the leaves were observed displaying strong DPPH free radical scavenging action, with IC 50 value, ranged, from 102.66 to 134.83 µg/mL, comparing to the IC 50 value (48.31µg/mL), of reference standard. These results suggest that phenolics, in this species, provide substantial antioxidant activity and Quercus. Ilex L. may be a potential source of natural antioxidants.

A variational principle for the metric mean dimension of free semigroup actions

AbstractWe consider continuous free semigroup actions generated by a family $(g_y)_{y \,\in \, Y}$ of continuous endomorphisms of a compact metric space $(X,d)$ , subject to a random walk $\mathbb P_\nu =\nu ^{\mathbb N}$ defined on a shift space $Y^{\mathbb N}$ , where $(Y, d_Y)$ is a compact metric space with finite upper box dimension and $\nu $ is a Borel probability measure on Y. With the aim of elucidating the impact of the random walk on the metric mean dimension, we prove a variational principle which relates the metric mean dimension of the semigroup action with the corresponding notions for the associated skew product and the shift map $\sigma $ on $Y^{\mathbb {N}}$ , and compare them with the upper box dimension of Y. In particular, we obtain exact formulas whenever $\nu $ is homogeneous and has full support. We also discuss several examples to enlighten the roles of the homogeneity, of the support and of the upper box dimension of the measure $\nu $ , and to test the scope of our results.

The Empiricist Origin of Biopolitics: Freedom and Potentiality in John Locke

This article examines John Locke’s theory of subjectivity to challenge the recent critical tendency to associate biopolitics and empiricism. Michel Foucault, most notably among modern theorists of biopolitics, proposes that the Lockean man, or an interest-seeking animal, constitutes the paradigm of a person that remains subject to biopower. Such understanding of empiricism by biopolitical theorists is, however, reductive because Locke’s view of human subjectivity is fundamentally equivocal. As I demonstrate by analyzing his discussion of freedom, action, and desire in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding and other writings, Locke admits the possibility for a human being to think and to act freely, although in the process of restricting the capacity for free action. Hence, the theorists’ simplistic view of Locke rather reflects the limits of their own conception of subjectivity, especially their behavioristic premises. As they consider a person as a mere machine of survival without agency and initiative, they preclude the possibility of overcoming biopower at the fundamental level. In demonstrating contradictions and tensions within Locke’s empiricism, this article then proposes the ways in which Locke can show a way beyond the critical impasse in political theory in elucidating (albeit inconsistently) the power of acting against the chain of causality.

Development of an Enhanced Mechanistically Driven Mode of Action Classification Scheme for Adverse Effects on Environmental Species.

This study developed a novel classification scheme to assign chemicals to a verifiable mechanism of (eco-)toxicological action to allow for grouping, read-across, and in silico model generation. The new classification scheme unifies and extends existing schemes and has, at its heart, direct reference to molecular initiating events (MIEs) promoting adverse outcomes. The scheme is based on three broad domains of toxic action representing nonspecific toxicity (e.g., narcosis), reactive mechanisms (e.g., electrophilicity and free radical action), and specific mechanisms (e.g., associated with enzyme inhibition). The scheme is organized at three further levels of detail beyond broad domains to separate out the mechanistic group, specific mechanism, and the MIEs responsible. The novelty of this approach comes from the reference to taxonomic diversity within the classification, transparency, quality of supporting evidence relating to MIEs, and that it can be updated readily.

On the vanishing cohomology problem for cocycle actions of groups on II_1 factors

We prove that any free cocycle action of a countable amenable group $\Gamma$ on any II$_1$ factor $N$ can be perturbed by inner automorphisms to a genuine action. This {\em vanishing cohomology} property, that we call $\mathcal V\mathcal C$, is also closed to free products with amalgamation over finite groups. But beyond this no other examples of $\mathcal V\mathcal C$-groups are known. In turn, by considering special cocycle actions $\Gamma \curvearrowright N$ in the case $N$ is the hyperfinite II$_1$ factor $R$, respectively the free group factor $N=L(\Bbb F_\infty)$, we exclude many groups from being $\mathcal V\mathcal C$. We also show that any free action $\Gamma \curvearrowright R$ gives rise to a free cocycle $\Gamma$-action on the II$_1$ factor $R'\cap R^\omega$ whose vanishing cohomology is equivalent to Connes' Approximate Embedding property for the II$_1$ factor $R\rtimes \Gamma$.

The Upper Capacity Topological Entropy of Free Semigroup Actions for Certain Non-compact Sets

In this paper, we first introduce some new notions of ‘periodic-like’ points, such as almost periodic points, weakly almost periodic points, quasi-weakly almost periodic points, of free semigroup actions. We find that the corresponding sets and gap-sets of these points carry full upper capacity topological entropy of free semigroup actions under certain conditions. Furthermore, $$\phi $$ -irregular set acting on free semigroup actions is introduced and it also carries full upper capacity topological entropy in the system with specification property. Finally, we introduce the level set for local recurrence of free semigroup actions and analyze its connections with upper capacity topological entropy. Our analysis generalizes the results obtained by Tian (Different asymptotic behavior versus same dynamical complexity: recurrence & (ir)regularity. Adv. Math. 288:464–526, 2016), Chen et al. (Topological entropy for divergence points. Ergodic Theory Dynam Syst. 25:1173–1208, 2005) and Lau and Shu (The spectrum of Poincare recurrence. Ergodic Theory Dynam Syst 28:1917–1943, 2007) etc.

Resolving compacta by free $p$-adic actions

In this paper we study compacta Y that are resolvable by a free p-adic action on a compactum of a lower dimension and focus on compacta Y whose cohomological dimension with respect to the group Z[1/p] is 1.

自由半群作用的拓扑r压和拓扑压

自由半群作用的拓扑r压和拓扑压

Zero-dimensional extensions of amenable group actions

We prove that every dynamical system $X$ with a free action of a countable amenable group $G$ by homeomorphisms has a zero-dimensional extension $Y$ which is faithful and principal, i.e. every $G$-invariant measure $\mu $ on $X$ has exactly one preimage $

Higher-dimensional obstructions for star reductions

A $*$-reduction between two equivalence relations is a Baire measurable reduction which preserves generic notions, i.e., preimages of meager sets are meager. We show that a $*$-reduction between orbit equivalence relations induces generically an embedding between the associated Becker graphs. We introduce a notion of dimension for Polish $G$-spaces which is generically preserved under $*$-reductions. For every natural number $n$ we define a free action of $S_{\infty}$ whose dimension is $n$ on every invariant Baire measurable non-meager set. We also show that the $S_{\infty}$-space which induces the equivalence relation $=^{+}$ of countable sets of reals is $\infty$-dimensional on every invariant Baire measurable non-meager set. We conclude that the orbit equivalence relations associated to all these actions are pairwise incomparable with respect to $*$-reductions.

Electrostatic and Dynamic Analysis of P+PNP Double Junction Type and P+PNPN Triple Junction Type Pinned Photodiodes

This paper explains the device structure and operation of image sensors and solar cells. Both are semiconductor devices operating with the same physical principle of detecting photons. A high efficiency of the photon to electron energy conversion is very much desired in both devices. Image sensors now use a very advanced and scaled down CMOS fabrication process technology to achieve high performance features such as the excellent short wave blue light sensitivity for good color reproduction, the low noise and the no image lag picture quality for filmless and mechanical free action cameras. On the other hand, solar cells are still now built with the primitive floating N+P single junction type photodiode to minimize the fabrication process cost but with very low energy conversion efficiency of about 20%. It is explained in details that the depletion region of the PN junction is not the only place where we can achieve photo electron and hole pair separations effectively. The short-wave blue light has only 1000 Å silicon crystal penetration depth. The pinned surface P+P Gaussian doping profile has a very important role to achieve a better photon to energy conversion efficiency, especially for the short-wave blue light. Electrostatic and dynamic behaviors of Pinned Surface P+PNP Double Junction type Dynamic Photo Transistor and Pinned Surface P+PNPN Triple Junction type Dynamic Photo Thyristor are analyzed in details. Both of them are shown to be expected to have much excellent photon-to-electron energy conversion efficiency.

Monoids of self-maps of topological spherical space forms

A topological spherical space form is the quotient of a sphere by a free action of a finite group. In general, their homotopy types depend on specific actions of a group. We show that the monoid of homotopy classes of self-maps of a topological spherical space form is determined by the acting group and the dimension of the sphere, not depending on a specific action.

К проблеме единства «аффекта» и «интеллекта» в психологии деятельности (в продолжение дискуссии)

This text is a response to the article written by A.D. Maidansky (Siberian Journal of Psychology. 2020. 76) [2] and aims to update the discussion of controversial aspects of cultural and activity psychology, especially some of the provisions of the activity theory by A.N. Leontiev and his scientific school, which, in contrast to the creative heritage of L.S. Vygotsky, are now rarely considered in both foreign and domestic literature. The article analyses the solution of the problem of correlation between "affect" (motivational and emotional component of mental life) and "intellect" (cognitive processes) in this scientific school. It is shown that the definition of the mind as an orienting activity (A.N. Leontiev, P.Ya. Galperin, etc.) does not imply the reduction of mental processes to cognitive ones, since any orienting process is always affectively loaded. Sensations are not separated from affects already in the primary forms of sensitivity that arise in phylogeny. However, even at later stages of mental development, a similar unity is maintained, although the mental life (including emotional states) becomes more differentiated. It is shown that this unity of the subject's knowledge of the object and the subject's attitude to this object is best represented in A.N. Leontiev's scientific school in the definition of mental phenomena through the category of sense. Since affect (emotion in the broad sense of the word) is a subjective form of motivation, the problem of "mastering affects" is transformed in the school of A.N. Leontiev into the problem of awareness (comprehension) of the motives of a person's activity and possible restructuring of the hierarchy of motives, which is best represented in the situation of an act. The act as a responsible and free action of a personality is performed by choosing one of the meaningful motives, which acquires a new sense (and thus an additional motivating force) due to the inclusion of this motive in a higher system of values, in the limit - in universal values. And since, according to Leontiev's scientific school, in the activity of any person the "motivational-emotional" ("affect") and cognitive ("intellect") components are inseparable, they are usually proportional to each other: the higher forms of emotional regulation, overcoming the lower ones, correspond with the higher forms of knowledge of the world as a whole. The author sees a clear parallel of these ideas with B. Spinoza's arguments about "Amor Dei intellectualis". Thus, the formula of B. Spinoza - L. S. Vygotsky about free will as a reasonable mastery of affects discussed in the article by A. D. Maidansky is clarified and filled with concrete psychological content.

РОМАН ИНГАРДЕН О ТЕМПОРАЛЬНОЙ ЭКЗИСТЕНЦИИ В КОНТЕКСТЕ ТЕМПОРАЛЬНОЙ ПРОБЛЕМАТИКИ ФЕНОМЕНОЛОГИИ XX–XXI вв.

Roman Ingarden’s ontic approach to the problem of the temporality of human existence is considered in the context of the phenomenology of the 20th century and its significance in the development of the temporal problems of the 21st century. The author considers the continuity of the study of this theme and, to this purpose, compares the interpretations of the concept “temporality” in the phenomenology of Husserl, Heidegger, and Ingarden. In his concept, Ingarden defines temporal existence not only as a set of time experiences, but also as human actions performed in time. The author identifies the features of consideration of the onticontological question of time in the teachings of Ingarden and Heidegger, and determine the originality of Ingarden’s ideas. Their essence is that, in the ontic sense, time is not derived from experiences, but from human actions. The nature of time manifests itself in the destruction and death of any existence, and human existence as well. Time is not ecstatic in its divided moments of past, present, and future, and, by submitting to it, man loses oneself and becomes similar to an object. The dilemma of two “experiences of time”, which Ingarden’s followers tried to understand and accept one of the opposite positions in relation to time, became the main theme of his teaching. In considering it, Ingarden wanted to show the causes and results of the contradiction of a person’s temporal existence, in order to help one make the right choice and not to commit actions that lead one to lose oneself in the flow of time. The author analyzes the interpretations of the followers and critics of Ingarden’s ontic teaching about the diversity of temporal modalities, and determines the degree of its influence on the prospects for the contemporary development of temporal issues. Each of the modalities of the temporality of a person’s existence expresses a special image of one’s being, and, when changing, it can lead to this person’s transformations. Ingarden assigned a key place in his teaching to free action as a way of embodying the diversity of temporal experiences of a person. These ideas were perceived differently at the turn of the 21st century, and they certainly did not leave indifferent either the critics or the followers of the ontic approach to the study of temporality. If we further study Ingarden’s ideas and apply them to linguistics and psychology, we could find answers to many questions that are of interest to specialists in these fields of knowledge.

Synthesis, anti-inflammatory and analgesic evaluation of thiazole/oxazole substituted benzothiazole derivatives

Non-Steroidal biologically active heterocyclic compounds 4-(2-(4-chlorophenyl) benzo[d]thiazol-3(2H)-yl)-N-((3-substituted-2-hydrobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)methylene) thiazol-2-amine (3a-3d), 4-(2-(4-chlorophenyl)benzo[d]thiazol-3(2H)-yl)-N-((3-substituted − 2-hydrobenzo [d]thiazol-2-yl)methylene)oxazol-2-amine (3a′-3d′), (Z)-N'-(4-(2-(4-chlorophenyl)benzo[d]thiazol-3(2H)-yl)thiaol-2-yl)-N-(4-substituted phenylimino)-3-substituted-2-hydrobenzo[d]thiazole-2-carboxamidine (4a-4 h) and (Z)-N'-(4-(2-(4-chlorophenyl)benzo[d]thiazol-3(2H)-yl)oxazol-2-yl)-N-(4-substituted phenylimino) − 3-substituted-2-hydrobenzo[d]thiazole-2-carboxamidine (4a′-4h′) were synthesized starting from 2-chloro-1-(2-(4-chlorophenyl)benzo[d]thiazol-3(2H)-yl) ethanone (1). The structure configuration of newly synthesized compounds has been determined by elemental analysis and various spectroscopic (IR, 1HNMR and GCMS) techniques. These compounds were tested for their anti-inflammation, analgesic, ulcerogenic, acute toxicity and free radical scavenging action and compared with reference drugs in albino rats. Compound 4-(2-(4-chlorophenyl)benzo[d]thiazol-3(2H)-yl)-N-((3-substituted-2-hydrobenzo [d]thiazol-2-yl)methylene)thiazol-2-amine (3c) was the most active compound than reference drug at a dose of 50 mg/kg p.o.

Deep-fat Frying of Vegetable Oils: Major Chemical Reactions and Effect of Natural Extracts on Oxidative Stability - A Review

Deep-fat frying is a popular cooking technique in the world and vegetable oil is widely used as the frying medium in this process. Deep-fat frying produces both desirable and undesirable compounds through various chemical reactions. Undesirable chemical compounds are formed mainly through hydrolysis, oxidation and polymerization reactions. These compounds lower the oxidative stability thereby, the quality of oil and food. Antioxidants are added to improve the oxidative stability of oil during deep-fat frying by lowering the free radical action in frying oil. Even though artificial antioxidants are added to frying oils to lower the effects of undesirable chemical reactions and their products, the efficiency of artificial antioxidants decrease with increasing temperature and may cause adverse health effects to the consumer. Natural extracts of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), sage (Salvinia officinalis), tea (Camelia sinensis), oregano (Origanum vulgare) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) are stable under frying conditions and act as effective antioxidants during deep-fat frying. Despite confirmation by numerous research, the use of natural compounds as antioxidants in deep-fat frying is not popular in the food industry. Hence this review explores the major chemical reactions in vegetable oils during deep-fat frying and the effect of natural compounds and extracts in interrupting these undesirable chemical reactions.

On interacting higher-spin bosonic gauge fields in the BRST-antifield formalism

Abstract We examine interacting bosonic higher-spin gauge fields in the BRST-antifield formalism. Assuming that an interacting action $S$ is a deformation of the free action with a deformation parameter $g$, we solve the master equation $(S,S)=0$ from the lower orders in $g$. It is shown that, choosing a certain cubic interaction as the first-order deformation, we can solve the master equation and obtain an action containing all orders in $g$. The antighost number of the action obtained is less than or equal to two. Furthermore, we show that the action obtained is lifted to that of interacting bosonic higher-spin gauge fields on anti-de Sitter spaces.

Nuclear dimension of simple mathrm {C}^*-algebras

We compute the nuclear dimension of separable, simple, unital, nuclear, {mathcal {Z}}-stable mathrm {C}^*-algebras. This makes classification accessible from {mathcal {Z}}-stability and in particular brings large classes of mathrm {C}^*-algebras associated to free and minimal actions of amenable groups on finite dimensional spaces within the scope of the Elliott classification programme.