Fraudulent Financial Reporting Research Articles

Fraudulent Financial Reporting and Fraud Hexagon: Evidence from Infrastructure Companies in ASEAN

"This study aims to analyse the factors that may influence fraudulent financial reporting using the fraud hexagon model. The subjects of this study are the infrastructure sector companies listed on the stock exchanges of every ASEAN country for the period of 2019-2021. This study uses logistic regression with F-Score as the measurement for the dependent variable. The result of this study suggests that financial target, change in BOD, and CEO’s education affect fraudulent financial reporting. While financial stability, external pressure, e-procurement, electronic whistle blowing system, change in auditor, and CEO’s military or political connection do not affect fraudulent financial reporting. This study advances the knowledge of variables that may influence fraudulent financial reporting using a few new proxies for the fraud hexagon’s element, namely the e-procurement, electronic whistle blowing system, CEO’s education, and CEO’s military or political connection. The findings of this study have provided several practical implications for the company’s stakeholders to prevent fraudulent financial reporting. In the context of the fraud hexagon, this research is the first study to date that can show the significant and positive relationship between CEOs’ education and fraudulent financial reporting. The limitations of this study are the short observation period and the low R-square of the model."

Effective methods for detecting fraudulent financial reporting: practical insights from Big 4 auditors

PurposeUsing a qualitative grounded theory approach, this study explores the methods experienced external auditors use to detect fraudulent financial reporting (FFR) during standard audits.Design/methodology/approachSemi-structured interviews were conducted with 24 experienced external auditors to explore the methods they used to detect FFR successfully during standard external audits.FindingsThe authors find 58 methods used for FFR detection, out of which the following methods are frequently used and help in detecting more than one type of FFR: (1) specific analytical procedures, (2) positive confirmation, (3) understanding of the client's business and industry, (4) the inspection of specific documents, (5) a detailed analysis of the audit client's anti-fraud controls and (6) investigating tip-offs from suppliers, employees and customers.Research limitations/implicationsBased on the grounded theory approach, the authors theorise that auditors must return to the basics and focus on specific audit procedures highlighted in this study for effective fraud detection.Practical implicationsThe study provides practical guidance, including 58 methods used in audit practice to detect FFR. This knowledge can improve auditors' skills in detecting material misstatements due to fraud. Besides, analytical procedures and positive confirmation helped external auditors in this study detect all forms of FFR, yet they are overlooked in the external audit practice. Therefore, audit firms should emphasise the significance of these audit procedures in their professional audit training programmes. Audit regulators should advise auditors to consider positive confirmation instead of negative confirmation in financial audits to increase the likelihood of FFR detection. Moreover, audit standards (ISA 240 and SAS 99) should explicitly require auditors to conduct a detailed analysis of the client's anti-fraud controls.Originality/valueThis is the first study to identify actual, effective methods used by external auditors in detecting FFR during the ordinary course of an audit.

Identifying Financial Report Frauds

Misreporting numbers in a companys financial statements is not negligible, as manipulations will not reflect a reliable disclosure. With financial manipulation becoming more and more regular, it is obvious that solving financial manipulation is an issue that needs to be addressed gently. It becomes a necessity to find techniques or mechanisms that can effectively identify the potential of financial report fraud, increase the credibility of the corporation and boost the confidence of investors. In this paper, we argue that the M-score and F-score as two reliable tools for predicting the possibilities of financial manipulations. In this essay, we will introduce the background and principles of these two mechanisms, then verify their reliability and effectiveness on sample Us-listed Chinese companies, which include those associated with financial report frauds in the past. In addition, we will lay out our discovery and full verifying procedure to help readers have a better understanding of our research and perspectives.

Fraudulent Financial Reporting Indications In Banking Before And During The COVID-19 Pandemic

Fraudulent Financial Reporting Indications In Banking Before And During The COVID-19 Pandemic

Corporate Governance, Quality of Financial Statements, Firm Size, and Financial Stability on Fraudulent Financial Reporting on Listed Indonesia Stock Exchange Banking Institutions

This study examines the impact of corporate governance, quality of financial statements, firm size, and financial stability on fraudulent financial reporting at bank financial institutions listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2014 to 2017. Beneish M-Score measures fraudulent financial reporting. Sample selection uses purposive sampling consisting of 172 observations. Logistic regression is used as an analysis technique. Testing results showed that audit committee, quality of financial statements, Firm size, and financial stability affect fraudulent financial reporting. At the same time, independent commissioners have no impact on fraudulent financial reporting.

Pengaruh Fraud Diamond Terhadap Kecenderungan Kecurangan Laporan Keuangan Yang Terdaftar di BEI Tahun 2019-2021

This research aims to determine the effect of fraud diamonds on the tendency for fraudulent financial reports in Manufacturing Companies in the Consumer Goods Industry Sub-Sector listed on the IDX in 2019-2021. This research was conducted using the associative causal method. The sample selection in this study used a purposive sampling method, with the sample criteria being the financial reports of 10 companies in the Consumer Goods Industry Sub-Sector Manufacturing Company registered on the IDX in 2019-2021. This research data was obtained from literature and documentation studies, data analysis techniques were obtained from IBM SPSS statistics version 26. Data analysis used in this research is, descriptive statistics, classical assumption tests using normality tests, autocorrelation tests, multicollinearity tests and heteroscedasticity tests, analysis multiple linear regression, hypothesis testing using partial test (t), simultaneous test (f) and coefficient of determination test (R2). The results of the research partially show that external pressure and ineffective supervision have proven to have a positive effect on financial report fraud. Meanwhile, the financial target variables, change of auditor, change of director were proven to have no positive effect on financial statement fraud. The variables pressure, opportunity, rationalization and ability simultaneously have a significant effect on financial statement fraud at a significant level of 5%. In this research, the fraud variable is explained by independent variables by 31.3%, the remaining 68.7% is explained by other external factors which are not in this study.

Fraud Pentagon dan Kecurangan Laporan Keuangan: Potret pada Perusahaan Sektor Kesehatan di Indonesia

Financial statement fraud is an intentional misstatement related to the reporting of company conditions to obscure financial statement users in making decisions. This research was conducted to examine the influence of the five pentagon fraud elements namely pressure, opportunity, rationalization, ability, and arrogance on fraudulent financial statements. This research uses the Beneish M-Score Model to detect potential fraud in financial reports. The data used in this study is secondary data derived from the annual financial reports of health sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the 2016-2020 period. The sampling method used a purposive sampling method and the total research sample was 13 companies. Hypothesis testing was carried out using logistic regression analysis with SPSS 26.0 software statistical tools. The research results show that pressure has an influence on financial report fraud. Meanwhile, opportunity, rationalization, ability and arrogance have no effect on fraudulent financial reporting.
 Keywords: Fraud Pentagon; fraudulent financial reporting; Logistic Regression

Fraud Pentagon Analysis In Detecting Fraudulent Financial Reporting Using Beneish M-Score Model (On Banking Companies Registered In Indonesia Stock Exchange (Bei) In 2014-2018)

This study aims to detect Fraudulent Financial Reporting as measured using the Beneish M-Score that occurred in banking companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2014-2018 using seven independent variables, namely Financial targets, External pressure, Financial stability, Ineffective monitoring, Rationalization, Capability and Arrogance. The research sample used was 140 of 28 banking companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2014-2018. The type of data used is secondary data in the form of financial reports and company annual reports. The analysis technique used in this study is multiple linear regression analysis where previously the data was tested using the classical assumption test consisting of a normality test, multicollinearity test, autocorrelation test and heteroscedasticity test. The results of this study indicate that the external pressure variable is proxied by Leverage Ratio (LEV), Financial stability is proxied by Asset Changes (ACHANGE), Ineffective monitoring is proxied by the proportion of independent commissioners (IND), and Change in board of directors is proxied by changes in the position of the board of directors (DCHANGE) can detect fraudulent financial reporting. Meanwhile, the Financial Target variable which is proxied by Return On Assets (ROA), Razionalization which is proxied by External Auditor Change (AUDCHANGE) and Arrogance which is proxied by the Number of CEO Photos (CEOPIC) are unable to detect fraudulent financial reporting. Simultaneously all the variables in this study were able to detect fraudulent financial reporting

Research on Early Warning Model of Financial Report Fraud in China

At present, financial report fraud is becoming more frequent with the continuous development of the world economy. How to provide early warning before financial report fraud occurs has become more and more important. The purpose of this paper is to set up a logistic regression model, namely an ex-ante warning model, which can provide early warning before financial report fraud occurs, by comparing the governance of financial report fraudulent companies and non-fraudulent ones. First, this paper uses the “fraud triangle” theory as a framework to find the relevant proxy variables for fraud opportunities, fraud pressure, and fraud rationalization. Second, the study uses T-test, Mann-Whitney test and chi-square test to identify statistically significant differences among these proxy variables. Hypotheses were made about the relationship between the coefficient values and the presence of false behavior in the reports. Finally, an ex-ante fraud warning model is set up from the indicators with statistically significant differences, meanwhile the hypotheses regarding the behavior of the indicators and their impact on the model are tested. The overall accuracy of the ex-ante fraud early warning model developed in this paper is 70.9%. How to further debug the model to make the screening of fraudulent companies more accurate is the difficulty and further research direction of the article.

Financial Reporting Fraud and Models to Assist in Detecting Financial Statement Fraud

The article has used the methodology, analysis and synthesis to accomplish the set research objectives. Accordingly, based on the methodology, the article has presented the concept, purpose and importance of information provided in financial statements. Under many influences such as pressure to commit fraud, opportunities for fraud or management's attitude will lead to the intention to manipulate the financial statements. Next, the article also analyzes typical fraud cases, the impact of fraudulent financial statements on all financial market participants and identifies common forms of financial fraud in Vietnam. Vietnam. From these common types of fraud, the authors also propose two typical models to support fraud detection that are highly appreciated, the M-score model and the Z-score model.

Analisis Fraud Pentagon Dalam Mendeteksi Kecurangan Laporan Keuangan (Studi Kasus Pada Perusahaan Sektor Healthcare Yang Terdaftar Di Bursa Efek Indonesia Tahun 2021)

This study aims to determine the effect of pentagon fraud in detecting financial statement fraud in healthcare sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2021. The method used in this research is quantitative in nature causative with data sources in the form of secondary data. The sample of this research is 21 companies in the healthcare sector using a purposive sampling method. The data for this research were obtained from literature and documentation. The results of this study show that partially financial target variables and changes in directors have an effect on fraudulent financial reports in healthcare sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2021. Meanwhile, external pressure variables, ineffective supervision, auditor changes, and the frequency of CEO photos appearing have no effect on fraudulent financial statements in healthcare sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2021. Simultaneously financial targets, external pressures, ineffective supervision, changes in auditors, changes in directors, and the frequency of CEO photos appearing have an effect on fraudulent financial statements.

Relevansi Fraud Hexagon Theory terhadap Kecurangan Laporan Keuangan Pada Sektor Perbankan di Indonesia Tahun 2017-2021

This research aims to analyze the relevance of Fraud Hexagon Theory to financial statement fraud in the banking sector in Indonesia in 2017-2021. Agency theory explains that management has the ability to gain a lot of benefits for itself, so that management no longer acts in the interests of the principal, one way is through collusion. This research shows that financial target, external pressure, financial stability, director change, CEO photo change, and e-procement have a positive and significant effect on financial report fraud, while change in auditor and ineffective monitoring have a negative and insignificant effect on financial report fraud.

Detection of Fraudulent Financial Reporting Using the Perspective of the Fraud Triangle Factors on Financial Statement

The research objective is to determine the effect that occurs on the financial statements by using the fraud triangle. The population in this research is a food and beverage sector company that has been listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2017–2020. The sampling method in this research used a purposive sampling method and obtained a sample of 108 industries. The type of information data used in this research is secondary data. Sources of data information in this research come from the Indonesia Stock Exchange in the form of company financial reports, company annual reports, and other sources. This research uses logistic regression analysis to examine the effect of financial stability, external pressure, personal financial needs, financial targets, industry conditions, supervisory ineffectiveness, organizational structure, auditor turnover, audit opinion, and total accruals. The results of this research indicate that financial stability, external pressure, financial targets, industry conditions, supervisory ineffectiveness, organizational structure, auditor turnover, audit opinion, and total accruals do not affect fraudulent financial reporting. Meanwhile, personal financial needs have an effect on fraudulent financial statements.

Meneladani Karakter Lebah dalam Profesi Akuntan Manajemen

The pressure experienced by a management accountant tends to make him commit unethical behavior, especially financial report fraud. This causes a decrease in the quality of decision making by parties who have an interest in both management and third parties. This study used interpretive analysis and triangulation methods of in-depth interviews of a management accountant and observations who revealed that the characteristics of bees are hardworking, trustworthy, sincere and willing to sacrifice, disciplined, obedient and obedient, independent, not seeking positions, respecting leaders, beneficial to other beings. and maintaining cleanliness provides a handle for management accountants. The ethics of management accountants integrity, objectivity, competence and professional due care, confidentiality and professional behavior are in line with the character of bees. The bee characters used in this study come from Putra and Nurhadi, 2020, p. 139-192 and Jayana, 2016, p. 109-147.

Detecting Individual Intentional Behavior In Committing Financial Report Fraud Using The Theory Of Planned Behavior

This study aims to identify, analyze, and provide empirical evidence on the influence of attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control on the individual's intention to engage in financial reporting fraud among civil servants in the Ministry of Finance in Jakarta, Indonesia. The research utilizes a survey method for data collection, with the target population being civil servants working in the Ministry of Finance in Indonesia. The sample size for this study is 120 respondents. Purposive sampling technique is employed for sample selection, and the data is analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis. Data is collected through a questionnaire. The findings of the study indicate that attitude does not have a significant influence on the intention to engage in financial fraud, while intention does not have an impact on actual fraudulent behavior. However, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control show a significant influence on the intention to commit financial reporting fraud.

Fraud Diamond: Four Elements of Financial Report Fraud Detection – Study on Coal Producers

The aim of this research is to examine the impact of fraud diamonds on the identification of fraudulent financial statements. Fraud diamonds, a framework used to detect fraudulent financial statements, considers various factors such as pressure (measured by ROA), opportunity (measured by Ineffective monitoring (IND)), rationalization (measured by auditor turnover (AUDCHANGE)), and capability (measured by the change of directors (DIRCHANGE)). The research sample comprised of 9 companies selected through purposive sampling. Logistic regression analysis was employed as the analytical method, with rationalization and capability serving as the independent variables, assessed through a binary variable with values 0 and 1. The findings indicate that pressure significantly influences the detection of fraudulent financial statements. Specifically, higher ROA values correspond to a lower likelihood of fraudulent financial statements. Opportunity also has an impact on the detection of fraudulent financial statements, as an increase in ineffective monitoring levels leads to a higher detection rate of financial statement fraud. On the other hand, rationalization does not affect the identification of fraudulent financial statements, suggesting that auditor turnover rate does not play a role in detection. Similarly, capability, represented by the replacement of the board of directors, does not impact the detection of fraudulent financial statements in companies.

Fraud Hexagon: Detection of Fraud of Financial Report in State-owned Enterprises in Indonesia

This study aims to identify the potential for fraudulent financial reporting using the Fraud Hexagon approach with pressure, capability, collusion, opportunity, rationalization, and ego indicators. The population in this study is state-owned companies with observations for 12 years, from 2010 to 2021, and uses regression analysis with SPSS tools to test the Hypothesis. The results showed that pressure and ego could detect the potential for fraudulent financial reporting. There is a tendency for management to report conditions that are different from the actual conditions when under pressure in the form of performance targets that are not supported by the resources they have. CEO duality also provides an excellent opportunity for fraudulent financial reporting practices because when there is a position war, there is no cross-check between departments, so other parts cannot detect the potential fraud committed by the CEO. This condition also indicates weak control processes that provide wider opportunities for fraudulent financial reporting. At the same time, variables of ability, collusion, opportunity, and rationalization cannot detect financial statement fraud. This condition is because state-owned companies are required to implement the Minister of Finance Regulation number PER-11/MBU/07/2021 and the Financial Services Authority number 13/POJK.03/2017 as the basis for the implementation of Good Corporate Governance so that it is possible to commit financial reporting fraud very small.

Detecting Fraudulent Financial Reporting with Financial Ratios: Case Study on Indonesia Stock Exchange

This study aimed to examine the significant differences in the financial ratios of FFR and non-FFR companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) in 2018-2019. It used the difference test of two population means and the Mann-Whitney U test to determine the financial ratios useful in distinguishing the companies. Furthermore, multiple logistic regression was employed to determine significant financial ratios as predictors against Fraudulent Financial Reporting (FFR). The M-Score formula was applied to classify the sample into 19 non-FFR and 59 FFR public companies. The results showed that seven financial ratios effectively differentiate FFR and non-FFR companies. Moreover, one significant financial ratio predicts FFR in public companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange.

Analysis of Measurement of Financial Difficulties and Financial Report Fraud (A Case Study at PT Asabri (Persero) 2010-2018)

This study aims to examine the financial health condition and whether there is an indication of fraudulent financial statements or not at PT ASABRI (Social Insurance for the Armed Forces of the Republic) in 2010-2018 by using the Altman Z-Score, Springate S-Score, Grover G-Score, Beneish M-Score, and Dechow F-Score methods. PT ASABRI became the object of the study due to the result of an audit conducted by the BPK (The Audit Board of the Republic of Indonesia) in 2021 that found fraud in financial management and investment funds at PT ASABRI. To measure financial distress, the researchers used the Altman, Springate, and Grover models. While to examine financial statement fraud, the researchers used the Beneish and Dechow models. The results revealed that each model showed varied results. In the financial distress model, the Altman Z-Score could show financial distress 4 times while the Springate S-Score showed financial distress 5 times in 9 years of observation. Moreover, the other models showed different results. The Grover G-Score model did not indicate any financial distress at PT ASABRI. While in the fraud model, the Beneish M-Score could detect indications of fraudulent statements at PT ASABRI 5 times in 8 years of observation. Different conditions occurred in the Dechow F-Score model that did not show fraudulent financial statements at PT ASABRI in 9 years of observation, from 2010 to 2018.

Efektivitas Corporate Governance dan Fraudulent Financial Reporting

This study aims to examine the role of corporate governance on fraudulent financial reporting. Research with the variables used is rarely studied, especially regarding the skills of the board of commissioners, the number of meetings and the role of women. The research sample is 469 manufacturing companies. Tests were carried out using logistic regression using the SPSS application which tested corporate governance variables represented through the role of the board of commissioners from the point of view of size, independence, expertise, meet, gender diversity towards fraudulent financial reporting. The results of the study show that the board of commissioners (size) and the board of commissioners (gender diversity) have a negative effect on fraudulent financial reporting. Another independence variable, namely the board of commissioners (independence, expertise, meet) is not proven to have an effect on fraudulent financial reporting.
 Keywords: The Board of Commissioner (Size, Independensi, Expertise, Meet, Gender); Fraudulent Financial Reporting