Scientific Misconduct Research Articles

A study on the content of integrity policies and research integrity management in Chinese universities.

This study outlines a comprehensive analysis of the primary characteristics of managing research integrity (RI) in domestic colleges and universities in China. RI education in China consists primarily of soft advocacy, with no hard requirements or continuous and systematic support. Together with other stakeholders, such as funders and publishers, higher education institutions (e.g., colleges and universities) are one of the vital actors that have a lot of influence on RI promotion and implementation among researchers. However, the literature on the regulation of RI policies in China's universities is limited. We investigate the top 50 colleges and universities in the 2021 Best Chinese Universities Ranking. Their guidance and policy documents on RI were collected via their official websites. By integrating the use of scientometrics analysis, including descriptive statistical analysis, inductive content analysis, and quantitative analysis, we examine whether and how these higher education institutions respond to national policies in a timely manner, especially in terms of their frequency of updates, topic clustering analysis, terms clustering analysis, content aggregation. To further understand the composition mechanism and the main working systems of university RI management organizations, we conducted in-depth research on the organizational functions, meeting system, staff composition mechanism, and scientific research misconduct acceptance and investigation mechanisms. The regulations on the treatment of RI in China's universities have, in response to the government's call to establish their own management policies and working mechanisms, maintained a zero-tolerance stance on research misconduct. The sampled universities listed the definition and principles of misconduct practices, investigation procedures, and sanctions of research misconduct in their own policy documents. Some of them listed inappropriate research practices All 50 sampled universities have formed relevant organizations responsible for RI management, they all provide the detailed regulations of the committees. Yet, there is still a need to further define Questionable Research Practice, foster higher standards for integrity in research and, establish and improve an efficient, authoritative, well-restrained and supervision working mechanism for organizations responsible for RI treatment.

The argument for adopting a jurisprudence platform for scientific misconduct

ABSTRACT In this paper we will describe the arguments to adopt a jurisprudence platform for scientific misconduct, we argue that this will increase the principle of legal certainty, improve procedures, and will promote scientific integrity in other, indirect ways. With the platform that we are currently setting up in the Netherlands as a motivating example, we finally also describe the prerequisites for such a platform, its contents as well as its value in the international context.

Rosenhan revisited: successful scientific fraud.

The publication of David Rosenhan's 'On being sane in insane places' in Science in 1973 played a crucial role in persuading the American Psychiatric Association to revise its diagnostic manual. The third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III) in its turn launched a revolution in American psychiatry whose reverberations continue to this day. Rosenhan's paper continues to be cited hundreds of times a year, and its alleged findings are seen as crucial evidence of psychiatry's failings. Yet based on the findings of an investigative journalist, Susannah Cahalan, and on records she shared with the author, we now know that this research is a spectacularly successful case of scientific fraud.

Integrity in cardiovascular imaging research

ObjectiveTo gain more insight in scientific integrity in the field of cardiovascular imaging research by conducting a survey among all corresponding authors who published in cardiovascular imaging journals. MethodsCorresponding authors who published in one of eight major cardiovascular imaging journals in 2021 were requested to complete a questionnaire about scientific integrity in the field of cardiovascular imaging. ResultsResponses from 160 corresponding authors were received. The majority of respondents had a medical doctor degree (81.1%), held an academic position (93.8%, of which 44.0% as full professor), and had >10 years of research experience (72.5%). Overall confidence in the integrity of published scientific work in cardiovascular imaging was high, with a median score of 8 out of 10 (IQR 2). 5 respondents (3.1%) declared having committed scientific fraud in the past 5 years and 38 respondents (23.8%) declared having witnessed or suspected scientific fraud by anyone from their department in the past 5 years. 85.6% of respondents think that publication bias is present. 50% of respondents declared that any of their publications in the past 5 years had a co-author who actually did not deserve this co-authorship. ConclusionExperts in the field report that several forms of scientific fraud, publication bias, and honorary authorship are present in cardiovascular imaging research. Despite these reports of academic dishonesty, overall confidence in the integrity of cardiovascular imaging research is deemed high.

Recreating Colonial Mexican Fudge

Research Article| February 01 2023 Recreating Colonial Mexican Fudge: Panochita in the Culinaria Kitchen Laboratory Patrick Charbonneau, Patrick Charbonneau Patrick Charbonneau is professor of chemistry and physics at Duke University. He studies soft matter and statistical physics, and occasionally lectures on the science of cooking and on the history of chemistry. His investigation of historical North American confections stems from the interplay of these various pursuits. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Kelsey Kilgore, Kelsey Kilgore Kelsey Kilgore is the Administrative Assistant and Kitchen Coordinator at the Culinaria Research Centre, UTSC. She is an upper-year PhD Candidate in U.S. History, writing about multisensory infantry training. She professionally cooked for a decade in Ottawa and Toronto, and now bridges food theory and practice in the Culinaria Kitchen. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Jeffrey M. Pilcher Jeffrey M. Pilcher Jeffrey M. Pilcher is professor of history and food studies at the University of Toronto. His books include Planet Taco: A Global History of Mexican Food (Oxford University Press, 2012) and Food in World History (2nd edition, Routledge, 2017). He is currently finishing a global history of beer. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Gastronomica (2023) 23 (1): 112–115. https://doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2023.23.1.112 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Guest Access Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Patrick Charbonneau, Kelsey Kilgore, Jeffrey M. Pilcher; Recreating Colonial Mexican Fudge: Panochita in the Culinaria Kitchen Laboratory. Gastronomica 1 February 2023; 23 (1): 112–115. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2023.23.1.112 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentGastronomica Search The kitchen laboratory has not yet replaced field work and the written archive as sites for Food Studies research, but recreating historical recipes has gained growing recognition for its value in understanding the materiality and taste of foods from the past. Already in the early twentieth century, the Vassar College historian Lucy Maynard Salmon brought cookbooks and kitchen utensils into her seminars—to sneers from her male colleagues. Barbara Ketcham Wheaton (1983) inspired a new generation of researchers with her work on early modern French cookbooks (see also Oliver 2006; Albala 2010). The approach has since found even more ancient applications, for which historical sources are sparse and ambiguous, in reconstructing stews from Babylonian tablets (Barjamovic et al. 2019). Likewise, in our attempt to discover the origins of a colonial Mexican fudge called panochita de leche (this issue), working in the kitchen to learn the physical properties... You do not currently have access to this content.

Contributors

Blake Allmendinger is a professor in the English Department at the University of California, Los Angeles. His most recent book is Geographic Personas: Self-Transformation and Performance in the American West (University of Nebraska Press, 2021).Jillian R. Cavanaugh is a linguistic and cultural anthropologist at Brooklyn College and The Graduate Center CUNY. She studies language and culture, and food production in northern Italy. She has written about language ideologies, the nature of materiality, gender, the value of heritage food, and the construction of food safety.Patrick Charbonneau is professor of chemistry and physics at Duke University. He studies soft matter and statistical physics, and occasionally lectures on the science of cooking and on the history of chemistry. His investigation of historical North American confections stems from the interplay of these various pursuits.Lauren Crossland-Marr is a postdoctoral researcher on the GEAP-3 project, which explores the application of CRISPR technology to agriculture. She received her PhD in anthropology from Washington University in St. Louis in 2020. Her research centers on foodways, agriculture, and technology.James Farrer is a professor of sociology at Sophia University in Tokyo. His research focuses on the contact zones of global cities, including ethnographic studies of sexuality, nightlife, expatriate communities, and urban food cultures. His current projects investigate community foodways in Tokyo and the global spread of Japanese restaurant cuisine.Cristina Grasseni is professor of cultural anthropology at the University of Leiden (the Netherlands). She is Principal Investigator of the ERC project “Food Citizens?” (www.foodcitizens.eu). Her latest book, The Heritage Arena: Reinventing Cheese in the Italian Alps (Berghahn Books, 2017) studies the politics of heritage cheese in Lombardy.Amanda Hilton is a research scientist at the Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology (BARA) at the University of Arizona. She is an applied environmental anthropologist and political ecologist who works in Sicily, Italy and the US Southwest and Southeast.Alex Ketchum has been the Faculty Lecturer at the Institute for Gender, Sexuality, and Feminist Studies of McGill University since 2018. She is the director of the Just Feminist Tech and Scholarship Lab and co-founder of the Historical Cooking Project. She is the author of two books published by Concordia University Press: Engage in Public Scholarship!: A Guidebook on Feminist and Accessible Publication (2022) and Ingredients for Revolution: A History of American Feminist Restaurants, Cafes, and Coffeehouses (2022).Kelsey Kilgore is the Administrative Assistant and Kitchen Coordinator at the Culinaria Research Centre, UTSC. She is an upper-year PhD Candidate in U.S. History, writing about multisensory infantry training. She professionally cooked for a decade in Ottawa and Toronto, and now bridges food theory and practice in the Culinaria Kitchen.Elizabeth L. Krause is a professor in the Department of Anthropology at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, where she convenes the Ethnography Collective @ UMASS Amherst. She is the author of three books: A Crisis of Births: Population Politics and Family-Making in Italy (Wadsworth, 2005), Unraveled: A Weaver’s Tale of Life Gone Modern (University of California Press 2009), and Tight Knit: Global Families and the Social Life of Fast Fashion (University of Chicago Press, 2018).Jeffrey M. Pilcher is professor of history and food studies at the University of Toronto. His books include Planet Taco: A Global History of Mexican Food (Oxford University Press, 2012) and Food in World History (2nd edition, Routledge, 2017). He is currently finishing a global history of beer.Jess Stephens is a photographer based in Los Angeles. Pre-pandemic, she worked as a pastry chef in restaurants across the United States.Victor Valle, an emeritus Cal Poly San Luis Obispo professor and former Los Angeles Times Pulitzer Prize winner, writes from those places where food, urbanism, and literature overlap, even when it’s a story about white-collar crime (City of Industry: Genealogies of Power in Southern California, Rutgers University Press, 2009).Janita Van Dyk is a PhD candidate in anthropology with a collaborative specialization in food studies at the University of Toronto, and serves as the reviews editor for Gastronomica. Her work examines how people use time and temporality to reimagine their relationships to food, place, and value in Northern Italy. She also researches past and present social theories of fungi in anthropology, as well as changes to Italian Canadian food retailing in Toronto.

Expression of concern: The first tissue-engineered airway transplantation: 5-year follow-up results

As with the Expression of Concern1The Editors of The LancetExpression of concern: Clinical transplantation of a tissue-engineered airway.Lancet. 2023; (published online Feb 8.)https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(23)00293-3Google Scholar for the original description of this case,2Macchiarini P Jungebluth P Go T et al.Clinical transplantation of a tissue-engineered airway.Lancet. 2008; 372: 2023-2030Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1198) Google Scholar given that continuing concerns have persisted over a long time, the Committee on Publication Ethics has also recommended that The Lancet issue an Expression of Concern for this Article.3Gonfiotti A Jaus MO Barale D et al.The first tissue-engineered airway transplantation: 5-year follow-up results.Lancet. 2014; 383: 238-244Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (218) Google Scholar We are following this advice. Expression of concern: Clinical transplantation of a tissue-engineered airwayThe Lancet has received continuing questions over the reliability of the findings and conduct of this reported case,1 since Paolo Macchiarini was found guilty of scientific misconduct in 2018.2 After an investigation by the head of the institution in Barcelona, Spain, where the patient was originally treated, we were told in 2018 that “upon reviewing all information and after verification of the original documents and records supporting the study, we concluded that there is not enough ground to ask The Lancet for retraction of the article”. Full-Text PDF Clinical transplantation of a tissue-engineered airwayThe results show that we can produce a cellular, tissue-engineered airway with mechanical properties that allow normal functioning, and which is free from the risks of rejection. The findings suggest that autologous cells combined with appropriate biomaterials might provide successful treatment for patients with serious clinical disorders. Full-Text PDF The first tissue-engineered airway transplantation: 5-year follow-up resultsThese clinical results provide evidence that a tissue-engineering strategy including decellularisation of a human trachea, autologous epithelial and stem-cell culture and differentiation, and cell-scaffold seeding with a bioreactor is safe and promising. Full-Text PDF

Expression of concern: Clinical transplantation of a tissue-engineered airway

The Lancet has received continuing questions over the reliability of the findings and conduct of this reported case,1Macchiarini P Jungebluth P Go T et al.Clinical transplantation of a tissue-engineered airway.Lancet. 2008; 372: 2023-2030Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1198) Google Scholar since Paolo Macchiarini was found guilty of scientific misconduct in 2018.2The LancetThe final verdict on Paolo Macchiarini: guilty of misconduct.Lancet. 2018; 392: 2Google Scholar After an investigation by the head of the institution in Barcelona, Spain, where the patient was originally treated, we were told in 2018 that “upon reviewing all information and after verification of the original documents and records supporting the study, we concluded that there is not enough ground to ask The Lancet for retraction of the article”. We did, however, publish an update of this case from the institution in Barcelona in a letter in 2019 to alert our readers to the subsequent clinical course of the patient.3Molins L Patient follow-up after tissue-engineered airway transplantation.Lancet. 2019; 393: 1099Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar The Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) has discussed these concerns at length again and their view, as an expert body in publication ethics, is that these two unretracted articles1Macchiarini P Jungebluth P Go T et al.Clinical transplantation of a tissue-engineered airway.Lancet. 2008; 372: 2023-2030Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1198) Google Scholar, 4Gonfiotti A Jaus MO Barale D et al.The first tissue-engineered airway transplantation: 5-year follow-up results.Lancet. 2014; 383: 238-244Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (218) Google Scholar should, at a minimum, have received an Expression of Concern given the severity of the concerns raised and the length of time during which the concerns have persisted. As members of COPE, we are now following this advice and are issuing an Expression of Concern for these two Articles.1Macchiarini P Jungebluth P Go T et al.Clinical transplantation of a tissue-engineered airway.Lancet. 2008; 372: 2023-2030Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1198) Google Scholar, 4Gonfiotti A Jaus MO Barale D et al.The first tissue-engineered airway transplantation: 5-year follow-up results.Lancet. 2014; 383: 238-244Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (218) Google Scholar, 5The Editors of The LancetExpression of concern: The first tissue-engineered airway transplantation: 5-year follow-up results.Lancet. 2023; (published online Feb 8.)https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(23)00292-1Google Scholar Expression of concern: The first tissue-engineered airway transplantation: 5-year follow-up resultsAs with the Expression of Concern1 for the original description of this case,2 given that continuing concerns have persisted over a long time, the Committee on Publication Ethics has also recommended that The Lancet issue an Expression of Concern for this Article.3 We are following this advice. Full-Text PDF Clinical transplantation of a tissue-engineered airwayThe results show that we can produce a cellular, tissue-engineered airway with mechanical properties that allow normal functioning, and which is free from the risks of rejection. The findings suggest that autologous cells combined with appropriate biomaterials might provide successful treatment for patients with serious clinical disorders. Full-Text PDF The first tissue-engineered airway transplantation: 5-year follow-up resultsThese clinical results provide evidence that a tissue-engineering strategy including decellularisation of a human trachea, autologous epithelial and stem-cell culture and differentiation, and cell-scaffold seeding with a bioreactor is safe and promising. Full-Text PDF

Signaling Is Only with Good Intent? Think Again! Introduce A Triangle Model of Signaling Through Research on Short Sale Attacks of NASDAQ Listed Chinese Company

This template explains and demonstrates how to prepare your camera-ready paper for Trans Tech Publications. The best is to read these instructions and follow the outline of this text. Please make the page settings of your word processor to A4 format (21 x 29,7 cm or 8 x 11 inches); with the margins: bottom 1.5 cm (0.59 in) and top 3 cm (1.18 in), right/left margins must be 2 cm (0.78 in). This template explains and demonstrates how to prepare your camera-ready paper for Trans Tech Publications. The best is to read these instructions and follow the outline of this text. Please make the page settings of your word processor to A4 format (21 x 29,7 cm or 8 x 11 inches); with the margins: bottom 1.5 cm (0.59 in) and top 3 cm (1.18 in), right/left margins must be 2 cm (0. The signaling theory has been developed for many years, and applied to various fields. The fraud scandals of three Chinese companies listed on NASDAQ stock exchange were hereby dissected via case analysis, during which process, short sellers were found to prepare their attack on targeted Chinese companies using atypical signaling. Once the signal of fraud research report generated by short sellers was observed by targeted Chinese companies, the companies would also get engaged in signaling to defend their reputation and fend off short sellers. The stock holders of three public listed Chinese companies were marked as signal receiver by short sellers and three Chinese companies. The contradicting signals of two different signalers collided with each other and degenerated into weaker signals. After analyzing the behaviors of three parties, the signaling theory was considered applicable for those cases, which could also be expanded to the research on more complicated scenarios. More importantly, a triangle time line model was formulated to explain a complicated scenario where two signalers targeted at one receiver with their own signaling. This investigation aims to encourage more signaling theory research that expands the research frontier.

Richard Semon (1859-1918): expeditions, engrams and epigenetics

Richard Semon (1859-1918) was astudent of Ernst Haeckel and began his career as azoologist with work on sea urchins, starfish, chicken and lung fish, which he collected at the Mediterranean Sea and in Australia. After his return to Germany he was forced to leave Jena and the university due to private reasons, and settled in Munich, where Semon devoted most of his time to the more philosophical aspects of biology, developed the theory of "mneme" (1904), which he extended towards the inheritance of acquired characteristics (1912). Semon's concept of memory reached far beyond the brain and the individual person. In 1918 he took his life, despondent because of asurmised lack of scientific appreciation, the death of his beloved wife, the political turmoil at the end of WWI, and his-the memory researcher's-suspected loss of memory. Eight years later, the experimental biologist Paul Kammerer (1880-1926) from Vienna, Semon's must trusted source for the inheritance of acquired characteristics, also shot himself. Serious doubts increasingly overshadowed his work on salamanders and midwife toads. Epigenetics, the nature of memory, the fear of cognitive impairment, depression, the impact of private and political matters on scientific work, suspected scientific errors, fraud and ascientists' suicides are condensed in Semon's life and death.

Ethics in research and publication of research articles

Science aims at promoting knowledge by gathering and discovering the objective truth, the facts that are independent of human interests, their values, ideology and biases. The way in which scientists come to this goal is through the universally accepted and thoroughly regulated processes – the scientific method. There is no clear definition which will answer the question what is unethical in biomedical research. All people recognize some common ethical norms but different individuals interpret, apply, and balance these norms in different ways in light of their own values and life experiences. Generally, it can be said that unethical behaviour in science is any significant mistreatment of intellectual property or participation of other parties, deliberately hampering the research process or distortion of scientific evidence,as well as all the behaviours that affect the integrity of scientific practice. Given theimportance of the primary goal of scientific enterprise, that is search for truth and trustworthy results, ethics in science has increasingly come into focus. There are several reasons why it is important to adhere to ethical norms in research. Norms promote the aims of research, such as knowledge and truth, variety of moral and social values and help to build public support for research. This paper analyzes the major principles of ethical conduct in science and closely related topics on ghost authorship, conflict of interest, co-authorship assignment, redundant/repetitiveand duplicate publications. Furthermore, the paper provides an insight into the fabrication and falsification of data, as the most common forms of scientific fraud.

Non-fungible tokens (NFT): a safe and effective way to prevent plagiarism in scientific publishing

PurposeThere is a need for technology that can protect scientific findings as a unique asset but is this possible? Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) are one possible solution.Design/methodology/approachPlagiarism is an unethical act and a violation of acceptable practices in the field of scholarly research and writing. Over the years, effective tools have been created to prevent and minimize plagiarism, especially through the integration of artificial intelligence technology to identify copied text. However, there is still scientific plagiarism of contents (such as articles, inventions or other digital objects).FindingsNFTs are unique digital identifiers that use blockchain technology to ensure ownership rights of an object are maintained. NFT is a blockchain derivative that first entered the world of digital currencies and has now entered other areas, such as economy, fashion, music and computer games.Originality/valueIn this essay, how this technology may be useful to preventing acts of academic plagiarism is discussed.

Retraction (mal)practices of elite marketing and social psychology journals in the Dirk Smeesters’ research misconduct case

ABSTRACT The Dirk Smeesters case is one of the most well-documented and widely publicized cases of research misconduct to date. We investigate, using a case study approach, which of Smeesters’ articles were found to be unreliable and recommended for retraction, which were retracted, and which were not. We also investigate by whom, when, and how these fraudulent articles were retracted. We found that only six retraction notices exist for the seven Smeesters’ fraudulent articles that were recommended for retraction. For four of the six retraction notices, there were no explicit markers that clearly indicated who wrote them (e.g., the editor and/or the publisher). Smeesters’ flawed articles were retracted in 97.6 days on average by the retracting journals. Retraction practices in these elite marketing and social psychology journals ranged from a seeming failure to retract (i.e., no record of a retraction notice) to a fair (i.e., informative and transparent) retraction. We also emphasize the ramifications of failing to retract an article whose findings are based on fabricated data. We conclude by listing the lessons learned from the Smeesters case.

Reproducibility and rigor in rheumatology research.

The pillars of scientific progress in rheumatology are experimentation and observation, followed by the publication of reliable and credible results. These data must then be independently verified, validated, and replicated. Peer and journal-specific technical and statistical reviews are paramount to improving rigor and reproducibility. In addition, research integrity, ethics, and responsible conduct training can help to reduce research misconduct and improve scientific evidence. As the number of published articles in rheumatology grows, the field has become critical for determining reproducibility. Prospective, longitudinal, randomized controlled clinical trials are the gold standard for evaluating clinical intervention efficacy and safety in this space. However, their applicability to larger, more representative patient populations with rheumatological disorders worldwide could be limited due to time, technical, and cost constraints involved with large-scale clinical trials. Accordingly, analysis of real-world, patient-centered clinical data retrieved from established healthcare inventories, such as electronic health records, medical billing reports, and disease registries, are increasingly used to report patient outcomes. Unfortunately, it is unknown whether this clinical research paradigm in rheumatology could be deployed in medically underserved regions.

Research Integrity Attitudes and Behaviors are Difficult to alter: Results from a ten Year Follow-up Study in Norway.

Background: Research integrity has obtained much attention in research communities, but also in the general public. To improve research integrity is difficult as it involves complex systems of knowledge, attitudes, and practices. The objective of this study is to investigate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of cohorts of PhD candidates at one faculty (of medicine) over time and compare this to finished PhDs of the same cohorts. Material and method: Researchers (n = 186) awarded the degree PhD at the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Oslo in 2019 were invited to answer a questionnaire about knowledge, attitudes and actions related to scientific dishonesty. 94 responded (50.5%). The results were compared with results among first-year PhD candidates who responded to the same questionnaire during 2010-20 (n = 536) and to those who finished PhDs in 2016 (n = 86). Results: For the years 2010-2020 1.1% of the PhD candidates report to have engaged in severe scientific misconduct (FFP) while 0.9% report to have presented results in a misleading way. 2.3% report that they know of persons at their department who have engaged in FFP the last 12 months. In total 1.5% report to have experienced pressure to engage in severe scientific misconduct (FFP) while 2.1% report to have experienced pressure to present results in a misleading way. On average 12.8% report to have been exposed to unethical pressure concerning inclusion or ordering of authors during the last 12 months, and 28.8% report to have knowledge about their department's written policies about research integrity. While some attitudes improve over the years, attitudes in general are not much changed from 2010-2020. None of the PhDs that received a PhD from the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Oslo in 2019 reported to have engaged in FFT or having experienced pressure to do so.1.1% experienced pressure to present results in other misleading ways, while 26.6% of respondents had experienced unethical pressure in relation to authorship during the course of the PhD fellowship. 4.3% knew about someone at their department who had presented results in a misleading manner. Some attitudes were not in line with traditional conceptions of research integrity, but most agreed that their research environment displayed research integrity. Conclusion: This long-term follow up study shows that few PhD-candidates report to engage in severe scientific misconduct, that they experience little pressure to do so, and with some exceptions, attitudes in in line with good research integrity. However, pressure in relation to authorship is relatively common. There is some improvement in research integrity from PhD candidates to recently finished PhDs, but in general research integrity is stable over time.

The Cultural Context of Plagiarism and Research Misconduct in the Asian Region.

Plagiarism is one of the most frequent forms of research misconduct in South and East Asian countries. This narrative review examines the factors contributing to research misconduct, emphasizing plagiarism, particularly in South, East and Southeast Asian countries. We conducted a PubMed and Scopus search using the terms plagiarism, Asia, South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, research misconduct and retractions in January of 2022. Articles with missing abstracts, incomplete information about plagiarism, publication dates before 2010, and those unrelated to South, East, and Southeast Asian countries were excluded. The retraction watch database was searched for articles retracted between 9th January 2020 to 9th January 2022. A total of 159 articles were identified, of which 21 were included in the study using the database search criteria mentioned above. The review of articles identified a lack of training in scientific writing and research ethics, publication pressure, permissive attitudes, and inadequate regulatory measures as the primary reasons behind research misconduct in scientific publications. Plagiarism remains a common cause of unethical publications and retractions in regions of Asia (namely South, East and Southeast). Researchers lack training in scientific writing, and substantial gaps exist in understanding various forms of plagiarism, which heavily contribute to the problem. There is an urgent need to foster high research ethics standards and adhere to journal policies. Providing appropriate training in scientific writing among researchers may help improve the knowledge of different types of plagiarism and promote the use of antiplagiarism software, leading to a substantial reduction in the problem.

SHOULD INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARDS FOR RESEARCH ETHICS BE HELD ACCOUNTABLE/PUNISHED FOR RETRACTED PUBLICATIONS FROM ACADEMIA AND INDUSTRY?

In recent times there has been evidence of many publications across academia and industry being retracted for various ethical violations in research including data Fabrication, Manipulation, Falsification, and Plagiarism despite the widespread Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) to uphold Research Ethics from conceptualizing a study, publication of results and implementation of findings. Although the structure and membership composition of IRBs may vary globally, they all have converging guidelines. This study tackles research misconduct by holding Institutional Review Boards accountable for retracted articles, employing interest analysis and principle-based idea analysis in critically reviewing my concerns. Based on the evidence from the literature on the increasing numbers of retracted papers that have had ethical clearance, I argued that, if IRBs are doing their job correctly, research misconduct should be minimal. Further, if research misconduct resulting in retracted publications becomes a spreading problem that attracts sanctions, then IRBs must be considered as part of the problem and should suffer sanctions too.

SHOULD INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARDS FOR RESEARCH ETHICS BE HELD ACCOUNTABLE FOR RETRACTED PUBLICATIONS FROM ACADEMIA AND INDUSTRY?

In recent times there has been evidence of many publications across academia and industry being retracted for various ethical violations in research including data Fabrication, Manipulation, Falsification, and Plagiarism despite the widespread Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) to uphold Research Ethics from conceptualizing a study, publication of results and implementation of findings. Although the structure and membership composition of IRBs may vary globally, they all have converging guidelines. This study tackles research misconduct by holding Institutional Review Boards accountable for retracted articles, employing interest analysis and principle-based idea analysis in critically reviewing my concerns. Based on the evidence from the literature on the increasing numbers of retracted papers that have had ethical clearance, I argued that, if IRBs are doing their job correctly, research misconduct should be minimal. Further, if research misconduct resulting in retracted publications becomes a spreading problem that attracts sanctions, then IRBs must be considered as part of the problem and should suffer sanctions too.

Research Integrity: Where We Are and Where We Are Heading.

The concept of research integrity (RI) refers to a set of moral and ethical standards that serve as the foundation for the execution of research activities. Integrity in research is the incorporation of principles of honesty, transparency, and respect for ethical standards and norms throughout all stages of the research endeavor, encompassing study design, data collecting, analysis, reporting, and publishing. The preservation of RI is of utmost importance to uphold the credibility and amplify the influence of scientific research while also preventing and dealing with instances of scientific misconduct. Researchers, institutions, journals, and readers share responsibilities for preserving RI. Researchers must adhere to the highest ethical standards. Institutions have a role in establishing an atmosphere that supports integrity ideals while also providing useful guidance, instruction, and assistance to researchers. Editors and reviewers act as protectors, upholding quality and ethical standards in the dissemination of research results through publishing. Readers play a key role in the detection and reporting of fraudulent activity by critically evaluating content. The struggle against scientific misconduct has multiple dimensions and is continuous. It requires a collaborative effort and adherence to the principles of honesty, transparency, and rigorous science. By supporting a culture of RI, the scientific community may preserve its core principles and continue to contribute appropriately to society's well-being. It not only aids present research but also lays the foundation for future scientific advancements.

Ethical Issues of the Organization and Management of Research Information

The paper offers a comprehensive examination of the ethical considerations surrounding the management of research information within an organization. It includes a summary of survey findings and an overview of ongoing research efforts. Special attention is given to ethical standards pertaining to data quality, data models, and data formats, which are essential factors in organizing research knowledge. As open science continues to gain prominence, research ethics - such as integrity, openness, and transparency - become increasingly crucial. Adhering to these open science principles will play a pivotal role in determining future research funding. Hence, it is crucial to understand how current research information systems (CRIS), a particular type of knowledge organization systems, deal with matters concerning scientific misconduct and integrate ethical guidelines for both individuals and institutions into their data structures.