FRAP Methods Research Articles

Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti-Cancer Properties of Amygdalin Extracted from Three Cassava Varieties Cultivated in Benin.

Given that cancer is a disease that is rampant in the world and especially in Africa, where the population has enormous difficulty treating it, plants are a safer and less expensive alternative. Cassava is a plant species valued in Benin because of its numerous medicinal and nutritional virtues. This study evaluated the biological activities of amygdalin from the organs of three cassava varieties most commonly produced in Benin (BEN, RB, and MJ). HPLC analysis was used to quantify amygdalin in cassava organs and derivatives. Phytochemical screening was performed to determine secondary metabolite groups. DPPH and FRAP methods were used to assess antioxidant activity. Cytotoxicity of the extracts was tested on Artemia salina larvae. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated in vivo in an albino mouse paw edema model induced by 5% formalin. The anticancer activity was evaluated in vivo on Wistar rats rendered cancerous by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) using 5-fluorouracil as a reference molecule. The results showed that the organs of all three-cassava varieties contained glycosides, flavonoids, saponosides, steroids, tannins, coumarins, and cyanogenic derivatives. Young stems and fresh cassava leaves had the highest amygdalin concentrations, with 11,142.99 µg 10 g-1 and 9251.14 µg 10 g-1, respectively. The Agbeli derivative was more concentrated in amygdalin, with a content of 401.56 µg 10 g-1 than the other derivatives. The antioxidant activity results showed that the amygdalin extracts were DPPH radical scavengers with IC50 values ranging from 0.18 mg mL-1 to 2.35 mg mL-1. The cytotoxicity test showed no toxicity of the extracts toward shrimp larvae. Administration of amygdalin extracts from the leaves of BEN and MJ varieties prevents inflammatory edema. The percentages of edema inhibition varied between 21.77% and 27.89%. These values are similar (p > 0.05) to those of acetylsalicylic acid (25.20%). Amygdalin extract of the BEN variety significantly (p < 0.0001) reduces edema. Both BEN extracts inhibited cancer induction with DMH. In preventive and curative treatments, rats fed with amygdalin extracts showed low anti-cancer activity under the effect of DMH and a significant difference in biochemical results. Thus, the organs of all three cassava varieties studied have secondary metabolites and good antioxidant activity. The leaves contain high levels of amygdalin and can be used as anti-inflammatory and anticancer agents.

Determination of Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Antiproliferative Activities of Onobrychis argyrea subsp. argyrea Extracts

Plants belonging to the Fabaceae family have great importance in animal nutrition and the protection of human health (antidiabetic, anticarcinogenic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cardiovascular). Onobrychis, known as a potent antioxidant, anticarcinogenic and antimicrobial agent, its high phenolic substance is one of the important genera of this family. In this study, chloroform (OAC), ethanol (OAE), and water (OAW) extract of Onobrychis argyrea subsp. argyrea (O. argyrea) specie was prepared; and the antiproliferative, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities were investigated. The antiproliferative effects of the extracts were evaluated on different cancer cell lines by XTT colourimetric method. OAE demonstrated the most excellent efficacy against all cell lines, according to the findings. MCF-7 83.71%, A549 92.14%, and HT-29 72.24% were all inhibited. The antimicrobial activity of OAE and OAW extracts against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Streptococcus pneumoniae was determined using the disc-diffusion technique. Finally, antioxidant power was determined using DPPH and FRAP methods. In the DPPH research, OAE and OAW extracts showed the highest levels of inhibition (IC50: 34.12±0.2 and 21.58±0.12, respectively). OAE (257.95±1.40) and OAW (282.14±0.83) extracts showed high activity with similar results in the FRAP method. Total phenolic content was determined as 226.15±1.89 mg GAE/g for OAE and 146.52±0.71 mg GAE/g for OAW, respectively. These results show that the species is an essential source of antioxidants. These studies are the first data for Onobrychis argyrea subsp. argyrea. All these results show that the plant has various biological activities and rich secondary metabolites.

Comparative Study on Physicochemical, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Propolis Collected from Different Regions of Bulgaria

Abstract Propolis (bee glue), a valuable biological mixture produced by European honey bees (Apis mellifera L.), is widely used as a remedy in traditional and alternative medicine, as an effective food biopreservative and as a nutritional value enhancer. The present study aimed to investigate eighty propolis samples collected from all twenty-eight districts of Bulgaria in the period of 2020–2022 in order to determine their physicochemical properties as well as their antioxidant and antimicrobial potential. The raw propolis samples exhibited brown or green colour depending on the climatic zone from which they are collected and pH values from 4.82 to 5.87, while the moisture content ranged between 0.98% and 2.97%. The total phenolics content (TPC) and total flavonoids content (TFC) varied from 63.14 mg GAE/g to 737.27 mg GAE/g, and from 29.22 mg QE/g to 234.17 mg QE/g, respectively. The propolis samples demonstrated significant antioxidant potential determined by DPPH and FRAP methods, from 18.56 mM TE/g to 1598.66 mM TE/g and from 82.28 mM TE/g to 1208.81 mM TE/g, respectively, whose values showed a positive correlation (r 2) with the TPC and TFC. The results from the antimicrobial screening revealed that the methanolic propolis extracts in concentration of 20 mg/ml exhibited the highest inhibitory effect on the Gram-positive bacteria such as Micrococcus luteus 2YC-YT, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Listeria monocytogenes NBIMCC 8632 and Listeria innocua ATCC 33090.

In Vitro Phytochemical, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Evaluations of Various Extracts of Eleocharis dulcis (Burm.f.) Trin. ex Hensch

Eleocharis dulcis Burm.f. Trin. ex Hensch, has been empirically used in Chinese folk medicine to treat cough, laryngitis, hepatitis, enteritis, hypertension, and pharyngitis. The study is aimed to compare the phytochemical components, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of hexane (H), ethyl acetat (EA), and methanol extracts (MeOH) extracts obtained by Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction (UAE) method. Total Phenolic Content (TPC) was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method and Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) by quercetin method. Antioxidants activity using the DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP method. The inhibition zone of antibacterial activity using the disc diffusion method and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration with microdilution method. Results of the extracts’ total phenolic and flavonoid contents showed that EA has a higher content of these phytochemicals. The EA also exhibited a higher zone of inhibition for each concentration against Aeromonas hydrophila (AHA), Aeromonas salmonicida (AS), and Streptococcus agalactiae (SA). The MIC of EA against AHA and AS was 6.25 mg/mL and 3.125 mg/mL, respectively. Allextracts were effective against SA with MIC of 1.5625 mg/mL. Similarly, the EA extract showed better ntibacterial activity against all the tested bacteria strains than the H and MeOH extracts. Also, the EA extract exhibited better antioxidant activity compared to others, with IC50 values of 52.830 ± 0.271 ppm, 16.923 ± 0.047 ppm and 198.504 ± 1.490 µmol/g in the DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays, respectively. The study concludes that the EA extract of E. dulcis possesses better antibacterial and antioxidant activities.

Analysis of the utilization value of different tissues of Taxus×Media based on metabolomics and antioxidant activity

BackgroundTaxaceae, is a class of dioecious and evergreen plant with substantial economic and ecology value. At present many phytochemical analyses have been performed in Taxus plants. And various biological constituents have been isolated from various Taxus species. However, the difference of compounds and antioxidant capacity of different tissues of T. media is not clear.ResultsIn the present study, we investigated the metabolites and antioxidant activity of four tissues of T. media, including T. media bark (TB), T. media fresh leaves (TFL), T. media seeds (TS), T. media aril (TA). In total, 808 compounds, covering 11 subclasses, were identified by using UPLC-MS/MS. Paclitaxel, the most popular anticancer compound, was found to accumulate most in TS, followed by TB, TFL and TA in order. Further analysis found that 70 key differential metabolites with VIP > 1.0 and p < 0.05, covering 8 subclasses, were screened as the key differential metabolites in four tissues. The characteristic compounds of TFL mainly included flavonoids and tanninsis. Alkaloids and phenolic acids were major characteristic compounds of TS and TB respectively. Amino acids and derivatives, organic acids, saccharides and lipids were the major characteristic compounds of TA. Additionally, based on FRAP and ABTS method, TS and TFL exhibited higher antioxidant activity than TB and TA.ConclusionThere was significant difference in metabolite content among different tissues of T. media. TFL and TS had higher metabolites and antioxidant capacity than other tissues, indicating that TFL and TS were more suitable for the development and utilization of T. media in foods and drinks.

Peredaman Radikal Bebas Ekstrak Etanol Daun Rosella (Hibiscus sabdariffa L) Dengan Metode Frap (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power)

Background: Antioxidant are chemical compounds that can donate electrons to unpaired free radicals, thereby reducing the effects of free radical oxidation. One of the plants that have antioxidants activity is the rosella plant, for example in the leaves. Rosella leaves contain phytochemical compounds that are useful as antioxidant, namely flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tanin.Objective: Determine the antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract of rosella leave (Hibiscus sabdariffa L) by FRAP method.Method: Rosella leaf was macerated using 70% ethanol as solvent. Then filtered and thicken using a frying pan on an electric stove over medium heat of approximately 300 watt. Phytochemical screening was carried out, namely flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tanin and TLC test to indicate the presence of flavonoid compounds as antioxidants. Quantitative analysis was carried out to determine antioxidant activity with the FRAP method measured using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer.Result: The antioxidant activity test of the ethanol extract of rosella leaves has FRAP value of 1,749 mmol FeSO4/mg. Based on statistical analysis T-test, shows that there is a difference between the sample and the standard with a significant value (p&lt;0,05) is 0,001.Conclusion: The antioxidant activity test on rosella leaves with the FRAP method proved that the ethanol extract of rosella leaves had antioxidant content with a FRAP value of 1,749 mmol FeSO4/mg.

The Impact of Culinary Processing, including Sous-Vide, on Polyphenols, Vitamin C Content and Antioxidant Status in Selected Vegetables-Methods and Results: A Critical Review.

This study presents various research methods and results analysis of the total antioxidant status (TAS), polyphenols content (PC) and vitamin C content in selected plant materials (vegetables) subjected to various technological processes, including sous-vide. The analysis included 22 vegetables (cauliflower white rose, romanesco type cauliflower, broccoli, grelo, col cabdell cv. pastoret, col lllombarda cv. pastoret, brussels sprouts, kale cv. crispa-leaves, kale cv. crispa-stem, toscana black cabbage, artichokes, green beans, asparagus, pumpkin, green peas, carrot, root parsley, brown teff, white teff, white cardoon stalks, red cardoon stalks and spinach) from 18 research papers published in 2017 to 2022. The results after processing by various methods such as conventional, steaming and sous-vide cooking were compared to the raw vegetable results. The antioxidant status was mainly determined by the radical DPPH, ABTS and FRAP methods, the polyphenol content by the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and the vitamin C content using dichlorophenolindophenol and liquid chromatography methods. The study results were very diverse, but in most studies, the cooking techniques contributed to reducing TAS, PC and vitamin C content, with the sous-vide process being most beneficial. However, future studies should focus on vegetables for which discrepancies in the results were noted depending on the author, as well as lack of clarity regarding the analytical methods used, e.g., cauliflower white rose or broccoli.

Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Air Kombinasi Kulit Pisang Kepok (Musa paradisiaca L.) dan Nanas (Ananas comosus L.) dengan Metode DPPH dan FRAP

Banana kepok (Musa paradisiaca L.) and pineapple (Ananas comosus L.) are types of fruit that are widely consumed by the community. However, the skin is only disposed of as waste, where the waste of the fruit skin reaches 30% of the whole fruit. Kepok banana peels and pineapples contain phenols and flavonoids which are proven to function as antioxidants. This study aims to determine the IC50 value of the combined sample using the DPPH and FRAP methods. The extract samples were divided into 2 groups, namely the combination of kepok banana peel extract and pineapple with a ratio of 1:1 and 1:3. Extraction is done by infusion method. Analysis of the content of phenolic and flavonoid compounds was carried out by the TLC method on single samples of kepok banana peels and pineapple peels. Antioxidant activity test was carried out by 2 methods, namely DPPH and FRAP. The yield of the extract in the 1:1 combination was found to be 48% and the 1:3 combination was 47%. The chromatogram profile showed that each single sample was positive for phenols and flavonoids. The results of the analysis of the antioxidant activity of the DPPH method showed the IC50 value in the 1:1 combination group was 1188.27 ppm while in the 1:3 combination group it was 740.98 ppm. In the FRAP method, the IC50 value in the 1:1 combination group was 1251.85 ppm, while in the 1:3 combination group it was 2218.94 ppm. Based on the results of the test, there are differences in the measurement of antioxidant activity with 2 different methods based on the antioxidants action that contains in the sample, so that the more recommended method is DPPH based on the type of antioxidant compounds contained in the sample.

Improvements in the biochemical responses and Pb and Ni phytoremediation of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia L.) plants through Funneliformis mosseae inoculation

BackgroundHeavy metals (HMs) phytoremediation is a well-recognized protocol to remove toxic elements from the soil. As known, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) enhance the plants' growth responses. The idea of the present study was to assay the response of lavender plants to HMs stress under AMF inoculation. We hypothesized that mycorrhiza will enhance the phytoremediation and simultaneously reduce the harmful effects of heavy HMs. So, lavender (Lavandula angustifolia L.) plants were inoculated with AMF (0 and 5 g Kg−1 soil) under Pb [150 and 225 mg kg−1 soil from Pb (NO3)2] and Ni [220 and 330 mg kg−1 soil from Ni (NO3)2] pollution, in the greenhouse conditions. The control treatment was plants not treated with AMF and HMs. Doing this, the root colonization, HMs uptake, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants pool, MDA, proline, total phenolics (TPC), flavonoids (TFC), anthocyanins, and essential oil (EO) components were evaluated.ResultsAccording to the findings, the AMF inoculation enhanced shoot and root Pb and Ni content, antioxidant enzymes activity, the total antioxidant activity by DPPH and FRAP methods, TPC, TFC, anthocyanins, and H2O2 content in the lavender plants subjected to Pb and Ni stress. Moreover, the highest (28.91%) and the least (15.81%) percentages of borneol were identified in the lavender plants subjected to AMF under 150 mg kg−1 of Pb and the control plants without AMF application, respectively. Furthermore, the top 1,8-cineole (12.75%) content was recorded in AMF-inoculated plants.ConclusionsThe overall results verify that AMF inoculation can be a reliable methodology to enhance the phytoremediation of Pb and Ni by lavender plants while maintaining reliable growth potential. The treatments improved the main EO constituents content, especially under moderate HMs stress conditions. With more detailed studies, the results will be advisable for the extension section for the phytoremediation of polluted soils.

Comparing the biological properties and chemical profiling of chestnut bee pollen and bee bread collected from Anatolia.

Bee bread (BB) and bee pollen (BP) are accepted as functional food and considered in medical properties due to its important bioactive components. These bee products show different biological properties, but researches on these aspects have not been clear yet. In present study, Anatolian BB and BP extracts were analyzed for the first time for their pollen type, total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC), and antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Samples were analyzed for their antimicrobial efficacy by the agar well diffusion and MIC methods. HPLC analysis was used to identify the compounds in the BB and BP samples. Antioxidant activity was measured by the FRAP and DPPH methods. As a result of microscopy for pollen identification, Fagaceae family was dominant. Phenolic compound analysis showed that the amounts of p-coumaric acid and rutin were found to be the highest in BB and BP, respectively. Stronger antioxidant activity was obtained from BP. MIC values of BB were range from 250 to 12.5μg/mL. The most susceptible bacterium was Mycobacterium smegmatis. The extract of BP was effective on all gram-negative bacteria with doses range from 250μg/mL to 500μg/mL. The lowest MIC value was detected with the concentration of 12.5μg/mL against M. smegmatis. Anatolian BB and BP could be considered as a functional foods due to antioxidant activity and may be beneficial in the management and treatment of pathogenic bacteria because of high antimicrobial activity.

Physicochemical Properties and Evaluation of Antioxidant Potential of Sugar Beet Pulp—Preliminary Analysis for Further Use (Future Prospects)

High content of pro-health constituents in fruit and vegetable pomaces has led to their utilization as raw materials in food production. They are used mostly in dried form, which is microbiologically stable and allows their storage throughout a longer period. Nevertheless, some materials of these kind are still undervalued, among them sugar beet pulp, which is produced during sugar production in large quantities, often posing an environmental threat, and has been traditionally used for feeding animals. Earlier studies on chemical composition suggested that sugar beet pulp could be highly valuable in terms of health-promoting aspects. Therefore, in this work, research was directed to prove the nutritional potential of this raw material. Thus, an attempt was made to characterize sugar beet pulp in terms of its nutritional and carbohydrate profile, as well as its health-promoting qualities, with particular emphasis on the effect of the extraction on the content of polyphenols and phenolic acids, flavonoids, flavonols, and also their antioxidant activity, measured by ABTS and FRAP methods. The soluble and insoluble fraction of dietary fiber and total dietary fiber were also determined in the pulp. It was found that sugar beet pulp is a valuable source of nutrients (around 10% protein, 7% fat, 8% sugar, 4% ash), dietary fiber (nearly 70%), and has significant amounts of sugars present as free saccharides (fructose and glucose) and polysaccharide residues (arabinose, galacturonic acid, rhamnose, and glucose). In addition, it is a source of polyphenols, flavonoids, and phenolic acids and has a high health-promoting potential regardless of the applied extraction method. Therefore, we may suggest that sugar beet pulp could become an ingredient for pro-health functional food.

TOTAL POLYPHENOL CONTENT, TOTAL FLAVONOID CONTENT, AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF GARLIC (ALLIUM SATIVUM L.) CULTIVARS

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is used as both a food and traditional medicine for several illnesses throughout the world. 7 garlic cultivars (Novozamocky, Lumir, Mojmir, Havran, Garpel, Eden Rose, and Bjetin) were analyzed in this study. Since modern consumer demands encourage the consumption of foods with positive effects on human health, research into the nutritional properties and chemical composition of traditional crops, like garlic, is important. Knowledge of these properties could support the cultivation of cultivars with the highest content of bioactive compounds. Total polyphenol content (TPC) determined by Folin – Ciocalteau method ranged from 797.11 to 1183.98 mg GAE.kg-1 DM. Total flavonoid content (TFC) determined by the aluminum chloride method ranged from 15.96 to 28.18 mg CE.kg-1 DM. Antioxidant activity (AA) determined by the ABTS method ranged from 1.97 to 4.42 mmol TE.kg-1 DM. Antioxidant activity (AA) determined by the FRAP method ranged from 1.12 to 2.64 mmol TE.kg-1 DM. Statistical evaluation of results showed a difference between garlic cultivars. The highest antioxidant activity and the highest content of bioactive substances were determined in the cultivar Garpel. High positive correlations (p &lt; 0.001) were determined between TPC and TFC (r = 0.746), TPC and AA ABTS (r = 0.862), TPC and AA FRAP (r = 0.922), TFC and AA ABTS (r = 0.792), TFC and AA FRAP (r = 0.808), and AA ABTS and AA FRAP (r = 0.896). Garlic is confirmed to be a natural source of antioxidants, polyphenols, and flavonoids.

Impact of the Addition of Fruits of Kamchatka Berries (L. caerulea var. kamtschatica) and Haskap (L. caerulea var. emphyllocalyx) on the Physicochemical Properties, Polyphenolic Content, Antioxidant Activity and Sensory Evaluation Craft Wheat Beers.

Kamchatka berry (Lonicera caerulea var. kamtschatica) and haskap (Lonicera caerulea var. emphyllocalyx) fruit are important sources of bioactive compounds, mainly polyphenols, but also macro- and microelements. Physico-chemical analysis showed that wheat beers with added fruit were characterised by an average 14.06% higher ethanol content, lower bitterness and intense colour compared to the control, which was a wheat beer without added fruit. Wheat beers enriched with kamchatka berry fruit, including the "Aurora" variety, had the highest polyphenolic profile (e.g., chlorogenic acid content averaged 7.30 mg/L), and the antioxidant activity of fruit-enriched wheat beers determined by the DPPH method showed higher antioxidant activity of wheat beers enriched with kamchatka berry fruit, while those determined by the FRAP and ABTS methods showed higher antioxidant activity of wheat beers enriched with haskap fruit, including the "Willa" variety. Sensory evaluation of the beer product showed that wheat beers enriched with kamchatka berry fruits of the "Duet" variety and haskap fruits of the "Willa" variety were characterised by the most balanced taste and aroma. On the basis of the conducted research, it follows that both kamchatka berry fruits of the "Duet" and "Aurora" varieties and haskap fruit of the "Willa" variety can be used successfully in the production of fruity wheat beers.

Pharmacognostic evaluation and antioxidant capacity of Tetracera macrophylla Hook. F. &amp; Thoms twigs

Context: Tetracera macrophylla Hook. f. &amp; Thoms is used empirically in traditional medicine, specifically the twig, to treat dysentery, diarrhea, diabetes, and tuberculosis symptoms. The plant contains phenolic and flavonoid compounds that offer potential as antioxidants. Aims: To evaluate the pharmacognostic characteristics of T. macrophylla, phytochemical, total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and the antioxidant capacity twig of T. macrophylla from n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts. Methods: Pharmacognostic evaluation was carried out by macroscopic-microscopic observation leaf and twig of the Tetracera macrophylla, and phytochemical analysis was carried out using several chemical reagents. The chromatographic profile was analyzed by thin-layer chromatography and qualitative identification of compounds by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid contents (TFC) were determined colorimetrically. The antioxidant capacity was determined in vitro by the FRAP and DPPH methods. Results: The microscopic analysis of leaf powder showed the presence of raphide crystals, uniseriate trichomes, and parasitic stomata, while the twig powder showed the presence of raphide crystals. The primary phenolic compounds in the active extracts were identified as 6-hydroxy-2-(2-phenylethyl) chromone, d-catechin, isorhamnetin, and epicatechin gallate. The highest TPC and TFC were found in the ethyl acetate extract. The ethyl acetate and methanol extract showed a higher antioxidant capacity than the hexane extract. The correlation matrix between TPC, TFC, and antioxidant capacity showed a robust correlation. Conclusions: The pharmacognostic evaluation of T. macrophylla revealed the presence of characteristic morphological features of the plant. A microscopic study of the leaf showed the presence of uniseriate trichomes and paracytic stomata on the abaxial epidermis. Powder analysis of twigs showed the presence of irregular starch grains, raphide crystals, and stone cells. The TPC and TFC in twigs of T. macrophylla were robustly correlated to antioxidant capacity with the FRAP method. Meanwhile, the TPC and TFC gave a moderate correlation with DPPH methods. The ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of T. macrophylla twigs showed a higher antioxidant capacity than the n-hexane extract.

Protective effects of vanillic acid on autistic-like behaviors in a rat model of maternal separation stress: Behavioral, electrophysiological, molecular and histopathological alterations.

Compounds derived from herbs exhibit a range of biological properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties. However, the exact mechanism of action of these compounds in various neurological disorders is not fully discovered yet. Herein, the present work detected the effect of Vanillic acid (VA), a widely-used flavoring agent derived from vanillin, on autistic-like behaviors to assess the probable underlying mechanisms that mediate behavioral, electrophysiological, molecular, and histopathological alterations in the rat model of maternal separation (MS) stress. Maternal separated rats were treated with VA (25, 50, and 100mg/kg interperitoneally for 14days). In addition, anxiety-like, autistic-like behaviors, and learning and memory impairment were evaluated using various behavioral tests. Hippocampus samples were assessed histopathologically by H&E staining. Levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and antioxidant capacity (by the FRAP method), as well as nitrite levels, were measured in brain tissue. Moreover, gene expression of inflammatory markers (IL-1β, TLR-4, TNF-α, and NLRP3) was evaluated in the hippocampus. Electrophysiological alterations were also estimated in the hippocampus by long-term potentiation (LTP) assessments. Results showed that VA reversed the negative effects of MS on behavior. VA increased the diameter and decreased the percentage of dark neurons in the CA3 area. Accordingly, VA decreased MDA and nitrite levels and increased the antioxidant capacity in brain samples and decreased the expression of all inflammatory genes. VA treated rats showed significant improvements in all LTP parameters. This study provided evidence suggesting a possible role for VA in preventing autism spectrum disorder (ASD) by regulating immune signaling.

Application and sensory evaluation of a hydroalcoholic extract of nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus L.) in a beverage from tropical fruits and vegetables

The nasturtium is diverse in bioactive compounds such as carotenoids, anthocyanins, and glucosinolates. Due to these attributes, it is important to apply them to novel foods, such as drinks. The objective of this study was to carry out a sensory evaluation for the viability of the addition of nasturtium extract to a beverage. Solvent extraction was performed at a solute-solvent ratio of 1:10 – 1:15 and ethanol purity of 45%, 70%, or 96%; antioxidant capacity was analyzed by the FRAP method and total phenolic compounds content by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Additionally, three samples of the beverage that included nasturtium extract (extract content of 1000, 2500, or 5000 mg kg-1) were evaluated through a 5-point hedonic test and a preference test for the attributes of flavor, aroma, consistency, and the product as a whole. The samples with the highest solute-solvent ratio presented the highest antioxidant capacity, while the samples with ethanol purity of 45% and 70% obtained the highest content of total phenolic compounds. The sample with 1000 mg kg-1 of the extract was the best qualified in all the sensory attributes evaluated.

Giresun’da Yetişen Fındık Ağacı (Corylus avellana L.) Yapraklarında Bazı Fenolik Bileşiklerin ve Antioksidan Aktivitelerinin Araştırılması

Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) is an essential product with high economic value in global production. However, studies on hazelnut leaves have been limited so far. In this study, three types of (Yağlı (Tombul), Sivri and Haz) hazelnut tree leaves collected from two regions of Giresun were extracted with infusion method. Evaporation of the extracts and preparation of the samples in the glove box prior to analysis is one of the most critical points of this study. It was aimed to determine the amounts of phenolic compounds, the total amount of phenolic content and antioxidant activities in the extracts. The determination of phenolic compounds was determined by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and total phenolic content was determined by Folin-Ciocâlteu method. Antioxidant activity, 2,2-azino-bis(3ethylbenzo-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS•+), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH•) radical scavenging activities and iron (III) reduction/antioxidant power) tested with FRAP methods. The chubby hazelnut tree leaves (TFE) extract collected from Espiye Merkez has the highest ABTS•+ radical scavenging (SC50: 0.00023±3.9E-06 mg mL-1) and FRAP (882.75±8.24 µM TEAC) (Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity) exhibited antioxidant activity. In addition, raw hazelnut tree leaves (HFE) (SC50: 0.00033±1.3E-06 mg mL-1) and chubby hazelnut tree leaves (TFE) (SC50: 0.00034±1.7E-06 mg mL-1) collected from Espiye Merkez extracts exhibited almost the same DPPH• scavenging activity. TFE extract had the highest total phenolic content (163.33±4.36 GAE (Gallic Acid Equivalent) µg mL-1 and 228.67±6.11 CE (Catechin Equivalent) µg mL-1). Gallic acid, catechin, epicatechin, taxifolin, ellagic acid, quercetin and caffeic acid were detected in the analyzed leaves. The catechin amounts were 192.05±1.74 and 367.63±2.6 µg g-1 in the chubby (TFG) and pointed hazelnut leaves (SFY), respectively.

Antioxidant Activity Test of Caulerpa racemosa Extract from Takalar District Using the FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) Method

Sea grapes or Caulerpa racemosa contain alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenols and steroids. These compositions work as antioxidants. Antioxidants are compounds that can contribute one or more electrons to free radicals, so that the free radicals can be suppressed. The goal of this study was to determine the antioxidant activity of sea grape (Caulerpa racemosa) extract using the FRAP method. Extraction of sea grapes (Caulerpa racemosa) applied maceration and methanol methods. Absorbance of antioxidant activity was measured using a UV-VIS spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 700 nm. The results showed that sea grape extract (Caulerpa racemosa) had an antioxidant activity of 152 mg AAE/g extract. It means that in each gram of extract, it is equivalent to 152 mg of ascorbic acid.

Vernonia britteniana Root Phytochemical Studies, In Vitro Cercaricidal Activity on the Larval Stage of Schistosoma mansoni and Antioxidant Activities.

Vernonia britteniana Hiern. (Asteraceae) is a medicinal plant used in traditional Angolan medicine against schistosomiasis. Our study aimed to investigate the phytochemical composition and the cercaricidal and antioxidant activities in vitro of a traditional herbal preparation (Water-Vbr) and a 70% hydroethanolic extract (EtOH70%-Vbr) prepared with this medicinal plant. The activity of the extracts against Schistosoma mansoni cercariae was assessed at different extract concentrations (500, 438, and 125 µg/mL) and at different time intervals, and the phytochemical profiles were obtained by LC-UV-ESI/MS-MS. In addition, the major chemical classes of the identified metabolites were quantified by colorimetry, and the antioxidant potential was assessed using the DPPH and FRAP methods. After 30 min, 100% cercarial mortality was observed at a concentration of 500 μg/mL after exposure, and after 120 min, an LC50 of 438 μg/mL was observed for both extracts. Phenolic acid derivatives (chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid; 3,4-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid; 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid; and 4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid) and triterpenoids (stigmastane-type steroidal saponins; vernoamyoside D and vernonioside D1; vernoamyoside B; and vernoniamyoside A and C) were identified as the main secondary metabolites. The Water-Vbr extract showed the highest antioxidant activity-DPPH: IC50 = 1.769 ± 0.049 µg/mL; FRAP: mean = 320.80 ± 5.1325 µgAAE/g.

Outlook on Chronic Venous Disease Treatment: Phytochemical Screening, In Vitro Antioxidant Activity and In Silico Studies for Three Vegetal Extracts.

Chronic venous disease is one of the most common vascular diseases; the signs and symptoms are varied and are often neglected in the early stages. Vascular damage is based on proinflammatory, prothrombotic, prooxidant activity and increased expression of several matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). The aim of this research is preparation and preliminary characterization of three vegetal extracts (Sophorae flos-SE, Ginkgo bilobae folium-GE and Calendulae flos-CE). The obtained dry extracts were subjected to phytochemical screening (FT-ICR-MS, UHPLC-HRMS/MS) and quantitative analysis (UHPLC-HRMS/MS, spectrophotometric methods). Antioxidant activity was evaluated using three methods: FRAP, DPPH and ABTS. More than 30 compounds were found in each extract. The amount of flavones follows the succession: SE > GE > CE; the amount of phenolcarboxylic acids follows: SE > CE > GE; and the amount of polyphenols follows: SE > GE > CE. Results for FRAP method varied as follows: SE > CE > GE; results for the DPPH method followed: SE > GE > CE; and results for ABTS followed: SE > GE > CE. Strong and very strong correlations (appreciated by Pearson coefficient) have been observed between antioxidant activity and the chemical content of extracts. Molecular docking studies revealed the potential of several identified phytochemicals to inhibit the activity of four MMP isoforms. In conclusion, these three extracts have potential in the treatment of chronic venous disease, based on their phytochemical composition.