Franklin County Research Articles

Presence of the Evening bat (Nycticeius humeralis) in westernmost Kansas

The evening bat, Nycticeius humeralis, is an austral species (Armstrong, Choate, and Jones 1986) that ranges from the southeastern United States north to the southern Great Lakes region and west to the central Great Plains (Watkins 1972). In Kansas, the species was known from just four counties (Clay, Douglas, Jewell, and Johnson) in the northeast when Jones, Fleharty, and Dunnigan (1967) reviewed the distributional status of bats in the state. Birney and Rising (1968) subsequently reported specimens of the evening bat from Franklin and Ford counties, the latter in southwestern Kansas, and Kunz, Choate, and George (1980) reported specimens from Barber and Comanche counties in south-central Kansas. Sparks and Choate (2000) added more than a dozen counties, most in north-central Kansas, to the known range of the species in the state and opined that this tree-dwelling species, which previously was rare at the western limit of its range, was becoming increasingly common in riparian corridors. They concluded that the lack of forested habitats in much of western Kansas in the past possibly restricted the range of the evening bat to the eastern twothirds of the state (Sparks and Choate 2000), but that growth of forested habitats along watercourses was enabling this species to expand westward.

Evaluation of juvenile stature and body mass prediction.

This investigation evaluates the performance of juvenile stature (from tibia and radius lengths) and body mass (from breadth of the femoral distal metaphysis) prediction equations based on the Denver Growth Study sample (Ruff C. 2007. Am J Phys Anthropol 133 698-716). The sample used here for evaluation is an independent sample of juveniles brought to the Franklin County (Ohio) Coroner in 1990-1991. The Ohio sample differs somewhat from the Denver reference sample: it includes approximately 25% African-Americans (rather than all European-Americans), a significant number of right limb bones were measured (rather than all left side), it includes a wider range of economic statuses and it includes individuals who died from disease and trauma. As such the composition and measures of the Ohio sample correspond more generally to that seen in skeletal samples so that the accuracy of the estimates from the present sample should approach those found in practical applications of these methods. Results indicate that both juvenile body mass and stature are estimated relatively accurately. Accuracy of body mass estimates for 1-13-year-old juveniles is similar for African-American and European-American males and females. The least accurate estimates are for individuals in the 8-13 years age class (excluding individuals with body mass indices greater than the age specific 95th percentile): n = 9, +/- 2.9 kg, 95% confidence interval 1.4-4.4 kg. Accuracy of stature estimates for 1-17-year-old juveniles is comparable for the tibia and radius and, as with body mass estimates, are similar for African-American and European-American males and females. For combined age, sex, and ancestry groups average accuracies are in the +/-3.5 to +/-6.5 cm range. Some limitations of the methods are discussed.

Notes on Harper's Beauty, Harperocallis flava (Tofieldiaceae), in Bay County, Florida

Long known only from three populations along a 32-kilometer stretch of SR 65 in Franklin and Liberty counties, FL, a new population of Harperocallis flava (Harper's beauty) has been discovered in Bay County, FL. Observations on some aspects of its natural history are included.

Two Hundred Cases of Paralytic Foot Stabilization after the Method of Hoke

Dr. Oscar Lee Miller was born on a farm in Franklin County, in northeast Georgia [6]. He obtained a teachers’ certificate and taught school several years after high school before he attended the University of Georgia and then graduated from the Atlanta College of Physicians and Surgeons (now Emory University School of Medicine) in 1912. He took postgraduate training in Atlanta, working with Dr. Michael Hoke (whose name is associated with hindfoot arthrodesis). He entered military service in 1917, then returned to private practice after the armistice. As with other first Presidents of the AAOS, foreign experience was important, and in 1921 he visited Sir Robert Jones and other British surgeons. Upon returning he moved to Gastonia, North Carolina and helped develop the North Carolina Orthopaedic Hospital, an institution focusing on crippled children. In 1923, he opened an office which eventually became the Miller Clinic in nearby Charlotte. (The Miller Clinic and Charlotte Orthopedic Specialists merged in 2005 to create OrthoCarolina.)Dr. Miller was active in the AOA as well as the AAOS, and was a member of the Argentine Surgical Association. He became President of the AAOS in January, 1942, only days after the bombing of Pearl Harbor. In his Presidential address he emphasized the importance of the care of crippled children and urged a strong relationship with the Latin American orthopaedic community [1]. He served as Chair of a committee that created the Inter-American Orthopaedic Fellowship Program, for Latin American surgeons to visit training centers in the US. He also urged the AAOS to develop a library “as a repository for all pertinent records.” The Executive Committee outlined a program in June, 1941, to present a “motion picture exhibit,” a feature of the meeting which subsequently became the Instructional Course Lecture [2]. Under his leadership at that meeting, the AAOS passed a resolution regarding support of the country during the war years: “It is the desire of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons to offer its wholehearted support to our Country in this serious emergency.” A telegram with the resolution was sent to the President of the United States.Miller had a lasting interest in foot surgery, undoubtedly influenced by Hoke. We reprint here Miller’s report of Hoke’s triple arthrodesis for paralytic feet [3]. Astonishingly, Miller states this was the only operation performed for paralytic feet in his clinic over a three-year period, yet he reported 200 cases in this short time; obviously the number of polio patients at the time was devastating. Among these 200 cases, 121 were of the “clubfoot type,” 62 had pes cavus (on which he wrote in 1927 [4]), and 17 pes calcaneus (on which he wrote in 1936 [5]). Miller reports eight cases of flail feet (although it is unclear whether these are additional cases, or fall within one of the three categories since the numbers of those categories add to 200). His focus is to describe the basic operations with indications for supplemental procedures including tendon transfers. As was often common practice in describing procedures at the time, he did not report the followup results and did not provide references [3]. Oscar Lee Miller, MD is shown. Photograph is reproduced with permission and ©American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Fifty Years of Progress, 1983.ReferencesHeck CV. Commemorative Volume 1933–1983 Fifty Years of Progress. Chicago, IL: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; 1983.Heck CV. Fifty Years of Progress: In Recognition of the 50th Anniversary of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Chicago, IL: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; 1983.Miller O. Two hundred cases of paralytic foot stabilization after the method of Hoke. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1925;7:85–97.Miller O. A plastic foot operation. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1927;9:84–91.Miller O. Surgical management of pes calcaneus. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1936;18:169–172.Oscar Lee Miller 1887–1970. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1971;53:400–401.

Biologically based modeling of multimedia, multipathway, multiroute population exposures to arsenic

This article presents an integrated, biologically based, source-to-dose assessment framework for modeling multimedia/multipathway/multiroute exposures to arsenic. Case studies demonstrating this framework are presented for three US counties (Hunderton County, NJ; Pima County, AZ; and Franklin County, OH), representing substantially different conditions of exposure. The approach taken utilizes the Modeling ENvironment for TOtal Risk studies (MENTOR) in an implementation that incorporates and extends the approach pioneered by Stochastic Human Exposure and Dose Simulation (SHEDS), in conjunction with a number of available databases, including NATA, NHEXAS, CSFII, and CHAD, and extends modeling techniques that have been developed in recent years. Model results indicate that, in most cases, the food intake pathway is the dominant contributor to total exposure and dose to arsenic. Model predictions are evaluated qualitatively by comparing distributions of predicted total arsenic amounts in urine with those derived using biomarker measurements from the NHEXAS--Region V study: the population distributions of urinary total arsenic levels calculated through MENTOR and from the NHEXAS measurements are in general qualitative agreement. Observed differences are due to various factors, such as interindividual variation in arsenic metabolism in humans, that are not fully accounted for in the current model implementation but can be incorporated in the future, in the open framework of MENTOR. The present study demonstrates that integrated source-to-dose modeling for arsenic can not only provide estimates of the relative contributions of multipathway exposure routes to the total exposure estimates, but can also estimate internal target tissue doses for speciated organic and inorganic arsenic, which can eventually be used to improve evaluation of health risks associated with exposures to arsenic from multiple sources, routes, and pathways.

Hanging Deaths With Bound Hands

In Franklin County, Ohio, 3 cases of hangings with bound hands were reported in a 4-month period in 2005. All of the victims were men. In 2 of the 3 cases, the hands were bound behind the back. One victim bound his hands in front of his body. In each case, the police ruled the deaths "suspicious" due to the fact that the victims' hands were bound. Complete investigation is required. Only after a thorough scene investigation, medicolegal autopsy, and knowledge of recent circumstances of the decedent's life can a determination of manner be made.

An Evaluation of the Franklin County (AL) Community Corrections Program

An evaluation of the Franklin County (AL) Community Corrections (FCCC) program suggests that offenders monitored in a community based setting appear to be less likely to be rearrested for serious misdemeanors or felonies than those who are supervised within institutional settings. Almost two out of three citizens who have spent time in prisons or jails will be rearrested within three years of release. Within the FCCC program, only one of three was rearrested who completed the program, while only one in five were rearrested while an active client. The success of other programs similar to the FCCC program is important to a corrections system that serves the public's interest.

Teaching & Learning Guide for: The Origins of the Civil War

Author’s IntroductionThe author argues that slavery is the root cause of the Civil War even though historians have often posited other explanations. Some other interpretations have been ideological (i.e., about the morality of slavery), others have been economic, political, or cultural.Focus Questions If you were to make an argument for the causes of the Civil War, what evidence or types of evidence would you want to examine? In what ways can the different types of arguments (ideological, economic, political, and cultural), be combined to explain the causes of the Civil War? Do such arguments exclude or reinforce each other? In what ways? Author Recommends * E. L. Ayres, In the Presence of Mine Enemies: War in the Heart of America, 1859–1863 (New York, NY: Norton, 2003).A study of two counties, one north and one south, during the end of the sectional crisis and the early Civil War. While Potter, Walther, and Wilentz offer sweeping, often political, histories, Ayres offers a microhistory approach to the sectional conflict. Although Ayres writes within the tradition of seeing cultural differences between North and South, he concludes that slavery was the issue that drove the two sections apart. * M. A. Morrison, Slavery and the American West: The Eclipse of Manifest Destiny and the Coming of the Civil War (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1997).Views the development of the sectional crisis through the lens of Manifest Destiny. Territorial expansion drove hostility between the sections. Morrison concentrates on the political developments of the period connected to the acquisition and organization of the territories to show how the issue of slavery in the territories polarized the sections. * D. M. Potter, The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861 (New York, NY: Harper & Row, 1976).The most comprehensive survey of the decade before the war. Potter traces the development of slavery as a political issue that North and South could not resolve. While it is a masterly and nuanced treatment of the political history, it does not incorporate social history and is more detailed than is useful for most undergraduates. E. H. Walther, The Shattering of the Union: America in the 1850s (Wilmington, Scholarly Resources, 2004) has recently supplanted Potter as a survey of the decade. It is an easier read for undergraduates and incorporates the new literature than has emerged since Potter wrote. * S. Wilentz, The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln (New York, NY: Norton, 2005).A sweeping history of the United States from the constitutional era to the outbreak of the Civil War. Wilentz attempts to update Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.’s synthesis The Age of Jackson by returning to a focus on the evolution of democracy while at the same time incorporating the social history that emerged after Schlesinger wrote. Only the last third of this very long book covers the 1850s, but Wilentz argues that democracy had taken differing sectional forms by that period: a free‐labor version in the North and a plantation version in the South.Online Materials 1. The Valley of the Shadow: Two Communities in the American Civil War (http://valley.vcdh.virginia.edu/)A prize‐winning website that profiles Augusta County, Virginia and Franklin County, Pennsylvania. Material from this website formed the basis of Ayres, In the Presence of Mine Enemies. Although the website primarily concentrates on the Civil War itself, it provides access to newspapers and letters and diaries from the 1850s that show the development of, and reaction to, the sectional crisis in those counties. It also shows students the types of materials (census, tax, and church records as well as newspapers and letters and diaries) with which historians work to build an argument. 2. American Memory from the Library of Congress (http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/index.html)Although not specifically devoted to the origins of the Civil War, the American Memory site provides access to the collections of the Library of Congress which contain massive amounts of primary materials for students and scholars. From the website, one can gain access to congressional documents, periodicals from the 1850s, nineteenth‐century books, music, legal documents, memoirs by white and black southerners as well as slave narratives.Sample SyllabusNicole Etcheson’s ‘Origins of the Civil War,’ History Compass, 3/1 (2005), doi:10.1111/j.1478‐0542.2005.00166.x can be used as a reading in any Civil War course.

Survey for Microbial Pathogens of the Red Oak Borer (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) on Northern Red Oak in Northwest Arkansas

An outbreak of red oak borer, Enaphalodes rufulus (Haldeman), in Arkansas has resulted in millions of dollars in damage to oak trees. A survey for microbial pathogens of late stages of red oak borer in northwest Arkansas forests demonstrated that red oak borer infected with Beauveria bassiana were present in 12 of 21 Quercus spp. trees. Oak trees dissected in the survey were located in an area of heavy infestation in the Ozark National Forest, Franklin County, Arkansas. Individual trees were selected for the survey based on a likelihood of E. rufulus infestation. Overall prevalence of B. bassiana-infection was 2.7%. Infected late stage larvae, pupae and adults were found between May and July 2003. Mean number of late stage larval, pupal and adult red oak borers per 0.5 m bole sample was 1.64 (SE ± 0.1). Mean number of B. bassiana-infected red oak borer per 0.5 m bole sample was 0.04 (SE ± 0.01). These data demonstrate that B. bassiana-infected red oak borers in Quercus spp. were found throughout the height of the tree.

Roadside Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Soils in Franklin County, Massachusetts, and Surrounding Towns

Metals cycle through the environment, and although many metals are required by biota, several have no known biological function and can be toxic. Metal concentrations [cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), palladium (Pd), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn)] are surveyed with an eye toward soil chemistry, environmental and anthropogenic conditions, and potential remediation in 15 locations in and adjacent to Franklin County, MA. Road‐condition information was gathered, soil pH determined, and soils analyzed for soil metal content via a five‐phase sequential extraction and ICP‐AES analyses. Results indicate the majority of similarities are linked to soil pH and soil geochemistry, with only a few metals (Cr, Pb, and Zn) showing clear anthropogenic trends.

Methyl Isothiocyanate Residential Community Air Assessment for South Franklin County, Washington

Metam sodium (metam; sodium methyl-dithiocarbamate) by weight is the most widely used soil fumigant, and the third most used pesticide in the United States (57–62 million lb/year) (USEPA, 2005a). Metam is applied preplant to a wide variety of crops, with potatoes, tomatoes, tobacco, and strawberries receiving more than 1 million pounds annually. Metam rapidly hydrolyzes upon contact with soil moisture to methyl isothiocyanate (MITC), the biologically active ingredient. The high vapor pressure of MITC (2.5–2.8 kPa at 20 C) can lead to substantial surface emission and subsequent off-target air mass movement if metam is not properly applied to the soil (Lee et al., 2002; Li et al., 2006; Sullivan et al., 2004). Thus, MITC may present a significant human inhalation exposure pathway in communities at the urban– agricultural interface (USEPA, 2005b). Methyl isothiocyanate is an acute respiratory irritant (Pruett et al., 2001). Many residential exposure incidences with reported nose irritation, sore throat, nausea, and dizziness from probable MITC exposure have been well documented in California (Thongsinthusak, 2003). Although not classified by the EPA as a hazardous air pollutant, MITC is considered a toxic air contaminant under the Code of California Regulations, Title 3, Section 6890(b). In Washington State, metam is the most widely used fumigant, with more than 20 million pounds applied in 2005 for control of soil-borne nematodes and diseases in large-scale potato production (NASS, 2006). It is typically applied preplant during the fall by center-pivot chemigation (PMSP, 2002). Recent expansion of suburban development into traditionally agricultural areas now appears to be associated with an increasing number of residential health complaints. Recently, 12 cases of possible or probable acute illnesses related to MITC inhalation exposure have been reported to the Washington State Department of Health (Burgess et al., 2000; Morrissey, 2006). Data on methyl isothiocyanate concentration in residential air are lacking for estimation of possible inhalation exposure near potatogrowing regions in Eastern Washington. A few agricultural air monitoring studies have evaluated off-target movement of MITC to residential communities. The majority of these evaluations have been conducted in California near row crop production operations (California Air Resources Board, 1994; California Department of Pesticide Regulations, 2003; Seiber et al., 1999). In particular, Seiber et al. (1999) studied regional off-site movement of MITC to residential areas in Bakersfield, California during the summer fumigation season in this region. The 1-h timeweighted average (TWA) MITC residential outdoor ambient concentrations ranged from 0.3 parts per billion (ppb) to a maximum of 14 ppb. Thongsinthusak (2003) has comprehensively summarized the MITC concentrations found in the California residential studies. Fumigation practices for Pacific Northwest field crops differ appreciably from those used for California row crops. Whereas metam is typically shanked directly into the soil during the spring or summer in California, it is generally applied by center-pivot chemigations in eastern Washington during the cooler fall months of September and October before irrigation districts shut off water supplies. The intensity of J. H. Merriman V. R. Hebert (&) Washington State University Tri-Cities, 2710 University Drive, Richland, WA 99354-1671, USA e-mail: vhebert@tricity.wsu.edu

Comment: Queuing To Vote in Franklin County, Ohio, in 2004

(2006). Comment: Queuing To Vote in Franklin County, Ohio, in 2004. CHANCE: Vol. 19, Mitigating Voter Waiting Times, pp. 35-36.

The Differences Slavery Made: A Close Analysis of Two American Communities (review)

Differences Slavery Made: A Close Analysis of Two American Communities. By William G. Thomas and Edward L. Ayers. http:// www.vcdh.virginia.edu/AHR/. Produced by Virginia Center for Digital History at University of Virginia.The Differences Slavery Made is a digital information source that demonstrates how scholars have begun to take advantage of World Wide Web. authors, University of Virginia history professors William G. Thomas and Edward L. Ayers, describe their Web site as a single file of nearly 24,000 lines of text, not dozens of individual web pages with embedded links to each (Introduction: Presentation). It was composed at Virginia Center for Digital History, and like any online article was published as a collection of hyperlinked documents with branching connections and layers of detail made possible by use of electronic media. It is divided into seven major sections: introduction, summary, analysis, methods, evidence, historiography, and tools.Thomas and Ayers examine relationship between mid-nineteenthcentury American and emerging forms of modernity: nationstate, economic development, participatory democracy, and individual autonomy. They question whether negotiation of these sociopolitical influences produced new tensions that gave rise to crisis of 18601861 and conclude that Civil War did not simply result from struggle over modernization. The war was result of highly mobilized and highly confident regions, each modern in its own way, fighting over future of in a rapidly expanding United States (Introduction: Overview).The differences made for white people were pervasive and structural, part of an ongoing process, not outcome of struggle between modernity and slavery. Slavery was vitally connected to modern progress. But as Thomas and Ayers point out, the twentieth and twenty-first centuries have shown all too clearly that forms of modern life can be adapted to forced labor and racial domination. American South pioneered in this fusion (Summary of Argument: Conclusion). Slavery and modernity coalesced as parts of same process.Thomas and Ayers reached these conclusions after comparing counties close to Mason-Dixon Line, one in which was legal, other in which it was not, which together offer a test of slavery's influence in antebellum era. South is represented by Augusta County, Virginia, and North by Franklin County, Pennsylvania, two places which shared virtually everything except slavery (Summary of Argument: Debates). similarities between these communities provide conditions needed for something like a controlled experiment: if culture, politics, and economy of Augusta County were affected by slavery, then its influence must have been even greater farther south; and if culture, politics, and economy of Franklin County were largely unaffected by slavery, then its influence must have been even smaller farther north (Introduction: Overview). A test of this hypothesis revealed that these communities showed significant differences in demography, strategies, and development but broad commonalities in economic outlook, political structures, and cultural orientation (Introduction: Overview). Thomas and Ayers conclude thatslavery drove all conflict that brought on Civil War but not in a simple way based on modernity, not in way many imply when they speak of economics causing war or of industrial North against agricultural South. . . . [Sjlavery was more central to Civil War than we have thought because it exerted a determining influence. . . . Slavery adopted forms of modern life available in mid-nineteenth-century United States-capitalist forms of investment and economic motivation, advanced transportation and communication, politics of broad participation by white men, and general white prosperity. …

Spatial segregation, segregation indices and the geographical perspective

AbstractWhat could be more inherently geographical than segregation? However, the richness of the spatial variations in segregation is seldom captured by the dominant genre of empirical research. Returning the ‘geography’ to segregation research, we argue that local areas need to be given considerably more attention, using measures that explicitly reveal the spatial fabric of residential clustering along racial/ethnic lines. We first critique global measures such as the Dissimilarity Index and its spatial counterparts. Attention then turns to local measures such as the Location Quotient and Local Moran's I, applying them to Franklin County, Ohio, the core of Columbus MSA (Metropolitan Statistical Area). Our interpretation of the findings also employs local knowledge concerning neighbourhood characteristics, ongoing urban processes, historical occurrences, and the like. Thus, while local indices based on secondary data expose the terrain of clustering/segregation, follow‐up fieldwork and/or secondary data analysis in a mixed‐methods framework provides a better understanding of the ground‐level reality of clustering/segregation. Tangible evidence of the gain from this approach is provided by our evaluation of conventional frameworks for understanding racial/ethnic aspects of residential patterning – assimilation, stratification and resurgent ethnicity – and in our proposal for a new framework, ‘market‐led pluralism’, which focuses on market makers who represent the supply side of housing. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Availability, Stability, and Sterility of Pralidoxime for Mass Casualty Use

Pralidoxime is indicated to treat patients poisoned with nerve agents. It is available in intravenous formulation for more seriously ill hospitalized patients and intramuscular formulation for field treatment and less seriously ill patients. Our study describes a method to convert the intramuscular formulation for intravenous use and determines the stability and sterility of the resulting formulation over time and under various environmental conditions. An inventory was taken of all intravenous (Protopam) and intramuscular (Mark I Autoinjector kits) pralidoxime available in Franklin County, Ohio hospitals, and out-of-hospital stockpiles. A method was devised to safely convert the intramuscular pralidoxime to an intravenous formulation, which was then tested for stability and sterility under a variety of environmental temperatures over time. In Franklin County, Ohio (population 1.1 million), the 10 acute care hospitals and out-of-hospital community have 36 g of intravenous pralidoxime and 4,398 g (7,270 Mark I kits) of intramuscular pralidoxime. The reformulated pralidoxime retained greater than 90% stability and remained sterile at all environmental temperatures through day 28. Available pralidoxime in Franklin County is predominantly in the intramuscular preparation. Conversion of intramuscular to intravenous pralidoxime results in a stable and sterile solution for up to 28 days under a variety of environmental conditions and should be considered in a mass casualty situation in which additional intravenous supplies are needed.

Interest in Cross-Boundary Cooperation: Identification of Distinct Types of Private Forest Owners

Abstract This article presents quantitative results from a study that evaluated private forest (PF) owner interest in cross-boundary cooperation. The intent was to reveal subgroups, referred to here as segments, of PF owners that align with different forms and levels of cooperative activities. Segmentation analysis used 783 mail-back surveys from Franklin County, Massachusetts, PF owners in spring 2002. The analysis indicates that there are four segments of PF owners in Franklin County, each maintaining a distinct level of interest in proposed forms of cooperation. Two segments define positive interest in cooperation (General Cooperators, 27%; Conservation Cooperators, 21%), and the other two represent apathy (Neutralists, 27%), and disinterest (Non-Cooperators, 24%). Furthermore, each segment presents a unique profile of items and scales that measure personal values and attitudes about cross-boundary cooperation and socioeconomic and demographic characteristics. Segment profiles show a strong association between interest in cooperation and profiling variables such as age, affluence, personal values, and attitudes. By identifying the specific needs and wants among PF owners, these findings can help in the development of responsive initiatives to promote cross-boundary cooperation in Franklin County. Furthermore, the outlined segmentation analysis could aid PF owner studies identify and describe key segments and determine interest in cross-boundary cooperation.

Archaeological Investigations at the New Hope Site (41FK107) at Lake Bob Sandlin, Franklin County, Texas

The New Hope site (41FK107) is a prehistoric site located on a toe slope landform overlooking the Big Cypress Creek valley, the latter now inundated by Lake Bob Sandlin. An old creek channel lies about 100m to the east. Previous investigations reported by Nelson and Perttula indicate that the New Hope site covers about 2.5 acres, and was occupied during Late Paleoindian, Middle-Late Archaic, Woodland, and post-A.D. 800 Caddo times. The Caddo occupation was the principal occupation of the site. Nelson and Perttula noted at least 20-30 grave-sized looter holes there, and there have been reports that prehistoric burials have eroded out along the Lake Bob Sandlin shoreline. Two vessels in a private collection from the site are small bowls (5.2-5.5 em in height and 12.3-14.4 em orifice diameters) with tab tails on opposing sides of the vessel lip. One of the vessels has five horizontal engraved lines on the rim, and the other is plain.

Long Lines, Voting Machine Availability, and Turnout: The Case of Franklin County, Ohio in the 2004 Presidential Election

Within polling places, does the scarcity of voting machines cause longer lines and thereby dissuade some people from voting? Are voting machines scarce in some areas because turnout would be low, irrespective of the availability of voting machines? In Ohio in the aftermath of the 2004 presidential election, the answers to these questions carried very real and significant political stakes. Consider the following from Franklin County, the second most populous county in the state. In precincts where voting machines were plentiful (i.e., where there were fewer registrants per available voting machine), turnout was especially high and John Kerry's share of the presidential vote was low. In contrast, in areas of machine scarcity (i.e., precincts with many registrants per available voting machine), turnout was lower and Kerry's vote share was higher. These relationships are shown in Figures 1A and 1B. Given the strong association between machine availability and the Kerry vote, if machine (un)availability was a cause of (low) turnout, then Kerry may very well have received fewer votes than he would have had more machines been available or had the distribution of available machines been less skewed toward precincts that were more supportive of George W. Bush. I appreciate input from SSRC Commission members Henry Brady, Martha Kropf, Walter R. Mebane, Jr., and Michael Traugott with whom I collaborated on the SSRC's “Interim Report on Alleged Irregularities in the United States Presidential Election of 2 November 2004” (Brady et al. 2004). I also thank Benjamin Bishin for comments on the paper. The Social Science Research Council and its staff, including Jason McNichol, Dashiell Flynn, and Sarah Alexander, provided generous support for this work. The views expressed in this paper are not necessarily shared by other SSRC Commission members or the Social Science Research Council.

06/00004 Petrology of subbituminous feed coal as a guide to the capture of mercury by fly ash-influence of depositional environment: Goodarzi, F. International Journal of Coal Geology, 2005, 61, (1–2), 1–12

Stratigraphy, palynology, petrography, and geochemistry of the Bon Air coal from the Armfield, Dotson, Rutledge, and Shakerag mine sites of Franklin County, Tennessee suggest that Bon Air seams at all sites were small (≤ 1.0 mile, 1.6 km), spatially distinct paleomires that evolved from planar to domed within the fluviodeltaic Lower Pennsylvanian Raccoon Mountain Formation. Of observed palynoflora, 88–97% are from lycopsids prevalent in the Westphalian. Densosporites palynomorphs of small lycopsids (e.g., Omphalophloios) dominate at the shale-hosted Armfield site, while Lycospora palynoflora of large arboreous lycopsids (especially Lepidodendron, with lesser Lepidophloios harcourtii and Lepidophloios hallii) dominate where intercalated siltstone/sandstone/shale hosts the coal (all other sites). Palynoflora of other lycopsids (Sigillaria and Paralycopodites), tree ferns, seed ferns, small ferns, calamites, and cordaites are generally minor. Genera of clastic-associated Paralycopodites are most common in Shakerag's coal (≥ 10%), yet quite rare in Rutledge or Dotson coals. Overall, the palynomorph assemblages suggest that the Bon Air paleomires were forest swamps, and Early Pennsylvanian in age (Westphalian A, Langsettian).Dominant macerals at all sites are vitrinites, with fine collodetrinite (from strongly decomposed plant debris) more common than coarser collotelinite (from well-preserved plant fragments), and with lesser inertinites (fusinite and semifusinite) and liptinites (dominantly sporinite). Shakerag's coal has greatest abundance (mineral-matter-free) of collotelinite (up to 47%) and total vitrinite (74–79%) of any sites, but lowest liptinite (12–14.5%) and inertinite (7–11%). The Dotson and Rutledge seams contain moderate liptinite (21–23%) and highest inertinite (36–37%), lowest vitrinite (≤ 41%), and lowest collotelinite (13–15%). Armfield's seam has relatively high liptinite (26–28%) and vitrinite (56.5–62%), but rather low inertinite (12–15%). Moderately high ash (11.0–20.0%) and low to moderate sulfur (1.24% avg.) are typical, but ash may locally be up to 38% and sulfur up to 2.9%. Volatile matter (32.1–41.3%), calorific value (33.3–34.9 MJ/kg MAF), moisture (2.2–3.4%), and vitrinite reflectance (0.70–0.84% Rmax; 0.64–0.79% Rrandom) place the Bon Air's rank as high-volatile-A bituminous (hvAb).The Armfield coal was probably a channel-distal paleomire, perhaps an oxbow lake or floodplain depression, which domed and then subsided back to planarity prior to burial. Features of its basal and uppermost benches suggest low-lying, often-flooded (but periodically dry) mires marked by fluvial influxes and diverse lycopsid growth. These include variable inertinite, common palynoflora of both small lycopsids (Omphalophloios-like) and large arboreous ones (Lepidophloios and Lepidodendron), minor but significant palynoflora of subaerial levee or levee/mire transition species (especially Paralycopodites), moderate to high ash, variable sulfur, and elevated levels of commonly fluvial trace elements (e.g., Al, Cr, REEs, Rb, Sr, Th, V, Y, and Zr). These benches also contain high total vitrinite, high collotelinite/collodetrinite ratios, and clays with moderate to low kaolinite/quartz ratios, all consistent with the near-neutral pH and limited peat degradation that typify such planar mires. By contrast, middle benches at Armfield reflect mires domed above the land surface, less-often flooded, less-preservational, and of lower pH: coals have lower ash, vitrinite, and collotelinite, less palynoflora of both large arboreous lycopsids and Paralycopodites, and high proportions of kaolinite, liptinite, and Densosporites.Similar data at Shakerag suggest that its mire also grew from planar to domed. However, more abundant Paralycopodites, a kaolinite-poor but quartz-and-illite-rich underclay, benches alternately ash-rich and ash-poor, and an upper bench truncated by channel sandstone, suggest that it was channel-proximal and prone to intermittent clastics. It is unclear if it returned to planarity prior to burial. The mires at Dotson and (especially) Rutledge, with more ferns, more inertinite, less Paralycopodites and less vitrinite, were probably topographically elevated or protractedly domed mires, more vulnerable to drought or fire.

Trace element geochemistry and surface water chemistry of the Bon Air coal, Franklin County, Cumberland Plateau, southeast Tennessee

Mean contents of trace elements and ash in channel, bench-column, and dump samples of the abandoned Bon Air coal (Lower Pennsylvanian) in Franklin County, Tennessee are similar to Appalachian COALQUAL mean values, but are slightly lower for As, Fe, Hg, Mn, Na, Th, and U, and slightly higher for ash, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, REEs, Sr, and V, at the 95% confidence level. Compared to channel samples, dump sample means are slightly lower in chalcophile elements (As, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, S, Sb, and V) and slightly higher in clay or heavy-mineral elements (Al, K, Mn, REEs, Th, Ti, U, and Y), but at the 95% confidence level, only As and Fe are different. Consistent abundances of clay or heavy-mineral elements in low-Br, high-S, high-ash benches that are relatively enriched in quartz and mire-to-levee species like Paralycopodites suggest trace elements are largely fluvial in origin. Factor analysis loadings and correlation coefficients between elements suggest that clays host most Al, Cr, K, Ti, and Th, significant Mn and V, and some Sc, U, Ba, and Ni. Heavy accessory minerals likely house most REEs and Y, lesser Sc, U, and Th, and minor Cr, Ni, and Ti. Pyrite appears to host As, some V and Ni, and perhaps some Cu, but Cu probably exists largely as chalcopyrite. Data suggest that organic debris houses most Be and some Ni and U, and that Pb and Sb occur as Pb–Sb sulfosalt(s) within organic matrix. Most Hg, and some Mn and Y, appear to be hosted by calcite, suggesting potential Hg remobilization from original pyrite, and Hg sorption by calcite, which may be important processes in abandoned coals. Most Co, Zn, Mo, and Cd, significant V and Ni, and some Mn probably occur in non-pyritic sulfides; Ba, Sr, and P are largely in crandallite-group phosphates. Selenium does not show organic or “clausthalite” affinities, but Se occurrence is otherwise unclear. Barium, Mn, Ni, Sc, U, and V, with strongly divided statistical affinities, likely occur subequally in multiple modes. For study area surface waters, highest levels of most trace elements occur in mine-adit or mine-dump drainage. Effluent flow rates strongly affect both acidity and trace element levels. Adit drainages where flow is only a trickle have the most acidic waters (pH 3.78–4.80) and highest trace element levels (up to two orders of magnitude higher than in non-mine site waters). Nonetheless, nearly all surface waters have low absolute concentrations of trace elements of environmental concern, and all waters sampled meet U.S. EPA primary drinking water standards and aquatic life criteria for all elements analyzed. Secondary drinking water standards are also met for all parameters except Al, pH, Fe, and Mn, but even in extreme cases (mine waters with pH as low as 3.78 and up to 1243 ppb Al, 6280 ppb Fe, and 721 ppb Mn, and non-mine dam-outflow waters with up to 18,400 ppb Fe and 1540 ppb Mn) downslope attenuation is apparently rapid, as down-drainage plateau-base streams show background levels for all these parameters.