Policy In France Research Articles

Modeling temporal treatment effects with zero inflated semi-parametric regression models: The case of local development policies in France

A semi-parametric approach is proposed to estimate the variation along time of the effects of two distinct public policies that were devoted to boost rural development in France over a similar period of time. At a micro data level, it is often observed that the dependent variable, such as local employment, does not vary along time, so that we face a kind of zero inflated phenomenon that cannot be dealt with a continuous response model. We introduce a conditional mixture model which combines a mass at zero and a continuous response. The suggested zero inflated semi-parametric statistical approach relies on the flexibility and modularity of additive models with the ability of panel data to deal with selection bias and to allow for the estimation of dynamic treatment effects. In this multiple treatment analysis, we find evidence of interesting patterns of temporal treatment effects with relevant nonlinear policy effects. The adopted semi-parametric modeling also offers the possibility of making a counterfactual analysis at an individual level. The methodology is illustrated and compared with parametric linear approaches on a few municipalities for which the mean evolution of the potential outcomes is estimated under the different possible treatments.

Participation of medical students in prevention actions: first year of implementation in France

Abstract Background Prevention has become an essential part of the health policy in France. Since the autumn 2018, medical students, as well as students in midwifery and paramedics, are required to take part in prevention actions in population. This prevention training is mandatory and aims to increase the number of prevention actions in population and to sensitize medical students to the importance of prevention. National guidelines were published to guide the implementation of this training. Objectives: This communication aims to describe the implementation of this prevention training in the medical school of University Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines in France. Results A total of 155 students in third year of medical school were included in the training (2018/2019). The first step was the creation of e-learnings in 9 domains related to prevention: prevention policy in France, communication, project management, addictions, nutrition, physical activity, sexual education, prevention for the children and prevention for the elderly. They were elaborated by medical doctors of different specialties, public health professionals, nurses, and physiotherapists. The second step was the recruitment of voluntary settings to perform prevention acitons. They were mainly schools (n = 24), but also institutions for disabled children or adults (n = 8), health forums (n = 4), the university health center and the local center for social reintegration of young people. The types of actions performed by the students will be presented at the conference. Conclusions Preliminary results indicate a positive feedback from both the students and the voluntary settings. At this stage, recommendations for the future can already be drawn, such as the inclusion of specific training sessions to lead group sessions of various ages or interdisciplinarity in the actions. Key messages The participation of medical students to prevention actions in population has become mandatory in France. Voluntary settings were mainly schools, but also institutions for disabled children or adults.

France

Macroprudential policy in France is the joint responsibility with several European institutions. With the operationalization of the EU Capital Requirement Directive and Capital Requirement Regulation (CRD/CRR), the French authorities have implemented, several capital buffers, as well as the liquidity coverage ratio (LCR), based on this framework. In France, Haut conseil de stabilité financière (HCSF) is the macroprudential authority established in accordance with recommendation European Systemic Risk Board (ESRB)/2011/13 and the designated authority established in accordance with Article 136 of CRD and is in charge of activating several measures in the CRD/CRR framework as well has direct responsibilities over several tools outside this framework, for example borrower-based tools.

Evolution of wind energy pricing policies in France: Opportunities and new challenges

The wind energy market is in continuous development since the last decade. This market accounts more than 600 GW of installed wind turbines in 2018, with 14 GW of onshore wind turbines installed in France. With the new Act of 17 August 2015 on energy transition for green growth, France committed fully to energy transformation, with an objective of national renewable energy share of 35% in 2030. Thus, incentives and many provisions were applied to enhance public and private investments in mature renewable energy sources. Within these energy sources, the wind energy market gets a new twist in pricing policies and new actors have emerged. The purpose of this paper is to describe the current state of art of pricing policies and describe the role of the industry’s recent actors (wind farm managers and manufacturers, aggregators, CRE…). These policies are then discussed to outline their opportunities and challenges in the French wind energy market.

THE HISTORY OF FINANCIAL SYSTEMS AND MONETARY CIRCULATION IN EUROPE IN THE ERA OF THE GREAT FRENCH REVOLUTION AND THE NAPOLEONIC WARS (LATE XVIIITH – EARLY XIXTH CENTURY)

The article is devoted to the consideration of the financial policies of France, Britain, Austria and Russia in the late XVIIIth and early XIXth century in connection with the release a significant amount of paper currency (bank notes) into circulation in the era of the Great French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars. The article focuses on the monetary policy conducted by the government of Alexander I.The adoption of bank notes almost everywhere in Europe led to a change in their function. In addition to covering extraordinary military expenses, the paper currency had a new function – they were used as an instrument of financial policy and state regulation of the national monetary system. Mass issue of bank notes led to their depreciation. Although stabilization of currency circulation had some differences in the abovementioned countries, it was mostly based on the withdrawal of bank notes from circulation. The Russian Empire believed it was preferable to use the experience of the Habsburg Monarchy. The strategy of the Austrian government was devoted to complete withdrawal of one part of the bank notes and replacement of the other one with private bank notes in form and status, however state participation was preserved in the capital of the Privileged Austrian National Bank.

Public Opinion on Cartels and Competition Policy in France: Analysis and Implications

In this article, we analyse the foundations, methodology, results and implications of a survey conducted by the French Competition Authority on the perception of cartels and competition policy by general public in France. The results show that French people consider these practices to be harmful and are in favour of dissuasive sanctions. In addition, while not in favour of imposing a prison sentence on individuals, public opinion favours the implementation of criminal sanctions, in particular in the form of disqualification. The results also suggest that cartels are considered to be as serious or more serious breach of the law than other types of fraud. Moreover, French people agree to denounce this practice, but on ethical grounds more than in exchange for a monetary reward. Finally, the French Competition Authority enjoys a certain notoriety, unlike the cartel cases it deals with and despite the amount of sanctions imposed. These empirical results can help to better guide competition policy and enhance its effectiveness.

Europe hardens stance on plastic recycling

The French government has proposed what it says is a “world first” plan to radically transform plastic production and consumption. It is setting a policy in France to recycle 100% of plastic waste by 2025. The proposal, which has yet to be approved by the French parliament, would make industries producing many plastic goods responsible for recycling them. The French plan is a marked step up from legislation already agreed on by the European Commission. That legislation stipulates, among other things, that by May 2021, all European Union member states must ban certain single-use plastic products and ensure that plastic bottles are made of at least 30% recycled material. The UK and Germany also seek to implement their own ambitious policies for plastic recycling that go beyond the requirements of the European Commission. France’s ministry for environment acknowledges that the country has one of the lowest plastic recycling rates in

Europeanisation and the Youth Guarantee: The case of France

In 2013, the European Council approved the Youth Guarantee (YG) to counteract youth unemployment. Because of its specific features, the YG is useful for understanding whether the EU has triggered policy change in national youth unemployment policies. Contrary to most of the literature on similar topics, we focused in this study on the effect of this specific European measure rather than on broader EU strategies or policies. The study contributes to the literature by qualifying the degree of fit/misfit and suggesting a counterfactual analysis, using the case of France. We first situate the article within the broader Europeanisation debate and present our research design. The second section introduces the policy structure of the YG and investigates youth unemployment policy in France, prior to and after the European initiative. The third section discusses whether the French youth unemployment policy would have been developed in the same way without the YG. A final section concludes.

One discourse to rule them all? Narrating the agenda for labor market policies in France and Germany

ABSTRACTDespite different institutional and situational conditions, the recent French labor market reforms bear a strong resemblance to the labor market reforms in Germany in the early 2000s. Governments at both points in time turned away from the conservative welfare state model and failed to appropriately legitimize their reforms toward the public as well as their originally partly social-democratic electorate. Given the diverging conditions which are expected to lead to different strategies of legitimization, this contribution inquires after the narrative stories with which the corresponding acting government framed its reforms publicly. Surprisingly, despite the large differences that the two governments faced, the analysis shows that the respective narratives stories were not only similar but can be assigned to certain programmatic groups that used the narratives to push their own policy program and place themselves in power positions. In doing so, the contribution establishes a yet missing link between the recently established Programmatic Action Framework (PAF) and the concept of narrative stories and discourse in policy analysis, thereby adding to both research strands. This link lies in the observation that programmatic groups use narratives to strengthen in-group identification and thus improve their chances of success, which makes dominant narratives an important indicator of programmatic groups. However, when legitimizing reforms – even if these are transferred from other country experiences – it is imperatively important to embed the strategies of legitimization in the national context.

Population perception of mandatory childhood vaccination programme before its implementation, France, 2017.

BackgroundVaccination policy in France was previously characterised by the coexistence of eight recommended and three mandatory vaccinations for children younger than 2 years old. These 11 vaccines are now mandatory for all children born after 1 January 2018.AimTo study the French population’s opinion about this new policy and to assess factors associated with a positive opinion during this changing phase.MethodsA cross-sectional survey about vaccination was conducted from 16 November–19 December 2017 among the GrippeNet.fr cohort. Data were weighted for age, sex and education according to the French population. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify factors associated with a favourable opinion on mandatory vaccines’ extension and defined in the ‘3Cs’ model by the World Health Organization Strategic Advisory Group of Experts working group on vaccine hesitancy.ResultsOf the 3,222 participants (response rate 50.5%) and after adjustment, 64.5% agreed with the extension of mandatory vaccines. It was considered a necessary step by 68.7% of the study population, while 33.8% considered it unsafe for children and 56.9% saw it as authoritarian. Factors associated with a positive opinion about the extension of mandatory vaccines were components of the confidence, complacency and convenience dimensions of the ‘3Cs’ model.ConclusionsIn our sample, two thirds of the French population was in favour of the extension of mandatory vaccines for children. Perception of vaccine safety and benefits were major predictors for positive and negative opinions about this new policy.

How do think tanks qualify their expertise? Exploring the field of scientific policy advice in France

This study explores the field of scientific policy advice in environmental and energy policies in France to gain insights into the role of think tanks. The field evolved along with the growth of think tanks. The think tanks refer to several orders of worth and combine them in their communication in order to qualify their expertise. The results of the study reveal that the think tanks have become more independent actors and that the field of scientific policy advice has gained autonomy. Both aspects indicate that the relationship between politics and expertise has gradually changed in France.

‘We must have a sufficient level of profitability’: food industry submissions to the French parliamentary inquiry on industrial food

ABSTRACT In March 2018, the French parliament launched an inquiry into industrial food and its ‘nutritional quality, role in the emergence of chronic diseases, and the social and environmental impact of its origin’. Our aim was to analyse the food industry’s submissions to the inquiry, particularly discussions around the role that the food industry has played in the non-communicable disease (NCD) epidemic. We studied the submissions of 23 food industry actors. We generated three main themes from our analysis: i) a redefinition of the nature and activities of the food industry, where food industry actors, for example presented themselves as part of the French culture and as experts on the science of diet and health; ii) an industry framing of the problem, with, for example, a focus on other actors in the industry and on consumers; and iii) industry preferred solutions in response to the NCD epidemic, such as reformulation, education or personal responsibility. We conclude that food industry actors’ rhetoric in their submissions to the inquiry could have a potentially negative influence on the development of public health policies in France: it could slow the policy-making process and could lead to the adoption of ineffective solutions. Our findings could help policy makers, public health professionals and the public to better distinguish between the narratives that are of valid relevance for public health from those that merely serve the interests of food industry actors.

Bioeconomic impacts of agroforestry policies in France

Dealing with the erosion of terrestrial biodiversity has become of key importance in order to ensure ecosystems sustainability. Agricultural and forestry activities are one major anthropogenic driver of this decline. The underlying land-use changes result in the alteration of species habitats. In this context reconciling economic and ecological objectives of agricultural policies remains an ongoing challenge. In that respect, this paper presents the bioeconomic impacts of contrasted agricultural public policy scenarios. We developped a bio-economic model coupling an ecological model of bird dynamics with a micro-economic model of land management estimated with French data. We assessed the performances of the scenarios based on 5 ecological indicators accounting for various structural and functionnal characteristics while economic performances refer to land-use incomes. First our study confirms the potential long-term synergies between several ecological and economic objectives in grassland-based policies. Second we points out the non-trivial effect of agroforestry policies on agricultural biodiversity: despite a positive overall impact on the biodiversity population size, it implies important structural changes within the community. The choice between grassland-based policies such as in Agri-Environmental Schemes and agroforestry policies will thus depend on the ecological stakeholders’ preferences.

Book review: Space Law in the European Context: National Architecture, Legislation and Policy in France, by Philippe Clerc. (1st Edition. Leiden/Boston: Eleven International Publishing. 2018)

Book review: <i>Space Law in the European Context: National Architecture, Legislation and Policy in France</i>, by Philippe Clerc. (1st Edition. Leiden/Boston: Eleven International Publishing. 2018)

Activating the role of local communities in the framework of the partnership for sustainable local development - a policy clusters in the French experience as a model

The study aims at clarifying how to activate the role of local communities in achieving sustainable localdevelopment through the partnership mechanism, by presenting the experience of cluster policy in France as a model, The study concluded that local communities form a partnership between them and the publicprivatepartnershiptocarryoutdevelopmentprojects.&#x0D; The&#x0D; study also found that the intervention of local communities as an active partner for achievingsustainable local development through contributing to the creation of clusters is a member of the board ofdirectors. It also contributes to financing and educating various stakeholders about the importance ofestablishing partnership agreements to achieve research projects of a sustainable nature.

Who Was Afraid of Pregnancy Tests? Gestational Information and Reproduction Policies in France (1920-50).

Though resulting from a long-term process, the need to manage pregnancies both medically and bureaucratically became a state concern, especially from the 1920s onwards. A woman's official obligation to notify the state of her pregnancy (and therefore to know it on time) goes beyond a matter of biopolicies and poses a range of contradictions. 'Pregnant or not?' - as an issue of knowledge - is a powerful tool for apprehending the tensions between individual freedom, privacy, institutional requirements and professional powers.In order to better understand the historical meaning of pregnancy diagnostics in mid-twentieth-century France, this paper combines three dimensions: uncertainty and its management; the informational asymmetry between institutional agents and women; and the diachronic dimension of gestation. Writing this history sheds more light on an apparent paradox: while knowing and notifying one's own pregnancy became a duty, the tools that could help women eliminate some doubt right from the first months of their pregnancy - in particular the innovation of laboratory diagnosis - was seen as a danger. When, in 1938, private laboratories began publishing advertisements for the laboratory test in the most widely-read newspapers, tending to reframe it as a commercial service, the anti-abortion crusade was increasing its propaganda and its political pressure. This crusade's legal victory proved incomplete, but for a long time some of the most conservative physicians recommended great parsimony in prescribing testing. Combined with reducing the legal time limit for notification, this conflict shows how the state injunctions towards women could look like a 'double bind'.

POWER TECHNOLOGIES OF THE ORGANIZATIONAL MODEL OF FRENCH REGIONAL POLICY

The purpose of writing this article is to highlight the features of organization of the regional policy in France on the basis of the theoretical understanding of the concepts of regional policy, model of regional policy and policy analogy. The research topic is the content of the French policy of organizing a regional political space. The object of the research is the power technologies of regional policy. The systemstructural method, which considers political relations as an integral system of interconnections of phenomena and events of the political process, makes it possible to determine the main essential content of this research topic. Institutional approach involves the study of political institutions and their content. An analysis of Russian and foreign sources suggests that the main issue posed in the article is relevant at the present stage of development. The study is made possible on the basis of existing research. A comprehensive study of the conceptual theoretical characteristics of the regional policy as such allowed the author to identify the model and features of the political toolkit for the organization of thecenterregions relations in modern French Republic.

Amit, Aviv (2014). Regional Language Policies in France during World War II

Amit, Aviv (2014). <i>Regional Language Policies in France during World War II</i>

Predictive risk score for unplanned 30-day rehospitalizations in the French universal health care system based on a medico-administrative database.

BackgroundReducing unplanned rehospitalizations is one of the priorities of health care policies in France and other Western countries. An easy-to-use algorithm for identifying patients at higher risk of rehospitalizations would help clinicians prioritize actions and care concerning discharge transitions. Our objective was to develop a predictive unplanned 30-day all-cause rehospitalization risk score based on the French hospital medico-administrative database.MethodsThis was a retrospective cohort study of all 2015 discharges from acute-care inpatient hospitalizations in a tertiary-care university center comprising four hospitals. The study endpoint was unplanned 30-day all-cause rehospitalization via emergency departments, and we collected sociodemographic, clinical, and hospital characteristics based on hospitalization database computed for reimbursement of fees. We derived a predictive rehospitalization risk score using a split-sample design and multivariate logistic regression, and we compared the discriminative properties with the LACE index risk-score.ResultOur analysis included 118,650 hospitalizations, of which 4,127 (3.5%) led to rehospitalizations via emergency departments. Variables independently associated with rehospitalization were age, gender, state-funded medical assistance, as well as disease category and severity, Charlson comorbidity index, hospitalization via emergency departments, length of stay (LOS), and previous hospitalizations 6 months before. The predictive rehospitalization risk score yielded satisfactory discriminant properties (C statistic: 0.74) exceeding the LACE index (0.66).ConclusionOur findings indicate that the possibility of unplanned rehospitalization remains high for some patient characteristics, indicating that targeted interventions could be beneficial for patients at the greatest risk. We developed an easy-to-use predictive rehospitalization risk-score of unplanned 30-day all-cause rehospitalizations with satisfactory discriminant properties. Future works should, however, explore if other data from electronic medical records and other databases could improve the accuracy of our predictive rehospitalization risk score based on medico-administrative data.

Health policy for telestroke in France: A retrospective description from 2003 to 2016

IntroductionStroke is a public health priority in France. The use of telemedicine for stroke known as telestroke, is a safe and effective practice improving access to acute stroke care including thrombolysis. Telestroke is currently being implemented in France. The objective was to describe the public health policy supporting telestroke implementation in France. MethodsAn external ex-post evaluation of telestroke policy in France was conducted through a retrospective descriptive study from 2003 to 31st December 2016. Process, content, and actors of the health policy were described at a national level. The logical framework of the telestroke policy was described. The stages model of public policy from the ‘Institut National de Santé Publique du Quebec’ was used. ResultsAgenda setting was produced from 2003 to 2007. Policy formulation lasted from 2008 to 2009 with official reports on telemedicine, telehealth and stroke. The decision-making stage included the national stroke plan, the national telemedicine implementation strategy and an administrative document in 2012 that described the organization of telestroke implementation. Implementation in 2011 was initiated with dedicated funding and methodological resources. No dedicated evaluation of policy for telestroke was defined. ConclusionsUsing a health policy model allowed to describe the policies supporting telestroke implementation in France and to highlight the need for better evaluation.