Framing Questions Research Articles

My body, my territory: Indigenous women, territoriality, and the rights of cultural minorities

ABSTRACT Scholars often frame questions of cultural pluralism as a simple binary: Is the protection of “illiberal cultures” detrimental to the rights of women and other internal minorities within these cultures? In this article, I argue that this reductive binary is insufficient and show how Indigenous women from Peru actually navigate the simultaneous articulation of their collective cultural rights and their individual rights as women. I build on interview and ethnographic research during two months of fieldwork (2019) in Peru to argue that Indigenous women in this country strategically engage the concept of territoriality in their dual struggle for collective Indigenous rights, and individual rights as women within the realm of patriarchal traditions. Using the idea that “our body is our territory,” Peruvian Indigenous women transcend the limitations of liberal rights by reimagining them in a culturally specific vocabulary of sovereignty. In contrast to critics of multiculturalism who fear for the individual rights of women and vulnerable populations from minority cultures, I find that the protection of “illiberal cultures” does not necessarily reinforce oppression, but may, in fact, have unexpected democratic potential.

Foundational Elements of an Ethical Decision-Making Model Applied in the Biopharmaceutical Context

"We previously described an applied values-based decision-making model and reported on its use in biopharmaceutical research and development (R&D)*. The model, known by the acronym “TRIP &TIPP”, uses company values along with framing questions as part of a five-step process to guide decisions to complex questions. The employees are engaged as moral agents applying values and principles. Their moral intuition is guided by systematic use of explicit framing questions to increase the understanding and clarity of the values and contextual questions to facilitate the practical implementation of solutions. Sometimes these solutions lead to the creation of internal guidelines in the company. The ethical norms for biopharmaceutical R&D are shaped by the interaction between ethical reasoning and the context of the situation. Several levels of context are relevant here. First, that of the company within society, which is represented by the stakeholders in our model. This societal context is dynamic as societal expectations change over time. Second, the context of the employees within the company: how the company is organized, its mission, vision and values, as well as the capabilities, experiences and beliefs of the employees. Third, the specifics of the R&D question itself, which requires a pragmatic, solution-oriented, bioethical approach. Finally, ethical deliberation leads to evolving company practices addressing science, technology and society changes. "

The Challenges of Multiculturalism on Informed Consent in Clinical Research

"The UNESCO Chair in Bioethics and Human Rights held its 6th international workshop to discuss the issues of Informed Consent and Clinical Research. Being part of the i-Consent consortium, a project funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program, the workshop focused on the multicultural and interdisciplinary dimension of ethical requirements of informed consent applied to translational/clinical research. Bioethical experts from Buddhism, Confucianism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam and Judaism discussed the key challenges and the requirements of informed consent in clinical research. Some of the ethical gaps, barriers and challenges present in obtaining informed consent from patients/ subjects in different, challenging cultural contexts were identified, as they represent minority groups and vulnerable populations. One of the findings is that many religious traditions do not accept the Western idealization of the autonomous self and prefer a more relational or communitarian understanding of doctor-patient/ researcher-subject relationship. Western medicine and its current gold standard of informed consent that is practiced globally may not adequately address the theoretical skepticism towards the underlying principle of autonomy by different religions and cultures. This tension is becoming more pronounced with migrant and minority groups when they are asked to participate in clinical research as well as doing research in different parts of the world. A swift from individual to relational autonomy may offer a more nuanced improvement of the readability, design and obtaining process of consent forms. This shift will take into consideration the conscious and unconscious cultural biases of the investigators; multicultural and religious variables of the subjects’ understanding; cross-cultural vision of vulnerability, knowledge, communication and empathy; the need for individualized approaches to promote health protective behaviors; and framing questions for a multi-layered informed consent which includes East/West – North/South perspectives. "

Should I judge safety or danger? Perceived risk depends on the question frame.

Linguistic polarity is a natural characteristic of judgments: Is that situation safe/dangerous? How difficult/easy was the task? Is that politician honest/dishonest? Across six studies (N = 1599), we tested how the qualitative frame of the question eliciting a risk judgment influenced risk perception and behavior intention. Using a series of hypothetical scenarios of skiing in avalanche terrain, experienced backcountry skiers judged either how safe or how dangerous each scenario was and indicated whether they would ski the scenario. Phrasing risk judgments in terms of safety elicited lower judged safety values, which in turn resulted in a lower likelihood of intending to ski the slope. The frame "safe" did not evoke a more positive assessment than the frame "danger" as might be expected under a valence-consistent or communication-driven framing effect. This seemingly paradoxical direction of the effect suggests that the question frame directed attention in a way that guided selective information sampling. Uncertainty was not required for this effect as it was observed when judging objectively safe, uncertain, and dangerous scenarios. These findings advance our theoretical understanding of framing effects and can inform the development of practices that harness question framing for applied risk perception and communication. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Review: Rise of the Modern Hospital: An Architectural History of Health and Healing, 1870–1940

Review: <i>Rise of the Modern Hospital: An Architectural History of Health and Healing, 1870–1940</i>

Applying a potential outcomes framework to estimate policy-relevant effects of exposure mixtures

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Interest in understanding the joint effects of multiple exposures (i.e., mixtures) is rapidly increasing, with a related proliferation of statistical methods for estimating these effects. However, commonly applied approaches to estimate effects of exposure mixtures often yield results that are difficult to interpret and are not easily mapped to public health actions. METHODS: By applying a potential outcomes framework for causal inference, investigators can ask questions about exposure mixtures that simulate effects of real-world interventions on sources of mixtures components. I discuss how to frame policy-relevant questions on sources of mixture components, and compare the interventions implied by common supervised and unsupervised analytic approaches. I also describe Bayesian g-computation, a promising statistical framework for estimating health effects of interventions on sources of exposure mixture components. RESULTS:Many common statistical approaches to address exposure mixtures yield results in the form of complex exposure-response surfaces or independent effects that do not acknowledge real-world correlation. In contrast, g-computation explicitly specifies a causal question and compares the expected outcome under exposure distributions that would occur with and without a hypothetical intervention on an exposure source. Applying a Bayesian approach to g-computation is useful to address common statistical challenges the occur in mixtures analyses such as high correlation and sparse data. CONCLUSIONS:Framing mixtures questions as potential interventions can improve causal inference and has the advantage of more directly informing potential environmental health practices, programs, and policies. KEYWORDS: Causal inference, Environmental epidemiology, Mixtures analysis

Transformative or Tokenistic?

Transformative or Tokenistic?

Investigating Energy Justice in Demand-Side Low-Carbon Innovations in Ontario

The diffusion of low-carbon innovations, including innovative products and services, is required to accelerate a low-carbon energy transition. These innovations also have the potential to alleviate and perpetuate existing social inequities, calling into question their “justness.” Energy justice is a useful analytical tool for framing justice questions related to energy. In this paper, we ask whether demand-side low-carbon energy innovations are meeting energy justice criteria. To address this question, this study develops four indicators from existing energy justice frameworks and applies them to a range of demand-side innovations offered to energy users in Ontario. The indicators are used to assess innovation availability, affordability, information, and involvement. Innovations were identified using surveys and desk research across Ontario's energy technology innovation system (ETIS). One hundred twenty-two innovations are analyzed for these four indicators, and according to intended innovation users and innovation providers. Findings suggest that three of the four indicators—availability, affordability and information are broadly being addressed, while involvement was more difficult to establish. However, the ETIS may be perpetuating inequities through an over emphasis of innovations for particular energy users, such as private businesses, alongside under-emphasis on potentially marginalized actors, such as low-income households and renters. Furthermore, government-delivered, publicly owned or regulated innovation providers place a greater emphasis on energy justice, including the provision of innovations for marginalized actors. This study aids our understanding of energy justice in low-carbon energy innovations and is critical given that in the context of funding cuts to public services, there may be an increased reliance on decentralized actors. The consideration of justice gaps that emerge through such decentralization should not be overlooked. Our findings suggest that within Ontario's ETIS, who provides innovations matters. Given the insights presented in this study, this research approach and the developed indicators could be applied to other contexts and socio-technical systems. The application of energy justice indicators, derived from existing scholarship, therefore presents an important opportunity to address current and understudied practical energy challenges.

War and Its Objects: Reflections of the Sri Lankan Civil War in S. P. Pushpakanthan’s Art

This paper examines visual texts by the Sri Lankan artist S. P. Pushpakanthan, whose art is positioned at the intersection between the effects of war and its material effect on objects. Two research questions frame this paper: what knowledge(s) about violence do Pushpakanthan’s texts produce as reflecting, reflected objects? how do these texts challenge anthropocentric views of objects and violence and create an esthetics of the “democracy of objects,” as Levi Bryant would put it? To answer the first, I turn to what Steven Miller has called “violence worse than death.” Miller proposes that violence targets more than the death of a single, delimited life, and sees violence as being directed toward the totality of the living and non-living world. To answer the second, I draw on Object-Oriented Ontology, implied closely by the artist’s own description of his work as being about the “ontology of the object.” In Pushpakanthan’s art, objects function as a visual coda for violence; they are traces, not only of the immediacy of killing, but the totality of the violence against all things. The esthetics of such an ontology is a formal reflection of the affective effects of violence of war that destroys much more than mere life.

Creative constructs, constructions, and frames in Internet discourse

AbstractThis paper explores questions of constructionality and framing in Internet discourse. It proposes a sharper understanding of what, as analysts, we mean by Internet memes, before turning to formal and semantic aspects of Internet memes as multimodal (image-text) constructions. A broad range of examples is considered, but the focus is mainly on image macro memes and labelling memes. Particular attention is focused on the presentational templates that mark out particular meme constructions, and grounds for distinctions between creative constructs and entrenched, conventionalized constructions are offered. The role of frames in the meaning-making mechanisms of memes is investigated, and also explored for a type of Twitter discourse not usually considered alongside established Internet memes.

Living bioethics, clinical ethics committees and children's consent to heart surgery.

This discussion paper considers how seldom recognised theories influence clinical ethics committees. A companion paper examined four major theories in social science: positivism, interpretivism, critical theory and functionalism, which can encourage legalistic ethics theories or practical living bioethics, which aims for theory–practice congruence. This paper develops the legalistic or living bioethics themes by relating the four theories to clinical ethics committee members’ reported aims and practices and approaches towards efficiency, power, intimidation, justice, equality and children’s interests and rights. Different approaches to framing ethical questions are also considered. Being aware of the four theories’ influence can help when seeking to understand and possibly change clinical ethics committee routines. The paper is not a research report but is informed by a recent study in two London paediatric cardiac units. Forty-five practitioners and related experts were interviewed, including eight members of ethics committees, about the work of informing, preparing and supporting families during the extended process of consent to children’s elective heart surgery. The mosaic of multidisciplinary teamwork is reported in a series of papers about each profession, including this one on bioethics and law and clinical ethics committees’ influence on clinical practice. The qualitative social research was funded by the British Heart Foundation, in order that more may be known about the perioperative views and needs of all concerned. Questions included how disputes can be avoided, how high ethical standards and respectful cooperation between staff and families can be encouraged, and how minors’ consent or refusal may be respected, with the support of clinical ethics committees.

Oral conditions of the pre-Hispanic mummies of Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Spain)

ObjectiveTo analyse the oral conditions of pre-Hispanic mummies from Gran Canaria (5th-11th centuries AD), comparing the results with published data from the non-mummified population. Materials440 teeth and 764 alveoli of 30 adult mummies. MethodsMacroscopic examination of pathological and non-pathological features of the oral cavity, using standardized criteria. ResultsThe mummies reveal frequent dental caries (11.8%), especially affecting molars (27.6%), a high prevalence of calculus (66.3%) and periodontal disease (34.9%). The average wear is characterized by extensive dentine exposure. Periapical lesions (10.6%) and antemortem tooth loss (AMTL) (15.9%) are common. A high percentage of individuals exhibit linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH) (84%). Except for periodontitis, the data indicate the absence of significant statistical differences between the mummies and the skeletonized sample. ConclusionsThe profile of the dental pathologies of the mummies indicates a carbohydrate-rich diet that contained abrasive grit from the stone querns used to grind cereals. Comparison of the oral conditions of mummified and skeletonized remains shows no differences in access to food resources, reinforcing the recent rejection of the traditional interpretation of the mummies as the pre-eminent status group of Canarian society. SignificanceThis is the first study to delve into the oral conditions of pre-Hispanic mummified remains from Gran Canaria. The results have implications for the framing of research questions based on the social status of these mummies. LimitationThe preserved sample of mummified remains of ancient Canarians is small. Suggestion for further researchComparative analysis from a diachronic perspective would improve understanding of the historical development of ancient Canarians.

The Oxymoron of Carbon Dioxide Removal: Escaping Carbon Lock-In and yet Perpetuating the Fossil Status Quo?

There appears to be a paradox in the debate over carbon dioxide removal (CDR) technologies. On the one hand, CDR is recognised as a crucial technical option to offset residual carbon emissions from fossil fuel use, so that it can help a transition to the net-zero energy system. But on the other hand, a serious concern is raised about CDR as a way to circumvent necessary emissions reduction, hence perpetuating the status quo of fossil fuel use. This apparent paradox of CDR, however, has less to do with technology itself but more with the difficulty to move away fromcarbon lock-in—the deeply entrenched fossil-fuel-based energy system. The challenge of decarbonisation is indeed about eroding the deep lock-ins that perpetuate the production and consumption of fossil fuels. To understand the role of CDR in overcoming carbon lock-in, looking back the past debate on carbon capture and storage (CCS) is instructive. Although both CCS and CDR are criticised for keeping the fossil status quo, there is a crucial difference between them. Unlike CCS, CDR can possibly avoid the risk ofreinforced lock-in, given its physical decoupling from fossil fuel use. And yet CDR has the risk ofundue substitutionthat continues unjustly fossil carbon emissions. A change of the framing question is thus needed to puzzle out the paradox of CDR. To rightly place CDR in the challenge of rapid decarbonisation, we should ask more how CDR technologies can be used in alignment with a managed decline to fossil fuel production.

The Core Seminar Diaries: Wild Rides, Echoing Groups, and Explorations in Humanity

ABSTRACT The core seminar is the main site of supervision and reflective learning for candidates participating in the Community Psychoanalytic Track (CPT) of the Psychoanalytic Institute of Northern California (PINC). Using examples from the CPT’s collaborative projects in public agencies, the paper describes the functioning of the polyvocal supervision group that investigates roles and authority relationships through unconsciously-driven transference/countertransference dynamics between individuals and groups. Themes include: issues facing the agency’s client population; vicarious traumatization to agency staff; questions of framing and containment; application of community psychoanalytic theories; issues of privacy and discretion; termination challenges; and, the broader sociopolitical and cultural context. This immersive training experience helps integrate the community psychoanalytic paradigm into candidates’ worldview as future analysts.

Student Services Center (SSC): Upaya pembinaan prestasi, karir, dan kewirausahaan bagi mahasiswa melalui community based participatory research

The purpose of this service is to develop academic competence, non-academic competence, entrepreneurial competence and prepare the careers of students and alumni of the Islamic Economics and Business Faculty IAIN Salatiga. The service is carried out using a Community Based Participatory Research (CBPR) approach. Laying foundation is done by analyzing the situation, reasons for choosing partners, conditions of assistance. partner engagement plans, and framing research questions for action plans. The tools used are community mapping in the hope of capturing the strengths, potentials, and issues that exist among students. Action plans carried out by establishing the Students Service Center (SSC), Launching Students Service Center (SSC), developing student academic competencies through presentation skill training, debate competition mentoring/coaching, business plan mentoring/coaching, training in writing scientific papers, developing non-technical competencies student academics through futsal day and volleyball day, developing student entrepreneurship potential by mentoring millennial entrepreneurs, entrepreneurship talk shows, halal food festivals, student career development through advanced study seminars, scholarship interview mentoring, leadership talk shows, work simulations. The contribution of this research creates social changes in the research process and meaningful results that can improve campus reputation through student achievement

Review: Iconic Planned Communities and the Challenge of Change

Review: <i>Iconic Planned Communities and the Challenge of Change</i>

Dynamics in oral health-related factors of Indigenous Australian children: A network analysis of a randomized controlled trial.

Network analysis is an innovative, analytic approach that enables visual representation of variables as nodes and their corresponding statistical associations as edges. It also provides a new way of framing oral health-related questions as complex systems of variables. We aimed to generate networks of oral health variables using epidemiological data of Indigenous children, and to compare network structures of oral health variables among participants who received immediate or delayed delivery of an oral health intervention. Epidemiological data from 448 mother-child dyads enrolled in a randomized controlled trial of dental caries prevention in South Australia, Australia, were obtained. Networks were estimated with nodes representing study variables and edges representing partial correlation coefficients between variables. Data included dental caries, impact on quality of life, self-rated general health, self-rated oral health, dental service utilization, knowledge of oral health, fatalism and self-efficacy in three time points. Communities of nodes, centrality, clustering coefficient and network stability were estimated. The oral health intervention interacted with the network through self-rated general health and knowledge of oral health. Networks depicting groups shortly after receiving the intervention presented higher clustering coefficients and a similar arrangement of nodes. Networks tended to return to a preintervention state. The intervention resulted in increased connectivity and changes in the structure of communities of variables in both intervention groups. Our findings contribute to elucidating dynamics between variables depicting oral health networks over time.

‘Alternative facts’: Public opinion surveys on the death penalty for drug offences in selected Asian countries

Backgroundin recent years, many Asian countries have witnessed an intensification in populist discourses identifying the death penalty as a central tool of drug control, with public opinion surveys referred to as invaluable evidence of public support for the death penalty. This paper will address the claim that the public supports capital punishment, and the role of surveys in shaping this discourse. Methodsreview of thirty-nine public opinion surveys on the death penalty carried out in five Asian countries which retain the death penalty for drugs or are considering re-introducing it. The review was conducted by analysing and comparing design, methodology, findings, and the relationship between these elements. Resultsall but two surveys recorded a majoritarian support for the death penalty, driven by beliefs in (a) deterrent effect of the death penalty, and (b) perfect justice – both disproven. Complex surveys found a low intensity of support, and a limited interest and knowledge by the public in capital punishment. Support for capital punishment is lower for drug offences specifically, and it decreases significantly when expressed with reference to real-life cases.Limited data suggest that the public in the focus countries has reservations on the effectiveness of the death penalty to reduce drug offences, and prefers a discretionary system of punishment. The analysis also revealed correlations between the framing of survey questions and their findings. ConclusionPublic opinion surveys conducted in China, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand suggest that the public knows little and has little interest in the death penalty. Although majoritarian, its support is based on a faulty understanding of key facts related to capital punishment, and an increase in knowledge is correlated to a decrease in support. More rigorous polling exercises demonstrate that public support for capital punishment – both in general and for drug offences specifically – is instinctive, abstract, elastic, and contextual.

A systematic review of perceived value toward online review on s-commerce platform

Online reviews play a significant role in supporting consumers to make purchase decisions across provided platforms. Many studies examine the characteristics of online reviews and their impacts, nevertheless, only a few studies examine the perceived value from online reviews. This study provides the integration view by utilizing the systematic approach to synthesize 36 academic papers out of 661 searched papers between January 1st, 2011, and December 22nd, 2019. The contribution of researchers in studying the perceived value is increasing significantly and continuously since 2018. There are two main types of online reviews regardless of online platforms: Expert-written reviews and customer-written reviews. Perceived values can be derived from online review and be transmitted to online review simultaneously upon the content of studies. The framing of questions for a review focus on five key questions and to illustrate by providing the mind mapping of perceived value to reveal components and relationship among them. The finding emphasizes the research contents of existing research and research allocation, analysis of techniques used, theories, methodologies used, implications in different industrial sectors to enhance the understanding of this relevant information, ambiguous meanings, and development of areas that lack attention in the past decade. Besides, the indication of studies could identify the importance of perceived values that has a greater impact on consumers in the pre-stage of purchase decision.

Reading the Human through Robots

Reading the Human through Robots