Framework Of International Organizations Research Articles

Evaluation of prospects for the development of the currency market of Russia

The article discusses the prospects for the development of the Russian foreign exchange market within the framework of international organizations and at the level of individual countries. Recommendations for the stable functioning of the Russian foreign exchange market and the development of the national economy of the country are proposed.In modern conditions, in order to ensure the stable functioning of the foreign exchange market and foreign exchange banking systems, there is a need to revise the monetary policy of both the Central Bank of Russia and at the level of commercial banks. In view of the ongoing sanctions policy of unfriendly countries against Russian commercial banks and the economic system, it is advisable to consider the strategy of the country's economic and political development, as well as the prospect of entering the foreign exchange market of the countries of Central and East Asia.

The Emergence of Social and Economic Rights as the New Era in the International Community’s Development: History and Contemporary

Introduction. The world economic crisis of 1900-1903, which was accompanied by a crisis in the social sphere and resulted in the emergence of protests among the working class, became one of the significant factors that led to the First World War of 1914-1918. Therefore, there was the keen necessity to form a new international law and order with social and economic components. The League of Nations’ creation ensured its establishment, and the social and economic cooperation of states was concentrated within the framework of the ILO, in order to resolve social conflicts, protect the rights of workers, improve working conditions and increase their living standards. However, the continuation of the crisis was the next stage of the Second World War of 1939-1945 and taking into consideration the duration of this crisis in the XXI century the threat of a new world war in the nearest future cannot be excluded. The instability of international relations is the result of the destruction of the international law and order, which is replaced by protectionism in the form of regionalism. Conclusions. Within the framework of international organizations, in particularthe UN, ILO, EU a set of anti-crisis measures is adopted in order to overcome the consequences of the global crisis. However, they are not sufficient, often improvisational ,and the urgency of crisis management requirements leads to non-optimal solutions. Current legal order cannot be considered without the social and economic rights and activities of the ILO. The organization is designed, in particular, to ensure the establishment of universal peace based on social justice; develop and implement norms and principles in the field of labour; provide decent employment and social protection for all; develop international measures and programs for the implementation of human rights, improving working and living conditions; develop international labour standards etc. The states’ efforts to overcome this crisis should cover all levels of cooperation between states in the social and economic sphere, the adoption of appropriate effective measures, and decisions that would be characterized not situationally, but by systematic preparation for various crisis situations, including more active application of forecasts and different scenario planning. Key words: International Law, Social and Economic Rights, League of Nations,United Nations, International Labour Organization, World Economic Crisis, Anticrisis Measures in the Social Sphere.

THE INFLUENCE OF INTEGRATION PROCESSES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL LEGAL SYSTEMS OF POST-SOVIET COUNTRIES

As part of the convergence, the national legal systems of a number of states that emerged in the early 90s of the twentieth century acquired features characteristic of the Romano-German legal family, and therefore the fundamental principles of law that are implemented within the development models of these countries have acquired a qualitatively new nature, reflecting the fundamental transformations of the state-political structure. The purpose of the study is to consider the features of the national legal systems of the post-Soviet countries, formed under the influence of integration processes of a legal nature that occurred on the territory of the former republics of the USSR. The objectives of the study are to study the main trends of a state-legal nature, to identify the influence of international law norms on the legislation of new subjects of international relations, as well as to establish the influence of the integration of several states into various interstate associations on national legal systems. Formal-legal, analytical, and historical-legal research methods are used to achieve the results. The study found that the national legal systems of the states that were previously part of the USSR are organically oriented towards regulatory requirements implemented within the framework of international organizations of which they are members, which leads to a certain unification of the regulation of public relations, which does not exclude the preservation of national legal traditions. The process of convergence of the legal systems of individual post-Soviet countries is slow, uneven, not always progressive, but nevertheless lays the foundations for joint activities on several issues that go beyond the jurisdiction of a particular State or require joint efforts for effective solutions.

HISTORICAL MILESTONES IN THE EVOLUTION OF EUROPEAN ARMAMENTS COOPERATION

European defence cooperation is one of the projects with a specific dynamism demonstrated in recent years through concrete initiatives with a certain multidisciplinary character. In this context, how European armaments cooperation supports the political objectives of sustaining an enhanced EU profile in the field of crisis management has been a priority. The practical reflection of this approach is related with a temporal perspective whose initial landmarks are set in the immediate post-Second World War. The development process evolved towards a European model of armaments cooperation based on two typologies. Firstly, they aim at associating armaments cooperation to the institutional framework of international organizations, as is the case with the Western European Union, NATO and the European Union. In addition, there are formulas of cooperation between European states developed outside the EU or NATO framework. Recent achievements indicate the feasibility of this solution, which also reflects the progress made in the overall process of developing the EU’s profile and contribution as a relevant actor in the security context.

AGGRESSION AGAINST GEORGIA AND UKRAINE: CONTEXT AND PARALLELS

AGGRESSION AGAINST GEORGIA AND UKRAINE: CONTEXT AND PARALLELS

Новите субекти на правото – сред нас ли са системите с изкуствен интелект?

The study explores the issue of legal personality and liability of artificial intelligence (AI) systems. A real AI should have a will and self-awareness, but, at this point, there are mainly systems with a collective “cloud” intelligence that is located outside of them, supported by people (Sofia, the chatbot Miraya, the chatbot Tai, the xenobots). It is important to be clear about the fact whether robots are still only a “means”, a “tool” that facilitates human life, or whether they already have qualities that make them independent entities. Currently, AI systems are treated as objects of law. Granting legal personality similar to that of legal entities is not a solution as well because of their specific nature. If, in the future, intelligent systems become independent and emancipated from the human beings that created them, they could be considered a new specific subject – a legal person sui generis. The regulatory framework of international organizations in this area already places robots in the category of “electronic person” (EU) and binds their legal status to the protection of basic human rights. At this point, a number of practical issues are yet to be resolved – identifiability, establishment of a register, and up-to-dateness of the data in it. The possible granting of legal personality to AI systems, even specific or limited one, raises the question of the rights of robots themselves (procedural legal capacity, property rights, labour rights, tax legal personality), as well as of the responsibility for damages and their compensation. One of the most important issues in the development of intelligent machines is the extent to which we should allow them to make autonomous or automated decisions. Algorithms, which are initially set and related to the protection of fundamental human rights, should be stable, or “locked” for changes by artificial intelligence systems in the context of their improvement and self-learning. The issue of human control is important, especially in cases where decisions might affect human life, health, and social support. The rapid development of digital technologies should make us think about a future in which AI systems can deviate so much from the basic algorithms set by humans that joint and individual financial liability can be reached. The theory also discusses the issue of the applicability of criminal liability to robots.

Политико-правовые вызовы международного управления рыболовством в контексте устойчивого развития

The current political and legal challenges of fisheries management at the present stage, taking into account the Sustainable Development Goals adopted by the UN in 2015 are considered in the article. Steps to improve the international legal management of fisheries, taken as part of the implementation of the goals set in Goal 14 " Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development", were noted. Also considered are other political and legal problems of fisheries, which were identified within the framework of international organizations, closely related to the concept of sustainable development.

ПРАВОВИЙ СТАТУС ДЕРЖАВИ УКРАЇНА У ЦИВІЛЬНИХ ПРАВОВІДНОСИНАХ

The need for conceptual updating of civil legislation of Ukraine is one of the necessary conditions for attracting investment, ensuring proper and effective legal regulation of micro- and macroeconomic processes, which, in turn, removes obstacles to the development of new economic relations. Undoubtedly, in order to ensure the rule-making process, it is necessary to take into account the experience of foreign states, in particular the provisions of a private law nature developed within the framework of international organizations, as well as the experience of EU member states. However, when using the positive rule-making experience of foreign states and international organizations, the peculiarities of economic and political development of our state must be taken into account. One of the proposals by the developers of the Concept of updating the Civil Code of Ukraine is to consolidate the legal status of a legal entity under public law. This legislative approach aims to bring Ukraine's civil law closer to the EU and to address law enforcement issues. The state realizes its legal personality, including in the sphere of private relations, through the bodies created by it. Therefore, it seems reasonable to believe that in such conditions it is sufficient to grant the legal status of a legal entity under public law to public authorities. Each of the subjects has its own peculiarities of participation in civil relations due to the nature of origin, but this does not violate the principle of equality and does not create obstacles to entry and participation in them. The state, regardless of the peculiarities of entry and participation in civil relations, is their participant (subject) on a par with individuals and legal entities, whose participation also has its own characteristics. Moreover, enshrining in the Central Committee of Ukraine the provision that the state of Ukraine is a legal entity under public law may create additional grounds for manipulation at the political level in the context of the Russian Federation's attack on Ukraine. It is obvious that the aggressor country will use any grounds to deny the statehood of Ukraine, despite the fact that some states have a practice of consolidating the status of a legal entity under public law. The state of Ukraine is an independent participant in civil relations, which has no advantages in joining and participating in them. Peculiarities of state participation in civil relations are determined by acts of civil law in the same way as other participants in civil relations. The presence of sovereignty, as well as other features of the state, does not create advantages or obstacles to such participation. This gives grounds to conclude about the complex structure and integrity of the legal personality of the state.

Evolution of the Generalized Scheme of Preferences

Introduction. The revision of the old U.S. rules of assigning developing country status under the law of countervailing duties in 2020 theoretically symbolizes another stage in the evolution of the Generalized Scheme of Preferences, but practically means a new form of battle for international competitiveness. There is no common criterion for determination of developing countries, either at the level of international organizations, including the World Trade Organization, or at the level of donor countries, while the list of least developed countries is determined by the United Nations, and they automatically become recipients of tariff preferences under the Generalized Scheme of Preferences. In this regard, the main idea and purpose of the study is to identify the applied aspects of the development of the international system of GSP and criteria for identifying developing countries to improve the system of tariff preferences EAEU and increase the competitiveness of goods produced in the domestic market. Materials and Methods. The paper reviews established rules within the GSP and features of the functioning of this system in the U.S., Canada, Japan, Britain and such integration groupings as the European Union, Commonwealth of Independent States and EAEU. To identify main aspects of this transformation it has been used the method of cross-country comparison, as well as methods of systematic and comparative analysis of relevant international and national legal acts and scientific papers. Results. We have revealed an international trend that is being formed by the leading economic actors to establish new rules for the functioning of the GSP and the criterion for determining the beneficiary countries. This trend will obviously affect the general rules of international trade within the framework of the World Trade Organization and to some extent will bring changes in its architecture. Discussion and Conclusion. The process of active unilateral revision of established for half a century international trade rules beyond the framework of international organizations gives to the problem a new systemic character and opens up an opportunity for future studies. It is obvious that we are on the beginning of entire international economic relations system transformation, which at the first stage will be accompanied by negative processes and will require an adequate response from the Russian state authorities, coordinating bodies of the EAEU and interested major economic agents.

Terrorism Situation and Counter-Terrorism Police Cooperation in South Asia and Southeast Asia

New changes of terrorism situation in South Asia and Southeast Asia could be seen from the increase of numbers of terrorist attacks, the increase retaliatory terrorist attacks and the increase of the combined risks and linkage effects of terrorism and other non-traditional security issues. The terrorist threat in South Asia and Southeast Asia is expected to continue in the near future because the threats severely posed by the ongoing conflict in Afghanistan, the interaction and allying of terrorist organizations and terrorists’ exploitation of advanced technology. However, the practice of counter-terrorism police cooperation in South Asia and Southeast Asia was weak and fragile due to the poor performance of ASEAN counter-terrorism cooperation, the police cooperation within the framework of international organizations and cooperation at the bilateral and small multilateral level has not really meet the current challenges. The solutions offered in this paper are 4 ways to improve counter-terrorism police cooperation in South Asia and Southeast Asia: build a comprehensive and efficient counter-terrorism police cooperation mechanism, a stable and practical coordination mechanism, a joint counter-terrorism intelligence fusion center, a quality and level counter-terrorism police training mechanism of South Asia and Southeast Asia.

АНАЛІЗ ОСОБЛИВОСТЕЙ ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ СИСТЕМИ КІБЕРОБОРОНИ. НОРМАТИВНО-ПРАВОВІ АСПЕКТИ

The urgency of this work is due to one of the priorities of the national security system of Ukraine to perform the functions and tasks of the defense forces of Ukraine in conditions of destructive activity on the cybersecurity environment of the state. Modern development of information and cyber technologies and global informatization in the world have led to the fact that the information and cybersphere have become the object of various destructive influences on all spheres of society through cyberspace, which complemented existing ones, namely land, sea, air, space and became a sphere conflicts and possible hostilities. States, depending on the degree of their development, build different systems (models) of protection of their information, telecommunications infrastructures, determine the use of technological processes circulating in these systems and protect critical infrastructure from cyber threats, determine the functions, directions and ways of action in cyberspace. Today, more than 60 countries in the world are openly and / or covertly working to improve the functionality of national cybersecurity and cyber defense systems. National and coalition cyber forces are being created, their functions and tasks are being determined, the content and procedure of activity, composition, algorithms for training units, military and civilian specialists are being formed, strategies are being developed, regulatory framework, hardware and software complexes, and special cyber defense software are being improved. and tactics of their application. In general, the development and widespread implementation of communication systems and systems using innovative information and telecommunications technologies in military systems is in accordance with international rules for cyberwarfare, such as the Geneva Convention. At the same time, the main principles of formation of cybersecurity and cyber defense systems of the leading countries of the world are scientifically substantiated legislative, normative-legal, definition-terminological support. Under these conditions, the transformation of the regulatory framework takes into account the constant militarization of national segments of cyberspace, taking into account the criteria (indicators) of threats in cybersecurity and cyber defense of leading countries, the level of system readiness and acquisition of capabilities, etc. To address the issues of regulation and implementation of norms and rules of international organizations in the field of cybersecurity and cyber defense, it is proposed to analyze the current provisions (axiomatics) of the existing legislative, state and departmental regulatory framework, as well as the regulatory framework of international organizations. ITU) on cybersecurity.

МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЕ ИНИЦИАТИВЫ УЗБЕКИСТАНА ПО УКРЕПЛЕНИЮ РЕГИОНАЛЬНОГО СОТРУДНИЧЕСТВА В ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОЙ АЗИИ

The article examines the international initiatives of Uzbekistan, put forward in the framework of international organizations and conferences, in order to strengthen regional cooperation with the countries of Central Asia. The authors note that these initiatives, coveringall areas of cooperation (political, economic, social, cultural, etc.), are being successfully implemented and contribute to strengthening the image of Uzbekistan in the world arena. The article examines the initiatives of Uzbekistan, put forward in the framework of international organizations and international conferences dedicated to cooperation in Central Asia

KAZAKH-CHINESE COOPERATION WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS: CURRENT STATE AND PROSPECTS

Today international relations encompass not only interaction between states, but also have a global, transnational character. Modern threats and international problems require the participation of more members of the world community. In this regard, interaction of states within the framework of international organizations is of great importance. Since many issues cannot be resolved in a bilateral format, multilateral cooperation requires the participants to have a high level of international legal regulation. Therefore, cooperation between states within the framework of international organizations is considered an important area of ​​mutual relations. It is known that Kazakhstan has not remained aloof from this process and is the initiator of the creation of a number of international organizations. It is also developing ties with its Eastern neighbor China through international organizations. In particular, cooperation is dynamically developing within the framework of the UN, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia, created on the direct initiative of our country. For Kazakhstan and China, the main goal of cooperation within the framework of international organizations is to maintain security and stability in the region. Along with maintaining peace in the region, other areas of cooperation are developing in a multilateral format, such as trade, economy, transport, and the use of the political and economic potential of more than two countries is very effective in developing relations. The article examines the problems and prospects of cooperation between Kazakhstan and China within the framework of international organizations.

International legal standards of advocacy in Russian environmental legislation

The article deals with conceptual questions of the role and place that international standards of advocacy take in the system of sources of advocacy in Russia. The author, relying on the decisions of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of Russian Federation, points out the priority importance of international standards and rules in matters of legal regulation of legal proceedings. Considering a significant array of international documents adopted within the framework of international organizations, including the Council of Europe, the author singles out those containing international standards of advocacy. The study of Russian national legislation through the prism of international standards of advocacy makes it possible to conclude that, as a result of prolonged legal reforms, the main fundamental provisions of national legislation have been brought into line with the requirements of international standards, but work in this direction has not yet been over. As a result, the author points out the conceptual role of international treaties as sources of advocacy. The findings became the basis for further author’s research of international standards, as a legal basis for the regulation of advocacy to protect the rights and freedoms of indigenous peoples of the north in the development of oil and gas fields on their ancestral lands.

Унификация норм наследственного права в международном частном праве

The article discusses topical issues and features of the unification of inheritance law in the international private law. The beginning of unification processes is associated with the presence of various approaches to the settlement of hereditary relations complicated by a foreign element in various legal systems. The article provides a theoretical and legal analysis of such a phenomenon as a complication of hereditary legal relations of foreign a new subject. To solve certain conflict of laws in the field of inheritance law, in particular, by will, the main international acts are followed. The authors aim to study the unification processes in the field of inheritance law in the international private law, which reflect modern development trends in a theoretical sense. In conclusion, the authors come to the conclusion that the legislation of a number of states is trying to protect the rights of weak parties in a potentially equal legal relationship. In this case, we are talking about the corresponding legislative consolidation general principle of law— the use of favorable law for the weak side of the legal relationshipHowever, the possibility of unification approaches of states to solving the issue of post-mortem rights can be defined not even as a trend, but as a be separately considered within the framework of international organizations dealing with issues of unification of inheritance law.

International cooperation of states in outer space exploration

State cooperation in space research is one of the priority topics of international space law. Thecalls for international cooperation contained in many documents on space law are aimed at preventingthe transformation of outer space into a conflict zone. Space cooperation is a very effective way of theconfidence-building, because it can reduce mutual suspicion, increase mutual trust and achieve mutualbenefits. The space has become a powerful thruster of scientific and technological progress. This trendis one of many indicators pointing to the global trend involving key actors making a decision to makespace activities a priority. Many countries come to the understanding that international cooperation isthe best means of realization of space programs. At that, the issue of forms of such cooperation gainsspecial importance. It is difficult to think of international space law and the governance of internationalaffairs in isolation from international organizations. The states have joined their efforts in the frameworkof international organizations with the aim of cooperation in the space sector. In this article we will try toanalyze the legal foundations of international cooperation of states in outer space exploration.Key words: international space law, legal regime of the outer space, international responsibility ofstates, space activities of mankind, global role players.

Разработка предложений по развитию электронных торговых площадок в условиях цифровой экономики России (Elaboration of Proposals for the Development of Electronic Trading Platforms in the Digital Economy of Russia)

Russian Abstract: В рамках данной работы были проанализированы аспекты правового регулирования электронных торговых площадок, в частности, стандарты регулирования в рамках международных организаций, включая ОЭСР, ВТО, ЮНСИТРАЛ, ВОИС, Совет Европы, а также стандарты в странах с наибольшим объемом электронной коммерции, включая США, Китай, Индию, страны ЕС (Франция, Германия), Австралию. Результатом работы стало формирование предложений по регулированию работы электронных торговых площадок в России, включая вопросы регистрации и отчетности, определения границ ответственности электронных торговых площадок, налогообложения, защиты прав потребителей, защиты персональных данных, валютного контроля, таможенного регулирования, регулирования рекламы и спама, защиты интеллектуальной собственности, антимонопольного регулирования, мер финансовой и информационной поддержки, валютного регулирования и пр. English Abstract: In the framework of this work, aspects of the legal regulation of electronic trading platforms were analyzed, in particular, regulatory standards within the framework of international organizations, including the OECD, WTO, UNCITRAL, WIPO, the Council of Europe, as well as standards in countries with the largest volume of electronic commerce, including the USA, China , India, EU countries (France, Germany), Australia. The result of the work was the formation of proposals for regulating the operation of electronic trading floors in Russia, including registration and reporting, defining the boundaries of responsibility of electronic trading floors, taxation, protecting consumers' rights, protecting personal data, currency control, customs regulation, regulating advertising and spam, protecting intellectual property, antitrust regulation, financial and information support measures, currency regulation, etc.

Україно-японські відносини в контексті пріоритетних напрямків зовнішньої політики Японії.

The transformation of Japan into an economic superpower, increasing the activity of Japanese diplomacy in the international arena, has increased the interest in exploring its role in world politics. Thus new approaches to the analysis of the factors that influence the Japanese foreign policy thinking should be held.A comprehensive approach to this topic gives an opportunity to explore the global and regional aspects of Japan's foreign policy, following the example of Ukraine, to analyze the main dynamics and position of new challenges and threats. The article is devoted to the study of preconditions, factors, tendencies, directions and peculiarities of formation of Ukrainian-Japanese relations at the present stage.The main priority directions of the foreign policy of Japan at the present stage, the mechanisms of their implementation and the place of Ukrainian-Japanese relations in this system of values are defined in the work. The basic spheres of realization of economic diplomacy of Japan on the example of Ukraine are analyzed.According to the results of research on the basis of cooperation between the Ukrainian-Japanese relations both at the bilateral level and within the framework of international organizations, there are no contradictions and consistent policies. Implementation of modern energy-saving technologies in energy, industry, municipal sector, involvement of Japanese investments in the development of transport and energy infrastructure of Ukraine, as well as the agrarian sector, in particular its material and technical base, remain promising areas of cooperation.In the international arena, Japan reaffirms its continued support for Ukraine's “sovereignty and territorial integrity”, and Ukraine supports Japan in its bid to become a permanent member of the UN Council.

Collision Principles in Labor Relations Complicated by a Foreign Element: Experience of Uzbekistan

various scientific debates are taking place today not only at the national level but also within the framework of international organizations on the role of countries, international organizations on issues of legal regulation of foreign citizens’ activities, foreign labor migration and its legal regulation. The main reason for this is sharp increase of labor migration process in the world in recent years, growing aspirations of foreign citizens in carrying out activities in other countries, as well as involvement of foreign professionals in working in other countries as the result of attracting foreign investment, signing bilateral agreements of employment on the basis of the principle of reciprocity between the two states. Bringing national legislation on human rights in accordance with international standards, development of foreign economic activity of enterprises and organizations entail the emergence and increase of labor relations with so-called foreign element. Based on this, in this article, different aspects of collision-legal regulation of labor relations with complicated foreign element are covered and analyzed. In this, the author pays attention to the types and importance of collision norms governing international labor relations, as well as the principle of autonomous will as a method of collision-legal regulation of labor relations.

Anti-Rawls or the Russian Way of Eurasian Integration

This article examines Eurasian integration in the context of the ideas which accompany it and make possible the implementation of its practices, especially law-making and law-enforcement practices. The central theme of the article is the competition among values and social technologies claiming to play an integrating role. The starting point of this analysis is the theory of justice by John Rawls presented in the form of many interpretations thereof by legal theorists, as well as experts in the field of political and moral philosophy. It is examined based on assessments made from the standpoint of the politico-legal and socio-historical development of the West, as well as on attempts to look at this theoretical concept from a different cultural and civilizational point of view. Detailed consideration is given to the ideas and images of justice formed within the philosophical symbiosis of Confucianism and Legalism and providing a value-based legal identity of the Chinese civilization. The article shows that the ideas and values of the Rawlsian theory of justice are rooted in the political and legal history of European civilization and the dependence thereof on the philosophical and theoretical language of European enlighteners and even on the Indo-European national language family. As the main alternative to the neoliberal theory of justice, the article studies the philosophical and theoretical and politico-legal heritage of the Eurasianists. The theory of Eurasian law advanced by representatives of this movement is analyzed in depth. This type of legal relations, based on obligations, is considered as a special type of law capable of uniting heterogeneous entities without requiring their full unification or depriving them of their civilizational and value-based peculiarities. The authors analyze the real experience of economic and politico-legal integration, both within the framework of international organizations and at the level of inter-governmental [inter-country] cooperation. An assessment is made of the justifiability of the claims of Eurasianist philosophy regarding its ability to successfully provide integration processes in this part of the world.