Framework For Wireless Sensor Networks Research Articles

Secure Trust Based Key Management Routing Framework for Wireless Sensor Networks

Security is always a major concern in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Several trust based routing protocols are designed that play an important role in enhancing the performance of a wireless network. However they still have some disadvantages like limited energy resources, susceptibility to physical capture, and little protection against various attacks due to insecure wireless communication channels. This paper presents a secure trust based key management (STKF) routing framework that establishes a secure trustworthy route depending upon the present and past node to node interactions. This route is then updated by isolating the malicious or compromised nodes from the route, if any, and a dedicated link is created between every pair of nodes in the selected route with the help of “q” composite random key predistribution scheme (RKPS) to ensure data delivery from source to destination. The performance of trust aware secure routing framework (TSRF) is compared with the proposed routing scheme. The results indicate that STKF provides an effective mechanism for finding out a secure route with better trustworthiness than TSRF which avoids the data dropping, thereby increasing the data delivery ratio. Also the distance required to reach the destination in the proposed protocol is less hence effectively utilizing the resources.

SDN-Based Application Framework for Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks

As a promising platform for implementing various applications, a wireless sensor and actor network (WSAN) consists of many sensor and actor nodes that can cooperatively handle complex tasks. However, many issues, including nodes’ mobility, the heterogeneity of capacity, topology, and energy consumption, may bring severe challenges to efficient WSAN operation. Currently, the software defined network (SDN) appears as a novel approach that is effective to manage and optimize networks in a programmable and centralized pattern. This paper studies the application framework and relevant methods for applying the SDN approach in a WSAN, with the objective of improving network’s efficiency and scalability. The details of the framework include a three-layer structure, the relevant system entities, the enhanced protocol stack, and the programmable message types for cooperative communication and task execution among WSAN nodes. Based on this framework, this paper explores the relevant challenges and mechanisms for effective system management from many aspects, including mobility, energy saving, reliability maintenance, and topology construction. This paper also proposes an optimization method for scheduling decomposed tasks to relevant nodes, with an example implemented by the genetic algorithm. Next, this paper demonstrates the typical application scenarios, including military, industry, transportation, and environmental disaster monitoring. Moreover, an indoor application scenario and an outdoor application scenario are presented to demonstrate the application of the SDN-assisted communication handoff. Finally, the future trends and technical challenges for SDN in WSAN are discussed.

A Novel Event Detection Framework for Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks

A Novel Event Detection Framework for Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks

A Framework and Classification for Fault Detection Approaches in Wireless Sensor Networks with an Energy Efficiency Perspective

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are more and more considered a key enabling technology for the realisation of the Internet of Things (IoT) vision. With the long term goal of designing fault-tolerant IoT systems, this paper proposes a fault detection framework for WSNs with the perspective of energy efficiency to facilitate the design of fault detection methods and the evaluation of their energy efficiency. Following the same design principle of the fault detection framework, the paper proposes a classification for fault detection approaches. The classification is applied to a number of fault detection approaches for the comparison of several characteristics, namely, energy efficiency, correlation model, evaluation method, and detection accuracy. The design guidelines given in this paper aim at providing an insight into better design of energy-efficient detection approaches in resource-constraint WSNs.

Sensors Augmentation Influence Over Trust and Reputation Models Realization for Dense Wireless Sensor Networks

This paper reports the power consumption and resource utilization of a trust and reputation model deployed in a wireless sensor network (WSN). The impact of sensor augmentation parameter for static and dynamic WSN with trust and reputation models has been examined. In particular, we present a novel WSN framework-based investigations on peer trust and linguistic fuzzy trust model (LFTM) for trust and reputation models. Accuracy, path length, and energy consumption of sensor node operations are reported for their current and average scenarios. In addition, we emphasized over the satisfaction evaluation for LFTM model in the deployed WSN framework. The performance of the sensor augmentation for our proposed framework is evaluated via analytic bounds and numerical simulations. Analytical results together with simulation results exhibit the eminence of the proposed sensor augmentation-based realization over past trust and reputation model investigations.

Energy-Neutral Design Framework for Supercapacitor-Based Autonomous Wireless Sensor Networks

To design autonomous wireless sensor networks (WSNs) with a theoretical infinite lifetime, energy harvesting (EH) techniques have been recently considered as promising approaches. Ambient sources can provide everlasting additional energy for WSN nodes and exclude their dependence on battery. In this article, an efficient energy harvesting system which is compatible with various environmental sources, such as light, heat, or wind energy, is proposed. Our platform takes advantage of double-level capacitors not only to prolong system lifetime but also to enable robust booting from the exhausting energy of the system. Simulations and experiments show that our multiple-energy-sources converter (MESC) can achive booting time in order of seconds. Although capacitors have virtual recharge cycles, they suffer higher leakage compared to rechargeable batteries. Increasing their size can decrease the system performance due to leakage energy. Therefore, an energy-neutral design framework providing a methodology to determine the minimum size of those storage devices satisfying energy-neutral operation (ENO) and maximizing system quality-of-service (QoS) in EH nodes, when using a given energy source, is proposed. Experiments validating this framework are performed on a real WSN platform with both photovoltaic cells and thermal generators in an indoor environment. Moreover, simulations on OMNET++ show that the energy storage optimized from our design framework is utilized up to 93.86%.

Plataforma autoconfigurable de monitoreo remoto para aplicaciones móviles en WSAN

Wireless networks have been evolving toward higher complexity applications. It makes sense not to expect an one-fits-all application framework. These applications require a particular framework profile in order to solve particular issues. In this paper we propose a Wireless Sensor and Actuator Network (WSAN) framework profile, which solves the particular issue of writing and reading memory slots on the sensor node's microcontroller. As simple as it sounds this application opens the framework to a wide set of possibilities, which could be reading a sensed data, or even switching the purpose of the whole node just by changing a pointer value on the remote microcontroller memory. This framework is suitable for a star topology amidst an IEEE802.15.4 standard. It is also able to control, process and communicate successfully among the network nodes.

Traffic Generation Rate Control of Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks

The traffic generation rate of the network used for cyber-physical systems is a crucial design parameter since it directly affects the stability of physical systems and the congestion level of communication systems. In this paper, we propose a novel modeling framework of the general wireless sensor and actuator networks of cyber-physical systems where the sensor-controller and controller-actuator sides communicate over a lossy network. The performance model is then used to derive the optimal traffic generation rate of sensors and controllers for minimizing the maximum outage probability of the stability constraint of the control systems while guaranteeing a schedulability constraint. The resulting problem is a non-linear optimization problem which allows to obtain the global optimum. An efficient approximation converts the proposed optimization problem into a linear programming problem. One interesting finding is that the optimal solution assigns higher traffic generate rate on the controller-actuator link compared to the one of the sensor-controller link since the actuating-link is more critical to guarantee the stability of the control systems.

QoS Aware Trust Metric based Framework for Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Networks have gained popularity due to their real time applications and low-cost nature. These networks provide solutions to scenarios that are critical, complicated and sensitive like military fields, habitat monitoring, and disaster management. The nodes in wireless sensor networks are highly resource constrained. Routing protocols are designed to make efficient utilization of the available resources in communicating a message from source to destination. In addition to the resource management, the trustworthiness of neighboring nodes or forwarding nodes and the energy level of the nodes to keep the network alive for longer duration is to be considered. This paper proposes a QoS Aware Trust Metric based Framework for Wireless Sensor Networks. The proposed framework safeguards a wireless sensor network from intruders by considering the trustworthiness of the forwarder node at every stage of multi-hop routing. Increases network lifetime by considering the energy level of the node, prevents the adversary from tracing the route from source to destination by providing path variation. The framework is built on NS2 Simulator. Experimental results show that the framework provides energy balance through establishment of trustworthy paths from the source to the destination. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

A hybrid wireless sensor network framework for range-free event localization

In event localization, wireless sensors try to locate the source of an event from its emitted power. This is more challenging than sensor localization as the power level at the source of an event is neither predictable with precision nor can be controlled. Considering the emerging trend of long sensing range for cost-effective sensor deployment, locating events within a region much smaller than the sensing area of a single sensor has gained research interest. This paper proposes the first range-free event localization framework, which avoids expensive hardware needed by the range-based counterparts. Our approach first develops a sensing range model from the statistical information on the emitted power of a type of events so that user-defined event-detection quality can be provisioned using a minimal network of static sensors. Then an accurate event location boundary estimation technique is developed from the sensing feedbacks, which also facilitates guided expansion of the area of possible event location (APEL) to deal with sensing errors. Finally, user-defined event-localization quality guarantee is provisioned cost-effectively by inviting mobile sensors on-demand to target positions. Analytical solutions are provided whenever appropriate and comprehensive simulations are carried out to evaluate localization performance. The proposed event localization technique outperforms the state-of-the-art range-based counterpart (Xu et al., 2011) in realistic environment with path loss, shadow fading, and sensor positioning errors.

A New Pluggable Framework for Centralized Routing in Wireless Sensor Network

This paper presents a novel energy aware centralized dynamic clustering routing framework for large-scale Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). The main advantage of the proposed method is pluggability of clustering algorithms in the framework. It uses some clustering algorithms that some of their usages are new in this field. The clustering algorithms are K-means, FCM, UPC, GA, IGA and FGKA that run at base station used to identify cluster of sensors. Six clustering algorithms are evaluated in the framework and results of them are compared in three models named unicast, multicast and broadcast.

Hybrid Re-Clustering Algorithm for Enhancement of Network Lifetime in Wireless Sensor Networks

In this paper, we propose a re-clustering framework for wireless sensor networks to undergo global re-clustering and local delegation in order to enhance the lifetime of the network. The variation in energy distribution across the CH network can be characterized by a mapping function using a metric, based on energy cost, defined on a metric space. The mapping characterizes the change in link cost in terms of energy distribution. Supremum of the change in link costs is defined as the distortion of the map. Distortion exceeding a given threshold is used to decide on re-clustering / local delegation. The global monitoring of energy distribution in the CH network afforded by the metric space and the distortion concept helps to provide a energy management framework for WSN which is proved to be effective. Simulation carried out in MAT LAB on a typical WSN showed favourable comparison in terms of average network life time with respect to established results.

A novel multiple-level trust management framework for wireless sensor networks

The distributed deployment nature of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) poses a challenge to the security of node cooperation in them as it is difficult for WSN to ensure that all nodes can recognise a huge number of other individual nodes and select appropriate and trustworthy nodes for cooperation. Node cooperation may therefore be launched in an unreliable environment and might be vulnerable to attacks. Consequently, the security of nodes is of paramount importance for the proper operation of WSNs. The distributed trust management scheme is a feasible solution. With a view to making improvement on the existing trust management mechanisms, we in this paper propose ML-TRUST, a multiple-level trust management framework for trust management in WSN in which three levels of trust are used to establish trustworthy relationships among nodes for their cooperation, namely, (1) a subjective trust, which is defined as belief and is proposed with respect to three aspects: past judgements, witness evidence, and capacity evaluation; (2) an objective trust, which is defined as reputation and is proposed with two factors, number of functioning communities and weighted judgements by rating nodes’ reputations, being introduced in reputation rating, and with several rules and fraud factor tests being given to prevent reputation rating from malicious attacks, and (3) the recommended trust method, which is proposed to obtain trustable impressions from strange recommendations with, in connection, several consistency factors being presented to determine the trustworthiness of a recommendation. Besides using a set of lemmas and theorems to back up our ML-TRUST framework, we also list the results of a series of simulation tests to further verify the performance of our mechanism.

An Adjustable Sleep Scheduling Framework for WSN

This paper presents an adjustable sleep scheduling framework for a variety of application in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) so that the lifetime of the network could be prolonged. Varies of typical applications in WSNs are analyzed to identify the same characteristics with which unified interfaces can be designed for all applications, and to identify different characteristics for which interfaces are reserved. This framework can meet the needs of varies applications by simple configuration and adjust itself according to real-time aspects. It can also avoid wasteful duplication, improve work efficiency and provide a good solution to the issue of application independent of sleep scheduling in WSNs. The results of experiments have shown the rationality and practicality of this framework and it can be applied to forest fire monitoring, crop water status monitoring, gas meter reading and other fields.

Comprehensive event based estimation of sensor node distribution strategies using classical flooding routing protocol in wireless sensor networks

We derive a new investigation for the wireless sensor networks (WSNs) when the underlying sensor node distribution strategies have strong influence on event specific communication performance. In this paper, we inclusively evaluated eight sensor network distributions namely: normal, gamma, exponential, beta, generalized inverse Gaussian, poison, Cauchy and Weibull. We designed and illustrated our proposed model with these node distributions for data dissemination. Moreover, performance evaluation matrices like sense count, receive count and receive redundant count are also evaluated. Additionally, we emphasized over the routing protocol behavior for different distribution strategies in the deployed WSN framework. Finally, simulation analysis has been carried out to prove the validity of our proposal. However, routing protocol for WSNs seems intractable to the sensor node distribution strategies when varied from one to another in the scenario.

A Distributed Fault Detection System Based on IWSN for Machine Condition Monitoring

This paper introduces a novel framework for industrial wireless sensor networks (IWSNs) used for machine condition monitoring (MCM). Our approach enables the use of state-of-the-art computationally intensive classifiers in computationally weak sensor network nodes. The key idea is to split data acquisition, classifier building and training, and the operation phase, between different units. Computationally demanding processing is carried out in the central unit, while other tasks are distributed to the sensor nodes using over-the-air programming. The system is autonomously trained on the healthy state of a machine and then monitors a change in behavior which indicates a faulty state. Thanks to one-class classification, there is no need to introduce the faulty state of the machine in the training phase. We extend the diagnostic capability of the system using dynamic changes in the data acquisition and classification parts of the program in the sensor nodes. This enables the system to react to ambiguous machine states by temporarily changing the diagnostic focus. Compressing the information in the individual sensor nodes provided by in-node classification allows us to transmit only the classification result, instead of full signal waveforms. This enables the MCM system to be deployed with a large number of nodes, even with high sampling rates. The proposed concept was evaluated in IRIS IWSN by means of a rotary machine simulator.

Channel and Energy Modeling for Self-Contained Wireless Sensor Networks in Oil Reservoirs

The real-time and in-situ monitoring capability in oil reservoirs is highly desired to increase the current recovery factor of crude oil and natural gas. To this end, the wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are envisioned to be deployed deep inside oil reservoirs to collect and report the physical and chemical information in real time. However, none of the existing wireless communication and networking technologies can support WSNs in oil reservoirs due to the very challenging environment and the extremely small device size. To address the problem, this paper proposes a new self-contained micro wireless sensor network framework based on the Magnetic Induction (MI) technique, which can enable the real-time and in-situ monitoring in oil reservoirs. Rigorous analytical models are developed to characterize the oil reservoir channel for both MI communication and energy transfer, which confirm the feasibility of the proposed self-contained sensor network framework. To enhance the system efficiency and reliability, high-permeability proppants are injected in the hydraulic fracture to increase mutual induction; while the tri-directional MI coil antenna is designed to achieve omnidirectional coverage. The theoretical models and numerical results are validated by the widely used finite element simulation software COMSOL Multiphysics.

Analysis and Improvement of a Robust User Authentication Framework for Ubiquitous Sensor Networks

As an infrastructure of the ubiquitous sensor networks, the wireless sensor network plays an important role in generation of multi-networks integrated system. And currently the wireless sensor network is not only being used to monitor and analyze information about the environment but also being used for more dynamic systems. The security system is one of standards for measuring whether a wireless sensor networks is an outstanding wireless sensor network. RUASN proposes a robust user authentication framework for wireless sensor networks, based on a two-factor concept. This proposed scheme possessed many advantages against major existing attacks and performed well at efficiency and low consumption. However, we have identified that the resistance of collusion attacks is weak. After analyzing, we proved that we can obtain the session key via controlling a compromised sensor node and using the collusion attack when a user wants to establish a session with a legal node. Therefore, to enhance the resistance of collusion attacks, we present two ways to solve the security drawbacks of RUASN scheme. One is to add a slight improvement into the RUASN scheme to enhance this scheme. Another is using the Hardware Security Module. After a simple analysis, we have proved that the improved scheme can resist the collusion attack.

Monitoring power transmission lines using a wireless sensor network

AbstractPower transmission is the bulk transfer of electrical energy from power plants to sub‐stations. A wireless sensor network is a promising technology for transmission line monitoring due to its low cost, easy installation, large‐scale coverage, and fault tolerance characteristics. A wireless sensor network is application‐specific; therefore, we investigate the new features and requirements of the wireless sensor network used in transmission line monitoring. Then, we propose an efficient wireless sensor network framework, which includes a clustering algorithm to simplify network management and to balance the network's energy consumption and a hybrid media access control (MAC) (H‐MAC) protocol to handle traffic variability. The framework takes advantage of the features of network topology and traffic pattern to optimize the protocols' performance on real time and energy efficiency. The results indicate that the H‐MAC shows a significant improvement in the network's reliability, real‐time performance, and energy efficiency, and the cluster hierarchy can balance the network's energy consumption. Furthermore, the cluster hierarchy also prolongs the network's lifetime. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Design and Implementation of AIRF: A Anycast-Based Integrated Routing Framework for WSNs

In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), asynchronous sleep wake scheduling protocols can significantly reduce energy consumption without incurring the communication overhead. However, the savings could come at a significant cost in delay performance. In this paper, we consider anycast-based integrated routing framework (AIRF) to reduce the cost in delay performance of communications in multihop WSNs. Without tight time synchronization or known geographic information, AIRF provides low-delay cost route. We implement a low-overhead AIRF module in TinyOS kernel by modifying BLIP protocol stack, i.e., the Berkeley Low-power IP stack; as demonstrated, this implementation can be incorporated into existing routing protocols with the least effort. We describe in detail the format of AIRF message, the dynamic updating process of mapping record information, and anycast data flow under TinyOS. And then, we present the anycast group management system. Finally, we analyze the application performance of AIRF in balancing network load, network lifetime, and delay performance.