Service Framework Research Articles

Understanding treatment decisions for Hodgkin lymphoma: a qualitative study

Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) affects older and younger patients and includes multiple options for initial treatment. We sought to examine the decision processes of practicing oncologists caring for patients with newly diagnosed HL. Through semi-structured interviews, we explored their perspectives about treatment decisions. We completed thematic analysis using the Anderson Behavioral Model of Health Services framework to identify factors associated with initial decisions. We completed 22 interviews, grouping findings into contextual factors, individual characteristics, and physician preferences. Paternalism was widely cited, along with collaboration between community and academic colleagues. Participants used sequential therapy but not geriatric assessment in care for older patients. Physicians had varied responses about use of frontline brentuximab vedotin (Bv)-based therapy based on perceptions about benefit versus toxicity. Our work suggests a need to further understand the heterogeneity of clinical practices, especially in the post-approval setting of new therapies.

For discussion: funding options for digital applications in long-term care

The difficulties of funding digitalization in long-term care according to the German Social Security Code XI (SGBXI) lie in the tasks of providing care, which at the core remain personnel-related. Areduction in personnel or an increase in production revenues, which is the goal of commercial enterprises through digitalization, is only possible in afew fields in the current regulatory framework for care services. Economic effects are lacking both from the point of view of the companies and from the point of view of the community of solidarity. Only through the transformation of long-term care toward collaborative production in local networks will digitalization attain greater significance and generate added value.

Potentializing Green-IoT, AI and 6G Technologies in Computational Thinking

Computational thinking is a problem-solving approach that involves breaking down complex problems into smaller, more manageable parts and identifying patterns and relationships between different components whereas Green-IoT and Artificial Intelligence (AI) in 6G environment are important approaches for potentializing an effective Computational Thinking solution. AI approaches involve developing algorithms that can learn from data, make predictions and decisions, and perform complex tasks without explicit programming. When it comes to Green-IoT, both computational thinking and Artificial Intelligence can be used to analyze and interpret the massive amounts of data generated by connected devices using 6G communication networks. This can lead to more intelligent and efficient use of resources, as well as improved automation of various processes. The combination of Green-IoT, AI and 6G Technologies in computational thinking has the potential to transform various industries including the educational one and improve the quality of life for individuals is expected to lead to new applications and services that are more intelligent, efficient, and personalized. This research presents a review on computational thinking, particularly, we first give an overview of essential parameters through Green-IoT enabled sensor technologies under 5G, 6G environment and Artificial Intelligence. We then present an overview of requirements of basic architecture for IoT and AI based computational thinking system considering key attributes to potentialize social applications and discussing their strengths and weaknesses in the context of framework for community services. Finally, we present various security threats to an AI-based architecture to design robust and resilient computational thinking services system needed in the context of social networking.

Potentializing Green-IoT, AI and 6G Technologies in Computational Thinking

Computational thinking is a problem-solving approach that involves breaking down complex problems into smaller, more manageable parts and identifying patterns and relationships between different components whereas Green-IoT and Artificial Intelligence (AI) in 6G environment are important approaches for potentializing an effective Computational Thinking solution. AI approaches involve developing algorithms that can learn from data, make predictions and decisions, and perform complex tasks without explicit programming. When it comes to Green-IoT, both computational thinking and Artificial Intelligence can be used to analyze and interpret the massive amounts of data generated by connected devices using 6G communication networks. This can lead to more intelligent and efficient use of resources, as well as improved automation of various processes. The combination of Green-IoT, AI and 6G Technologies in computational thinking has the potential to transform various industries and improve the quality of life for individuals is expected to lead to new applications and services that are more intelligent, efficient, and personalized. However, it is important to consider the ethical implications of using these technologies and to ensure that they are used in a responsible and transparent manner. This research presents a review on computational thinking, particularly, we first give an overview of essential parameters through Green-IoT enabled sensor technologies under 5G, 6G environment and Artificial Intelligence. We then present a basic architecture for IoT and AI based computational thinking system considering key requirements to potentialize social applications discussing their strengths and weaknesses in the context of framework for community services. Finally, we explored various security threats for Artificial Intelligence based architecture and their solutions with a comprehensive methodology to design robust and resilient computational thinking services system needed in the context of social networking and related issues.

ISSUES OF ACCOUNTING INFORMATION DISCLOSURES FOR ECOSYSTEM SERVICES (IFRS-S1 INTERPRETATIONS)

Measuring and reporting the results of ecosystem services is currently challenging accounting. On the one hand, the business activity takes advantage of ecosystem services, creating entrepreneurial benefits, on the other hand, business tries to restore the damage to ecosystems and ensure sustainable development, that need accountability for their results. The article interprets the core provisions of the IFRS-S1 standard in the framework of ecosystem services, presenting the priorities of sustainable development information disclosures. In particular, emphasis is positioned on information disclosures of ecosystem services in the financial reports published by organizations in the short-term, medium-term and long-term.
 

Private Security Companies in Ethiopia: An Insight from a Rights Perspective

In Ethiopia, the private security services sector has grown considerably over the previous three decades. Although the sector has a positive role in the protection of persons, property and institutions, there are concerns, inter alia, regarding the violation of rights of employees. This article examines the privatization of security services in Ethiopia from a rights perspective. Specifically, it deals with the extent of privatization and its implication on rights of its employees, the obligation of state and private operators to ensure the rights commonly violated, the drivers for the violations, and the measures that need to be taken to rectify the situation. A combination of doctrinal and non-doctrinal approaches was employed to conduct this study. The study is based on both primary and secondary data through in-depth interviews, focus group discussion, observation, and document reviews. The study indicates that the private security service sector is one of the grey areas of rights abuses including labor exploitation, poor working conditions, and workplace discrimination. These abuses emanate from the practice of employment agencies and the existing regulatory frameworks. I argue that the adoption of a comprehensive private security industry legislation and the establishment of a framework for private security services providers’ regulation and oversight will assist to address the rights violations that have been observed in the sector.

Navigating the facilitation journey: a qualitative, longitudinal evaluation of ‘Eat Walk Engage’ novice and experienced facilitators

BackgroundThe Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services (PARIHS) and integrated-PARIHS (i-PARIHS) frameworks position facilitation as an overarching strategy to enable implementation. In the revised i-PARIHS framework, facilitation is operationalised through a multi-level model with novice, experienced and expert facilitators working together in a network structure to build facilitation knowledge and skills along a continuum. To date, there has been limited evaluation of this facilitation model in practice, which is the aim of the study reported here.MethodsA descriptive, qualitative longitudinal study was undertaken to track a team of four novice and two experienced facilitators involved in facilitating the implementation of an intervention known as ‘Eat Walk Engage’ to improve multidisciplinary team delivery of age-friendly care principles in hospital. Over an 18-month period, repeat interviews were conducted to explore the learning, development, and evolving roles of novice facilitators and the roles of the experienced facilitators in providing support and mentoring. Interview data were analysed using a descriptive qualitative approach and findings were interpreted in collaboration with the participating facilitators.ResultsThe findings demonstrated experiential learning in both the novice and experienced facilitator groups as they enacted their roles in practice. The novice facilitators progressively transitioned to becoming more experienced facilitators and the experienced facilitators became increasingly expert, in line with the i-PARIHS concept of a facilitation journey from novice to expert. Strategies to support this development included a staggered approach to learning, regular meetings between the experienced and novice facilitators, reflective writing and informal peer support and networking. However, the roles were not without challenge and these challenges changed over time, from a more specific focus on the demands of the facilitator role to concerns about embedding and sustaining improvements in practice.ConclusionsWithin a network of peers and a mentored relationship with more experienced facilitators, individuals who are new to an implementation facilitator role can transition along a continuum to become experienced facilitators. Building implementation facilitation capability in this way takes time and requires tailored support and mentorship using a mix of structured and flexible approaches incorporating opportunities for reflection to support individual and group learning.

Specialist treatment for persistent depression in secondary care: Sustained effects from a multicentre UK study at 24 and 36 months

BackgroundDespite the known health costs of persistent depression, there is no established service framework for the treatment of this disorder and a lack of long-term outcome data to inform commissioning. To address this gap, we report the long-term clinical effectiveness of a randomised controlled trial (RCT) testing a specialist, collaborative model of care for people with persistent moderate to severe unipolar depression. MethodsA multicentre, pragmatic, single-blind, parallel-group randomised controlled trial comparing outcomes from a Specialist Depression Service (SDS) offering collaborative treatment with cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and pharmacotherapy for 12 months with treatment as usual (TAU) for persistent, moderate-severe depression in UK secondary care. Participants were initially assessed at baseline, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 18 months, with primary endpoints (17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale [HDRS17], and a Global Assessment of Functioning [GAF]) reported elsewhere (Morriss et al., 2016). Additional long-term, post-treatment, follow-up was made at 24 and 36 months with outcomes presented here. ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01047124) and ISRCTN registration (ISRCTN 10963342). ResultsAt 24 months there remained a statistically significant between-group difference in HDRS17–2.69 (−5.14, −0.23) and a non-significant improvement in GAF 2.85 (−1.23, 6.94), both favouring the SDS. Simple statistics are presented at 36 months, due to attrition, showing higher continued response and remission vs TAU across all measures. LimitationsPotential bias through loss to follow-up, particularly beyond 24 months. ConclusionsCompared with standard secondary care, SDS management of persistent moderate-severe depression, produced long-term clinical benefits, sustained following treatment completion, suggesting a model for future specialist care.

Enabling Expedited Disposition of Emergencies Using Telepsychiatry in Israel: Protocol for a Hybrid Implementation Study.

Telepsychiatry is the use of virtual communication, such as a video link, to deliver mental health assessment, treatment, and follow-up. Previous studies have shown telepsychiatry to be feasible, accurate compared with in-person practice, and satisfying for psychiatrists and patients. Telepsychiatry has also been associated with reduced waiting times for evaluation and, in some studies, lower admission rates. However, most previous studies focused on using telepsychiatry in community settings and not on involuntary admission. The aim of this study is to examine the effectiveness and implementation process of patient assessment for involuntary admissions in the psychiatric emergency department (ED) using a video link. This type 1 hybrid implementation study will examine telepsychiatry effectiveness and the implementation process, by comparing telepsychiatry (n=240) with historical controls who had a face-to-face evaluation (n=240) during the previous, usual care period in 5 psychiatric EDs in Israel. A temporary waiver of the standing policy requiring in-person evaluations only, for the purpose of research, was obtained from the Israeli Ministry of Health. During the telepsychiatry phase, clinical staff and patients will join a video call from the ED, while the attending physician will log in elsewhere. The Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services (PARIHS) framework will guide the evaluation of the telepsychiatry implementation process in the ED. PARIHS has the following 3 constructs: (1) evidence: staff's opinions regarding the innovation's viability and practicality, their satisfaction levels with its use, and patients' perceptions of the change; (2) context: level of approval of new strategies in the ED, decision-making processes, and the manner in which clinical teams converse and work together; (3) facilitation: adequacy of the facilitation efforts using champions reports. Primary clinical outcomes include ED length of stay and violent incidents obtained from medical records. This study received Helsinki approval from the Ethics Committee of Abarbanel Mental Health Center (174; March 13, 2023), Jerusalem Mental Health Center (22-21; November 6, 2022), Lev-Hasharon Mental Health Medical Center (LH12023; February 12, 2023), Tel-Aviv Medical Center (TLV-22-0656; January 3, 2023), and Sha'ar Menashe (1-4-23; April 18, 2023). Data collection began in July 2023 in 2 study sites and will begin soon at the others. Telepsychiatry could have significant benefits for patients in the psychiatric ED. Examining telepsychiatry effectiveness in the ED, in addition to identifying the facilitators and barriers of implementing it in different emergency settings, will facilitate better policy decisions regarding its implementation. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05771545; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05771545. DERR1-10.2196/49405.

Post-epidemic health system recovery: A comparative case study analysis of routine immunization programs in the Republics of Haiti and Liberia.

Large-scale epidemics in resource-constrained settings disrupt delivery of core health services, such as routine immunization. Rebuilding and strengthening routine immunization programs following epidemics is an essential step toward improving vaccine equity and averting future outbreaks. We performed a comparative case study analysis of routine immunization program recovery in Liberia and Haiti following the 2014-16 West Africa Ebola epidemic and 2010s cholera epidemic, respectively. First, we triangulated data between the peer-reviewed and grey literature; in-depth key informant interviews with subject matter experts; and quantitative metrics of population health and health system functioning. We used these data to construct thick descriptive narratives for each case. Finally, we performed a cross-case comparison by applying a thematic matrix based on the Essential Public Health Services framework to each case narrative. In Liberia, post-Ebola routine immunization coverage surpassed pre-epidemic levels, a feat attributable to investments in surveillance, comprehensive risk communication, robust political support for and leadership around immunization, and strong public-sector recovery planning. Recovery efforts in Haiti were fragmented across a broad range of non-governmental agencies. Limitations in funding, workforce development, and community engagement further impeded vaccine uptake. Consequently, Haiti reported significant disparities in subnational immunization coverage following the epidemic. This study suggests that embedding in-country expertise within outbreak response structures, respecting governmental autonomy, aligning post-epidemic recovery plans and policies, and integrating outbreak response assets into robust systems of primary care contribute to higher, more equitable levels of routine immunization coverage in resource-constrained settings recovering from epidemics.

Implementing a Screen-Clean-Hydrate bundle of care for improving swallow screening, oral health, and hydration in acute stroke: Protocol for a Type 2 hybrid-effectiveness pre-post study.

Stroke clinical guidelines recommend care processes that optimize patient outcomes and minimize hospital-acquired complications. However, audits and surveys illustrate that recommended care is not always consistently or thoroughly implemented. This paper outlines the methods for implementing and evaluating a new bundle of care. Screen-Clean-Hydrate bundles together recommendations from the Australian Clinical Guidelines for Stroke Management and supplements these with evidence-informed best practice from the literature for: swallow screening within 4 h of presentation to hospital (Screen); oral health assessment and delivery of oral care (Clean); and hydration assessment and management (Hydrate). The study is a pre-post Type 2 hybrid effectiveness/implementation design with an embedded process evaluation, which will be conducted in two acute stroke units in a capital city of Australia. The integrated-Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services (iPARIHS) framework will be used to guide study design, conduct, and evaluation. Clinical effectiveness will be measured by rates of hospital-acquired complications and proxy measures of cost (length of stay, procedure costs) for 60 patient participants pre- and postimplementation. Implementation outcomes will focus on acceptability, feasibility, uptake and fidelity, and identification of barriers and enablers to implementation through staff interviews, medical record audits, and researcher field notes. Due to its design as a hybrid effectiveness/implementation study, once completed, the study will provide information on both intervention and implementation effectiveness, including details of successful and unsuccessful multidisciplinary implementation strategies. This will inform a larger multisite effectiveness/implementation trial for future upscale, leading to improved compliance with stroke guidelines and therefore stroke outcomes.

Exploring the influence of service employees' characteristics on their willingness to work with service robots

PurposeThis research empirically investigates how service employees' ratings of technology readiness (TRI), negative attitudes towards robots (NARS), Big Five personality traits (BFI) and emotional demands (ED) affect their willingness to work with service robots (WTW).Design/methodology/approachOne set of data is collected from 410 service employees expected to work with service robots in Study 1. Another set of field data is collected from 102 employees working with service robots in Study 2. Hierarchical regression is used to test hypotheses about the impact of technology readiness, negative attitudes towards robots and Big Five personality traits on WTW. Additionally, the interactions of emotional demands in the workplace are analysed.FindingsTRI-optimism and TRI-insecurity significantly affect WTW in Study 2 but are nonsignificant in Study 1. The impacts of NARS-emotions in interaction with robots and NARS-interaction with robots situations on WTW are significant in Study 1 but nonsignificant in Study 2. Moreover, BFI-neuroticism negatively affected WTW in Study 1, while these effects were nonsignificant in Study 2. Finally, emotional demands significantly interact with three of eleven dimensions of IVs in Study 1, but all interactions are nonsignificant in Study 2.Practical implicationsThis research provides a guiding framework for service companies to screen employees expected to cowork with service robots, to enhance newly hired employees' WTW and to improve existing employees' WTW.Originality/valueIntegrating the characteristics of service employees, service robots and jobs into a theoretical framework, this research is the first to empirically examine the effects of service employees' several critical characteristics (technology readiness, negative attitudes towards robots and Big Five personality) on WTW and the moderation of job characteristics (emotional demands).

Data-Driven Safe Deliveries: The Synergy of IoT and Machine Learning in Shared Mobility

Shared mobility is one of the smart city applications in which traditional individually owned vehicles are transformed into shared and distributed ownership. Ensuring the safety of both drivers and riders is a fundamental requirement in shared mobility. This work aims to design and implement an adequate framework for shared mobility within the context of a smart city. The characteristics of shared mobility are identified, leading to the proposal of an effective solution for real-time data collection, tracking, and automated decisions focusing on safety. Driver and rider safety is considered by identifying dangerous driving behaviors and the prompt response to accidents. Furthermore, a trip log is recorded to identify the reasons behind the accident. A prototype implementation is presented to validate the proposed framework for a delivery service using motorbikes. The results demonstrate the scalability of the proposed design and the integration of the overall system to enhance the rider’s safety using machine learning techniques. The machine learning approach identifies dangerous driving behaviors with an accuracy of 91.59% using the decision tree approach when compared against the support vector machine and K-nearest neighbor approaches.

Effect of Adolescent Health Policies on Health Outcomes in India

Adolescence is a crucial phase marked by significant physical, psychological, emotional, and social changes. India has the world’s largest adolescent population. Understanding and addressing their health needs is vital for the nation’s social, political, and economic progress. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the main adolescent health policies and strategies implemented from 2006 to 2020 and analyze the outcomes for adolescent health in India. To achieve this objective, the research adopted a mixed-method approach, combining qualitative and quantitative analyses of health policies, strategies, and programs implemented since 2005. Additionally, data from the most recent three Demographic Health Surveys (DHSs) were analyzed and compared to assess changes in adolescent health indicators after implementing these policies/strategies. The findings focused on India’s major adolescent health policies, namely the Adolescent Reproductive and Sexual Health (ARSH) Strategy2005, Rashtriya Kishor Swasthya Karyakram (RKSK) 2014, and the School Health Program 2020. All the strategies and programs aim to provide a comprehensive framework for sexual and reproductive health services, expand the scope of adolescent health programming, and address various health aspects. The analysis highlighted strengths in targeted interventions, monitoring, and promotion but weaknesses in awareness, societal barriers, and healthcare worker participation. Opportunities include female-friendly clinics and education about early pregnancy, while addressing substance abuse and training volunteers remain challenges. Family planning has improved with higher contraception usage and a decline in unmet needs. The incidence of violence decreased, and positive health behaviors increased, such as condom use. However, challenges remain, including limited access to health services, concerns about female providers, and low health insurance coverage. Nutrition indicators showed a slight increase in overweight/obesity and anemia rates. In conclusion, progress has been made, but certain adolescent health aspects still require attention. Further efforts are needed to achieve universal health coverage and improve adolescent health outcomes. Conducting targeted awareness campaigns, strengthening health worker and NGO engagement, and combating the increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity among adolescents are recommended.

Co-creation Practices and Service Outcomes: A Transformative Health Service Framework

This study investigates how the dimensions of service quality and providers’ supportive co-creation practices impact service satisfaction, which affects behavioral intentions and quality-of-life in a developing country. Customers in developing countries evaluate their co-creation efforts differently than those in developed countries. Hence, this study also explores the moderating effects of customer efforts in value co-creation activities on wellbeing enhancement. A transformative framework for healthcare services was developed using transformative service research (TSR) and value co-creation perspectives. Data collected from 421 healthcare customers were used to test the proposed model using structural equation modeling. The results indicate that timeliness, tangibles, technical quality, engagement facilitation, risk assessment, and relationship quality positively influence service satisfaction. The results also reveal that customer efforts in value co-creation activities bolster the effects of service satisfaction on behavioral intention and quality-of-life. The results offer important insights into how healthcare organizations can utilize supportive co-creation practices to enhance business and societal impacts. This study offers a transformative service framework depicting the enhancement of service outcomes through practical unification of the roles of service providers and customers in the healthcare context. Hence, this study contributes to the research agenda in TSR and, more importantly, healthcare management in developing countries.

Distributed risk-constrained strategy management of cloud energy storage for residential and electricity market services provision

Energy storage systems can improve the performance of home energy management systems and also provide ancillary services in electricity markets. However, the economic and technical insufficiency of individual home storage units, makes employing them inefficient for domestic storage and market applications, respectively. Therefore, central storage units with capacity sharing capability to small consumers as Cloud Energy Storages (CESs) are becoming a promising solution, and are also potentially able to contribute to ancillary service provision in the market. In this context, this paper aims to develop a novel stochastic day-ahead distributed management framework for CES to simultaneously adopt the optimal strategy of storage allocation for photovoltaic-integrated homes and participation in energy and ancillary service markets. The developed distributed framework is formulated within the Benders decomposition approach in which CES strategy and home energy management systems are optimized through master and subproblems based on linear mathematical models, respectively. Furthermore, the uncertainty of market prices is handled by the Conditional Value at Risk (CVaR) method. The developed model is assessed through real-world case studies of ERCOT. The results highlight the effectiveness of the collaborative service framework for both CES and households. Energy arbitrage through local storage services compensates for CES's challenges such as degradation and low power rating in the provision of energy services. These improvements benefit CES owners with higher net revenues and households with reduced cost of electricity supply.

Education for Women Empowerment: Perceptions and Experiences of Female University Graduates in Rwanda

Despite the quantitative representativity of women in decision making in the political bodies and education, less is still known about their post-university experiences at the self- and social levels. The study at hand examines the perceptions and experiences of female university graduates in Rwanda. Personnel curricular planning or quality services frameworks are dependent on representations of a genderless society and rest on a mind-set of presumed objectivity and merit-informed decisions. This paper is centred on education for women empowerment with the focus on their perceptions and experiences as graduates from the universities in Rwanda. The paper’s objective was to understand their empowerment and acceptance by society and assess the level of challenges that they are encountering after higher education. Due to its exploratory nature, a qualitative research approach was adopted to collect data from 7 participants purposely selected from diverse professions. The data were analysed using content analysis with iterative deductive–inductive identifications of themes and from the findings of the study it is expected that the participants would indicate their perception of the change in their status after leaving higher education, the treatment they are confronted with at the level of their families, and the society, the manner in which they perceive themselves with other women who are less educated, and how despite their attainment of tertiary education, they are still confronted with a myriad of challenges. In perspective, this paper would identify policy and research recommendations that can go a long way to stem the tides.

Unleashing the digital building bricks

The increasing online competition, associated changes in customer behaviors, and effects of the pandemic in recent years have led to increasing retail store closures. This development has given rise to a downward spiral in terms of a decreasing attractiveness of local shopping places and a further reduction of stores. Research has recognized that smart services can unleash the potential to compensate for the competitive disadvantages of physical retailers by combining tailored physical and digital offerings to enhance customer-oriented value creation. However, most approaches are limited to in-store services without addressing the wider shopping experience in retail surroundings. Therefore, this paper provides a classification framework for smart services in retail evaluated against 163 use cases, as well as six service archetypes. This work contributes to understanding relevant service design elements and proposes applying the idea of a holistic customer experience to service design in physical retail environments.

Study protocol for a case series: implementation and evaluation of an integrated mental and physical healthcare programme to screen for mental health symptoms in people with epilepsy

IntroductionThe prevalence of mental health symptoms in people with epilepsy (PWE) is elevated compared with that of the general population. These symptoms can negatively impact epilepsy management and patient outcomes...

Which Attributes Should be Considered in Regulating the Internet of Things? Evidence From Conjoint Analysis

With rapid development in the Internet infrastructure, new and innovative services using the Internet of Things (IoT) have emerged. Despite the wide range of topics regarding IoT services that have been discussed, regulatory concerns solely concentrate on personal information and privacy protection in academic research and legislation. In other words, a comprehensive regulatory framework for IoT services should be developed with potential consumers in mind; however, relevant studies are lacking. To bridge this research gap, this study estimates consumer preferences to build an appropriate regulation for IoT service deployment. The study uses conjoint analysis and a layered model to investigate the importance of attributes for IoT services as part of the consideration supporting IoT regulations. Based on the estimation results, all attributes of the IoT services are relevant to potential consumers, and as an example of IoT applications, the Big Data analysis application is more critical to consumers in terms of marginal willingness-to-pay and relative importance. Furthermore, a new type of vertical integration is appealing to potential customers. Policymakers can benefit from the development of various IoT policies, simultaneous pursuits of IoT application innovation and privacy concerns, and nondiscriminatory regulation principles.