Framework For Prescription Research Articles

Application of the Framework for Exercise Prescription

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Movement Analysis of Australian National League Soccer Players Using Global Positioning System Technology

Player activity profiles of match play provide valuable information for optimal athlete training prescriptions, competition strategies, and managing load and recovery and are currently lacking in elite Australian-league (A-League) soccer. The aims of the study were, therefore, to (a) determine match activity profiles for elite A-League soccer players and make match-half and positional comparisons and (b) examine the effect of situational factors including evolving match status (drawing, winning, or losing) and goals being scored and conceded on selected match activity profile variables. Global positioning system tracking devices were used to determine activity profiles of 19 elite male adult soccer players during 8 preseason matches (n = 95 files). Total distance, average speed, high-intensity running (HIR) distance, and very high-intensity running distance decreased from the first to the second half by 7.92, 9.47, 10.10, and 10.99%, respectively. Midfielders covered 11.69% more total distance, 28.08% more HIR distance, and had a 10.93% higher average speed than defenders (p ≤ 0.05; d = 1.90, 1.03, and 1.83, respectively). Attackers performed 27.50 and 30.24% less medium accelerations than defenders and midfielders, respectively (p < 0.01; d = 1.54, and 1.73). When the team was winning, average speed was 4.17% lower than when the team was drawing (p ≤ 0.05, d = 0.32). Scoring or conceding goals did not appear to affect HIR. This study adds to limited knowledge of match demands in elite A-League soccer. The match activity profiles provide descriptive benchmarks that could be used to make comparisons with other elite level soccer populations while also providing a framework for game-specific training prescription, competition strategy, and load management. The generalization that defenders experience a relatively lower match load may be questionable given their relatively high acceleration and deceleration demands.

Movement analysis of Australian national league soccer players using global positioning system technology

Player activity profiles of match play provide valuable information for optimal athlete training prescriptions, competition strategies, and managing load and recovery and are currently lacking in elite Australian-league (A-League) soccer. The aims of the study were, therefore, to (a) determine match activity profiles for elite A-League soccer players and make match-half and positional comparisons and (b) examine the effect of situational factors including evolving match status (drawing, winning, or losing) and goals being scored and conceded on selected match activity profile variables. Global positioning system tracking devices were used to determine activity profiles of 19 elite male adult soccer players during 8 preseason matches (n = 95 files). Total distance, average speed, high-intensity running (HIR) distance, and very high-intensity running distance decreased from the first to the second half by 7.92, 9.47, 10.10, and 10.99%, respectively. Midfielders covered 11.69% more total distance, 28.08% more HIR distance, and had a 10.93% higher average speed than defenders (p ≤ 0.05; d = 1.90, 1.03, and 1.83, respectively). Attackers performed 27.50 and 30.24% less medium accelerations than defenders and midfielders, respectively (p < 0.01; d = 1.54, and 1.73). When the team was winning, average speed was 4.17% lower than when the team was drawing (p ≤ 0.05, d = 0.32). Scoring or conceding goals did not appear to affect HIR. This study adds to limited knowledge of match demands in elite A-League soccer. The match activity profiles provide descriptive benchmarks that could be used to make comparisons with other elite level soccer populations while also providing a framework for game-specific training prescription, competition strategy, and load management. The generalization that defenders experience a relatively lower match load may be questionable given their relatively high acceleration and deceleration demands.

Cognitive Function and Assistive Technology for Cognition: A Systematic Review

The relationship between assistive technology for cognition (ATC) and cognitive function was examined using a systematic review. A literature search identified 89 publications reporting 91 studies of an ATC intervention in a clinical population. The WHO International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) was used to categorize the cognitive domains being assisted and the tasks being performed. Results show that ATC have been used to effectively support cognitive functions relating to attention, calculation, emotion, experience of self, higher level cognitive functions (planning and time management) and memory. The review makes three contributions: (1) It reviews existing ATC in terms of cognitive function, thus providing a framework for ATC prescription on the basis of a profile of cognitive deficits, (2) it introduces a new classification of ATC based on cognitive function, and (3) it identifies areas for future ATC research and development.

Walking Faster

With the growth of pedometry, physical activity recommendations have been distilled to a simple focus on ambulatory volume (i.e., 10,000 steps/day). Although energy balance may be most affected by volume, the concomitant lack of focus on physical activity intensity may undermine realization of intensity-dependent outcomes for those with type 2 diabetes, particularly cardiorespiratory fitness because of its inverse association with HbA1c (A1C) (1) and its predictive power for cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in this population (2–4). Historically, a multicomponent framework, commonly known as FITT (frequency, intensity, time, and type) was used to prescribe how often (frequency per week), at what intensity (typically as indicated by heart rate), for how long (duration or time), and what type of activity (typically aerobic) one should pursue for health or performance outcomes. At a population level, there has been a secular trend in the emphasis on the interrelated factors of FITT. For example, in 1975, physical activity recommendations promoted aerobic exercise (type) at 3–5 days/week (frequency) at 70–90% of heart rate reserve (intensity) for 20–45 min (time). By 2000, recommendations had evolved to promote aerobic activity 7 days/week at an intensity of 40–85% of heart rate reserve for ≥20 min (5). The variables that compose this framework for prescription are contained within the clinical practice guidelines from both the American Diabetes Association and the Canadian Diabetes Association (5,6). Regardless of the details of the framework underlying these recommendations, however, the challenge remains how to 1 ) feasibly translate all FITT …

A Conceptual Framework for Performance Diagnosis and Training Prescription from Submaximal Gas Exchange Parameters - Theory and Application

The first part of this article intends to give an applicable framework for the evaluation of endurance capacity as well as for the derivation of exercise prescription by the use of two gas exchange thresholds: aerobic (AerTGE) and anaerobic (AnTGE). AerT GE corresponds to the first increase in blood lactate during incremental exercise whereas AnTGE approximates the maximal lactate steady state. With very few constraints, they are valid in competitive athletes, sedentary subjects, and patients. In the second part of the paper, the practical application of gas exchange thresholds in cross-sectional and longitudinal studies is described, thereby further validating the 2-threshold model. It is shown that AerTGE and AnTGE can reliably distinguish between different states of endurance capacity and that they can well detect training-induced changes. Factors influencing their relationship to the maximal oxygen uptake are discussed. Finally, some approaches of using gas exchange thresholds for exercise prescription in athletes, healthy subjects, and chronically diseased patients are addressed.

Breyer's Regulation and Its Reform

comprehensiveness of both the analysis and the prescription. Beginning with a survey and classification of the various contexts in which regulation is or is seen to be called for-a taxonomy that provides the framework for the entire study-, Breyer then devotes six chapters to a description and appraisal of the six principal regulatory methods-classical cost-of-service ratemaking, historically based price regulation, allocation under a public interest standard, standard setting, historically based allocation, and individualized screening. He next considers various alternatives to classical regulation, and then proceeds to a chapter-by-chapter exposition of three regulatory mismatches-instances in which the wrong regulatory solution was adopted for the particular problem perceived; one partial mismatch; one possible match; and the strategy and process, in which he participated actively, of correcting one of those mismatches-the adoption of classical regulation to handle a perceived problem of excessive competition among airlines. Finally, he wraps up the entire analysis in an excellent concluding chapter, Generic Approaches to Regulatory Reform. A table in a middle chapter, 10, provides an illuminating summary of the approachthe organization of the entire exposition and the framework for diagnosis and prescription: