Framework For Oversight Research Articles

Systematic Literature Review (SLR): Transparency And Accountability In Village Financial Management

Village financial management plays a crucial role in supporting sustainable development and enhancing community welfare. With the enactment of Law No. 6 of 2014, villages in Indonesia have been granted autonomy to manage their finances, including the allocation and utilization of Village Funds. However, the primary challenges remain the lack of transparency and accountability, which often result in budget mismanagement and diminished public trust. This study adopts a systematic literature review (SLR) methodology, analyzing seven relevant studies on transparency, accountability, and village financial management. The findings reveal that transparency in disclosing information regarding the allocation and expenditure of village funds fosters greater community participation and enhances public trust. Furthermore, accountability—defined as adherence to legal regulations and compliance with government accounting standards—emerges as a critical factor in maintaining legitimacy and sustaining public confidence. The integration of technology, such as the Village Financial Information System (Sistem Keuangan Desa or Siskeudes), significantly bolsters both transparency and accountability by streamlining financial processes and enabling real-time monitoring. Additionally, effective village financial management necessitates a synergistic approach, combining the technical precision of accounting practices with the participatory and inclusive nature of public administration. Community involvement is identified as a cornerstone of this system, ensuring a responsive and sustainable framework for financial oversight and governance. This research underscores the importance of aligning technical and social dimensions in village financial management to achieve governance that is both effective and sustainable

A Critical Analysis on Constitutional Remedies in Administrative Actions in India.

This research delves into the flaws within the Indian administrative actions with helps of administrative law and Constitutional remedies through judicial supremacy of judicial review system pertaining to the administrative actions and propose potentials reforms for improvements. Given the intricate bureaucracy and evolving regulatory landscape of the Indian administrative framework, a robust and efficient mechanism for judicial oversight becomes imperative. Delays in adjudication, limited access to justice, inconsistent review standards, and the imperative for heightened transparency and accountability are some of the flaws that have been identified. Actually, the problem of administrative action is very complex. It is correctly said that absolutely corrupts absolutely. It leads to arbitrariness in many situations. So, in India the Art.14 which the significant one of the Fundamental Rights guaranteed to Indian citizens and is also considered to be the beauty of the Indian Constitution acts as a major check to this arbitrariness arising due to administrative discretion of bias, affirmative action and etc. The study aims comprehensively comprehend existing shortcomings through a meticulous analysis of these challenges. Proposed reforms encompass procedural improvements, legislative modifications and judicial interventions. Evaluation is conducted to ascertain the viability of specialised administrative tribunals, alternative dispute resolution mechanisms and standardized review criteria for stream lining the judicial review process. Additionally, the research explores the role of technology in expediting adjudication and promoting transparency. In alignment with the international standards, the study acknowledges the significance of public participation in administrative decision-making and the assimilation of global best practices. Emphasis is placed on maintaining alternative efficiency while ensuring an effective review process. The research illuminates the intricate interplay between judicial activism and restraint, illustrating how diverse philosophies impact the extent of court exercised review powers. By critically examining these reforms, the study seeks to contribute vital insights to the ongoing discourse on augmenting the judicial review.

Community Engagement in BUMDes PUJA BERSINAR Management Practices

Background: This study explores the critical role of village-owned enterprises (BUMDes) in improving community welfare through effective management. Specific Background: It focuses on the management of BUMDes Puja Bersinar and the challenges it encounters. Knowledge Gap: There is limited understanding of the practical implementation of oversight frameworks in BUMDes, particularly regarding community involvement and transparency. Aims: The study aims to analyze the management practices and barriers of BUMDes Puja Bersinar. Results: Findings reveal that while oversight mechanisms exist, challenges such as insufficient internal audits and limited community engagement hinder effective management. Novelty: This research provides new insights into the operational dynamics of BUMDes, emphasizing the need for better participatory practices. Implications: Enhancing financial report transparency and establishing community feedback forums could significantly improve BUMDes management and promote sustainable community welfare outcomes. Highlights : Effective management of BUMDes is crucial for community welfare improvement. Challenges include inadequate internal audits and limited community participation. Enhancing transparency and feedback mechanisms can lead to better operational outcomes. Keywords: BUMDes, community welfare, management practices, transparency, oversight

AI's Role in EFL: Optimizing Opportunities while Mitigating Risks

As artificial intelligence (AI) technologies are increasingly being adopted in educational contexts, it is essential to understand how key stakeholders perceive opportunities and challenges for responsible integration. This mixed-methods study explored EFL teachers' perspectives on utilizing AI tools for instruction, learning activities, and assessment. An online survey collected both quantitative and qualitative data from 150 EFL teachers regarding their experiences, attitudes, and beliefs about AI's pedagogical role and ethical considerations. Descriptive statistics revealed generally positive views of AI's potential for personalized learning and practice opportunities, though ongoing concerns around risks to human interaction, privacy, and bias. Teachers favored collaborative models, with AI playing a supporting role under educator oversight. Significant gaps in teachers' technical literacy and lack of training or support for integration emerged as barriers requiring attention. While potential applications for standardized assessment were acknowledged, ongoing validation of AI models against human judgment was deemed necessary. Qualitative analysis identified uncertainty around AI's impacts on higher-order skill development and communicative competence. Guidelines delineating appropriate roles and oversight frameworks were seen as imperative to ensure aligned, ethical usage maximizing opportunities. This study provides timely empirical insights to inform the development of policies, tools, programs, and practices facilitating the judicious adoption of AI as a partner in strengthening EFL education worldwide through collaborative human-AI partnerships grounded in evidence-based research.

Intelligence Oversight and Accountability in Poland: Has Anything Changed?

The years 1990 and 1991 marked the beginning of a sea change in this particular area of the functioning of the Polish state. The following phenomena were analyzed: Over three decades on from the restitution of the Polish democratic state, how have the focal issues of key intelligence oversight institutions been addressed? How successful was the political transition in the area of intelligence services? The article is composed of four main parts. The first part provides a discussion of the “special services” concept, which determines the Polish institutional framework for intelligence oversight and accountability. Subsequent sections focus on particular forms of intelligence oversight: executive control, parliamentary oversight, and independent oversight. Our focus is on the institutional dimension of state security. The article is intended as an overview of the issue and relies on traditional historical and institutionalist approaches. Our proposal is to conduct a detailed case study to present the current situation in a country in East Central Europe, with the aim of generating general findings that could be used to guide reform efforts.

Ensuring AI Accountability: The Need for Expedited Oversight Frameworks Based On EU

The inevitability of artificial intelligence (AI) impacting every facet of our life is already evident in many ways. Nations are contending with the prospects and difficulties that AI offers. India has emerged as a frontrunner among South Asian nations in spearheading the promotion and regulation of AI. Nevertheless, it falls far behind nations like China or the United States. This article examines the AI ecosystem in India, including the risks and problems it encounters, as well as the ethical concerns it must address. Ultimately, it analyses the need for a comprehensive framework based on the EU regulation for a better control and regulation.

Virology-the path forward.

In the United States (US), biosafety and biosecurity oversight of research on viruses is being reappraised. Safety in virology research is paramount and oversight frameworks should be reviewed periodically. Changes should be made with care, however, to avoid impeding science that is essential for rapidly reducing and responding to pandemic threats as well as addressing more common challenges caused by infectious diseases. Decades of research uniquely positioned the US to be able to respond to the COVID-19 crisis with astounding speed, delivering life-saving vaccines within a year of identifying the virus. We should embolden and empower this strength, which is a vital part of protecting the health, economy, and security of US citizens. Herein, we offer our perspectives on priorities for revised rules governing virology research in the US.

Artificial intelligence for health insurance: A proposed framework for FDA oversight

Artificial intelligence for health insurance: A proposed framework for FDA oversight

Empowering precision medicine: regenerative AI in breast cancer.

Regenerative AI is transforming breast cancer diagnosis and treatment through enhanced imaging analysis, personalized medicine, drug discovery, and remote patient monitoring. AI algorithms can detect subtle patterns in mammograms and other imaging modalities with high accuracy, potentially leading to earlier diagnoses. In treatment planning, AI integrates patient-specific data to predict individual responses and optimize therapies. For drug discovery, generative AI models rapidly design and screen novel molecules targeting breast cancer pathways. Remote monitoring tools powered by AI provide real-time insights to guide care. Examples include Google's LYNA for analyzing pathology slides, Kheiron's Mia for mammogram interpretation, and Tempus's platform for integrating clinical and genomic data. While promising, challenges remain, including limited high-quality training data, integration into clinical workflows, interpretability of AI decisions, and regulatory/ethical concerns. Strategies to address these include collaborative data-sharing initiatives, user-centered design, explainable AI techniques, and robust oversight frameworks. In developing countries, AI tools like MammoAssist and Niramai's thermal imaging system are improving access to screening. Overall, regenerative AI offers significant potential to enhance breast cancer care, but judicious implementation with awareness of limitations is crucial. Coordinated efforts across the healthcare ecosystem are needed to fully realize AI's benefits while addressing challenges.

A study on security oversight framework for Korean Nuclear Facility regulations

Nuclear security has been emphasized to ensure the safety of the environment and humans, as well as to protect nuclear materials and facilities from malicious attacks. With increasing utilization of nuclear energy and emerging potential threats, there has been a renewed focus on nuclear security. Korea has made efforts to enhance the regulatory oversight processes, both for general and specific legislative systems. While Korea has demonstrated effective nuclear security activities, continuous efforts are necessary to maintain a high level of security and to improve regulatory efficiency in alignment with international standards.In this study, the comprehensive regulatory oversight framework for the security of Korean nuclear facilities has been investigated. For reference, the U.S. regulatory oversight frameworks for nuclear facilities, with a focus on nuclear security, and the motivations of changes in regulatory oversight framework have been identified. By comparing these regulatory programs and frameworks, insights and considerations for enhancing nuclear security regulations have been identified. A comprehensive security inspection program tailored for the Korean regulatory oversight framework has been proposed, and has been preliminarily applied to hypothetical conditions for further discussion.

A theoretical framework for standardized financial advisory services in pension management in Nigeria

Nigeria’s pension management sector is undergoing significant reforms aimed at improving the efficiency and reliability of pension services. Despite these efforts, inconsistencies and gaps in financial advisory services remain a challenge, impacting the effectiveness of pension management. This paper presents a theoretical framework for standardizing financial advisory services specifically within Nigeria's pension sector. The framework aims to address critical issues by proposing a structured approach to enhance service quality, ensure compliance with regulatory standards, and improve client outcomes. The framework encompasses several core components: a regulatory framework for oversight, certification and training requirements for advisors, and standardized advisory practices. The regulatory framework advocates for the establishment of a central regulatory body to enforce compliance, develop comprehensive guidelines, and oversee the implementation of best practices. It emphasizes the need for a robust certification process and continuous professional development for financial advisors to ensure high standards of service. Certification and training are integral to the framework, focusing on establishing uniform qualifications and training programs for advisors, as well as implementing continuous education requirements. Standardized advisory practices are designed to ensure consistency in financial planning, risk assessment, and reporting procedures, which are crucial for effective pension management. The framework also highlights the role of technology in enhancing service delivery, including digital tools for better client management and data analytics for improved compliance monitoring. By integrating these elements, the proposed model aims to enhance transparency, reduce errors, and foster greater trust among pension scheme members. The expected outcomes include improved quality and consistency in financial advisory services, greater adherence to regulatory standards, and enhanced client satisfaction and protection. This theoretical framework provides a foundation for policy development and implementation strategies, with the goal of creating a more reliable and effective pension management system in Nigeria.

Literature Evaluation on Optimizing Supervisory Functions in Improving the Performance of Regional Government Bureaucracy

This research rigorously examines the pivotal function of supervisory mechanisms in augmenting the performance of regional governmental bureaucracies. Through a comprehensive review of extant literature, this inquiry underscores the critical significance of proficient supervision in fostering accountability, transparency, and operational efficacy within the regional governance framework. The results suggest that although conventional supervisory techniques remain indispensable, incorporating technological innovations and participatory methodologies markedly enhances the effectiveness of oversight frameworks. Nonetheless, the investigation also elucidates that the efficacy of these supervisory functions is profoundly contingent upon contextual variables, including institutional capacity, political endorsement, and local cultural intricacies. The study delineates existing deficiencies within the literature, particularly emphasizing the necessity for a more integrative and contextually pertinent supervisory paradigm that can adjust to the distinctive challenges inherent in local governance. This research enriches the academic discourse by proffering pragmatic recommendations to refine supervisory practices within regional administrations, with the ultimate objective of enhancing public service delivery and bolstering public trust.

Advancing health equity with artificial intelligence.

Population and public health are in the midst of an artificial intelligence revolution capable of radically altering existing models of care delivery and practice. Just as AI seeks to mirror human cognition through its data-driven analytics, it can also reflect the biases present in our collective conscience. In this Viewpoint, we use past and counterfactual examples to illustrate the sequelae of unmitigated bias in healthcare artificial intelligence. Past examples indicate that if the benefits of emerging AI technologies are to be realized, consensus around the regulation of algorithmic bias at the policy level is needed to ensure their ethical integration into the health system. This paper puts forth regulatory strategies for uprooting bias in healthcare AI that can inform ongoing efforts to establish a framework for federal oversight. We highlight three overarching oversight principles in bias mitigation that maps to each phase of the algorithm life cycle.

Dosing Discrimination: Regulating PDMP Risk Scores

Imagine the following scenario. You are a thirty-year-old Army veteran. While in the service, you were the victim of a horrific sexual assault and diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Your military health care provider (HCP) prescribes a low dose sedative “PRN” (take as needed) to mitigate your PTSD symptoms. Several years later, you are diagnosed with a painful and debilitating inflammatory bowel disorder (IBD), which significantly diminishes your daily functioning without treatment. Your military HCP prescribes you hydrocodone, which allows you to manage your IBD symptoms. As your condition deteriorates, you decide to retire from the military and seek treatment at a civilian clinic. At first, your new HCP continues your prescription drug treatment regimen. A few months later, however, that HCP informs you that (1) she is under U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) investigation due to her state prescription drug monitoring program (PDMP) data, (2) you have been flagged by the PDMP as at risk for opioid misuse, and (3) she has no choice but to discontinue your medication. You try to no avail to find another HCP before you lapse into opioid withdrawal and are riddled with severe IBD symptoms. Within a week of your medication discontinuation, you are bedridden, unable to work or take care of your family, severely depressed, and experiencing suicidal ideation. This article exposes and critiques the laws and policies that collude to coerce this scenario and identifies and examines a regulatory oversight framework that can mitigate such needless pain and suffering. The American drug overdose crisis and generous funding by U.S. law enforcement agencies have provoked forty-nine states to implement PDMP surveillance programs. PDMP platforms rely on proprietary, predictive algorithmic tools designed and manufactured by a private company to determine a patient’s risk for drug misuse. Law enforcement conducts dragnet sweeps of PDMP data to target providers that the platform characterizes as “overprescribers” and patients that it deems as high risk of drug diversion, misuse, and overdose. Research demonstrates that PDMP risk scoring coerces clinicians to force taper, discontinue, and even abandon vulnerable patients without regard for the catastrophic collateral consequences that attend to those treatment decisions. The proxies that PDMPs utilize to generate patient risk scores are likely to produce artificially inflated risk scores for vulnerable patients. PDMPs, therefore, have the potential to exacerbate discrimination against vulnerable patients with stigmatized medical conditions by generating flawed, short-cut assessment tools that incentivize providers to deny these individuals indicated treatment. The Federal Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is authorized to regulate PDMP software platforms as medical devices and the agency has recently issued guidance that provides a robust framework for such oversight. This Article contends that FDA is obligated to exercise its regulatory authority over PDMP risk scoring software to ensure that such predictive diagnostic tools are safe and effective for patients.

The use of learning analytics and the potential risk of harm for K-12 students participating in digital learning environments.

This paper is in response to the manuscript titled “Ethical oversight of student data in learning analytics: A typology derived from a cross-continental, cross-institutional perspective” (Willis et al. in Educ Technol Res Dev 66(4):1029–1049, 2016). The response is from a K-12 educational environment perspective. Willis, Slade, and Prinsloo’s typology of different ethical approaches to learning analytics adds value to the special issue topic of shifting to digital as it provides different ways to view learning analytics as well as the type of approval(s) possibly needed for each view. K-12 educational institutions can utilize the manuscript as a starting place for review of their ethical oversights when analyzing student data as more schools are shifting to digital. A limitation of Willis, Slade, and Prinsloo’s manuscript in supporting the shift to digital is that the manuscript was published before the overwhelming shift to digital was mandated as a result of Covid-19. Future work related to the manuscript and with a focus on the K-12 educational environment could include K-12 education agencies deriving a K-12 specific typology from a review of ethical oversight protocols or analyzing the effects of the shift to digital in K-12 on the original typology.During the 2020 pandemic, K-12 schools in the United States moved to digital learning quickly and in large numbers. This move has resulted in a wealth of digital learning analytics available to be used in improving student learning outcomes. However, local education agencies must first make sure they have a clear framework for oversight of how digital learning analytics will be used. K-12 students are at risk of harm if local education agencies do not stop and carefully reflect on the potential risks to students resulting from decisions made as a result of using digital learning analytics.

542 Lessons Learned from Implementation and Management of Skin Allograft Banking Programs in Low- and Middle-income Countries: A Systematic Review

Abstract Introduction Wound excision and temporary coverage with a biologic dressing can improve survival for patients with large burns. Allograft skin possesses many of the ideal properties of biologic dressings and can play a major role in the management of large burns when autologous tissue is not available or the patient’s condition does not allow safe autografting. Healthcare systems in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) rarely have access to allografts, which may contribute to limited survival in large burns. Therefore, we aimed to describe the lessons learned from the implementation and maintenance of tissue banks in LMICs to guide system planning. Methods PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL, and World Health Organization (WHO) Catalog were systematically searched with database-specific headings and language to represent a priori terms (e.g., skin, allograft, tissue bank) and all LMICs as defined by The World Bank. Data regarding tissue banking programs (e.g., date of creation, location, lead agency, functions, products), governance, capital investments, safety, maintenance and operations, costs per donation, ethics and sociocultural issues were extracted and described in a narrative synthesis. Results The search returned 3,346 records. After eliminating duplicates and non-relevant records, 33 reports were analyzed. The synthesis represented tissue banks from 17 countries. Commonly reported barriers to ideal or planned implementation included high capital costs and operational costs per graft, opt-in donation schemes, and sociocultural stigma around donation and grafting. Reports repeatedly recommended: i) developing a legal framework for oversight, accreditation and ethical practice; ii) engaging diverse stakeholders (e.g., government and non-governmental agencies, community and religious stakeholders, health officials) to improve donation and transplantation rates, iii) creating regional training hubs, and iv) facilitating international cooperation across tissue banking programs to improve transplantation efficiency. Conclusions Many lessons were learned from the development and management of tissue banks around the world. The availability of skin allografts can be improved through strategic investments in international governance and regulatory structures, regional cooperation and training initiatives, standardized protocols, and inclusive public awareness campaigns. Capacity-building efforts that involve key stakeholders may increase rates of transplantations. Applicability of Research to Practice Ubiquitous challenges in implementing and maintaining tissue banks represent important lessons in program planning to improve allograft availability for patients in countries of all national income levels.

Crypto-Assets: Implications for Financial Stability, Monetary Policy, and Payments and Market Infrastructures

This paper summarises the outcomes of the analysis of the ECB Crypto-Assets Task Force. First, it proposes a characterisation of crypto-assets in the absence of a common definition and as a basis for the consistent analysis of this phenomenon. Second, it analyses recent developments in the crypto-assets market and unfolding links with financial markets and the economy. Finally, it assesses the potential impact of crypto-assets on monetary policy, payments and market infrastructures, and financial stability. The analysis shows that, in the current market, crypto-assets’ risks or potential implications are limited and/or manageable on the basis of the existing regulatory and oversight frameworks. However, this assessment is subject to change and should not prevent the ECB from continuing to monitor crypto-assets, raise awareness and develop preparedness. JEL Classification: E42, G21, G23, O33

Keeping Consumers Safe Online: Legislating for Platform Accountability for Online Content

This paper considers options for the UK Government’s intended White Paper on online harms and safety. The report, which was funded by Sky, suggests that legislation should establish a framework for oversight and accountability of online platforms’ handling of harmful and illegal content. Bunting identifies three goals of regulation: to clarify what consumers should expect from online platforms; ensure platforms’ handling of content is proportionate, accountable, fair and responsible; verify that particular platforms act proportionately to evidence of harm. Most ‘content regulation’ should be done by platforms themselves, as it is today, but the paper proposes that an oversight body – either industry-led or statutory - be established to assess their effectiveness and identify where more action is needed.

Facing the Inevitable: Being Prepared for Regulatory Requirements for Laboratory Developed Tests.

We introduce regulatory terms, definitions, and the Quality System Regulation as proposed by the US Food and Drug Administration in the 2014 draft guidance entitled Framework for Regulatory Oversight of Laboratory Developed Tests and explore medical device requirements applicable to a laboratory environment to design, develop, and validate laboratory developed tests (LDTs). We performed nine interviews with laboratory professionals to explore concerns and challenges regarding the draft, translated the results into operational factors, and surveyed professionals to test the factors that would comprise a regulatory quality management system framework. Nine interviewees and 35 survey respondents shared concerns of risk classification, process validation, patient safety, and general ambiguity regarding the proposed requirements for development of LDTs. Respondents agree that a regulatory quality management system is needed in laboratories that develop LDTs, but the translation and method for design control to a clinical laboratory do not exist. As a result, laboratories are taking the wait-and-see approach.

Payer Perspectives on Coverage of Biomarker Testing in Cardiovascular Disease.

Cardiovascular (CV)2 disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, currently attributing to 1 of every 4 deaths in the US (1). Conventional risk prediction algorithms are based on major CV risk factors identified in the diseased population. Better tools for early identification and treatment of risk factors are needed (2). To this end, research on CV biomarkers has burgeoned; a PubMed search on “cardiovascular biomarkers” reveals more than a fivefold increase in publications on this topic between 1995 and 2015. These efforts have led to the discovery of a range of emerging biomarkers that may better identify at-risk patients earlier and more effectively for disease prevention and morbidity improvement (3). Yet to date, major national health plans only cover biomarkers conventionally used to diagnose and risk stratify CV disease. Here, we review payer perspectives on coverage for biomarkers tests and suggest resources for gaining greater clarity and transparency in payer evidence expectations for diagnostic and prognostic testing in CV disease. Generally speaking, coverage is provided for medical products and services when there is strong scientific evidence that patients derive meaningful clinical benefits from use of those services. The regulatory frameworks for drugs, biologics, and devices generally provide some basis for payers to make an assessment of benefit in the populations they cover, although there may still be evidence deficits to address. In the context of in vitro diagnostics (IVD) and laboratory-developed tests, however, the regulatory requirements are in flux. Previously, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) exercised “enforcement discretion” for these products. Then, in 2014, noting that IVD have grown increasingly complex, the FDA proposed a draft framework for oversight of testing (4). Accordingly, payers are less able to rely on regulatory assessment of IVD and apply their own standards for coverage. As a result, for example, …