Media Framework Research Articles

Deux exemples d’utilisation des mathématiques en musique dans le premier quatorzième siècle latin

This article analyses the conditions under which mathematics could enter the field of fourteenth-century music. It distinguishes between descriptive and argumentative uses of mathematics. Jean de Murs’ uses of arithmetic to study musical time is an example of the former, Jean de Boen’s study of the division of the whole tone an example of the latter. It is furthermore explained how the mathematical descriptions appear to bring into agreement two types of constraint, namely the physical characteristics of sound and the aesthetic principles of the medieval discourse about music. Within these constraints, mathematics manages to fulfill different argumentative roles: it has an ontological function when music is seen as a part of the quadrivium; but an explicative function in the framework of the scientia media and, in an more innovative spirit for Jean de Boens, it provides a definition of the possible in the argumentation about the division of the whole tone.

The post-modern paradigm – a framework of today's media impact in cultural space

This paper analyses the present usage of new media and of the virtual spaces in the contemporary day to day life. Our analyses underline how the post-modern theorists considered the main concepts as explanatory in describing the changes in the social life, in the cultural space, in the human-machine relationship. The concept of “virtual” represents one of the main concepts used in post-modern paradigm due to its specific features. We try to demonstrate that post-modern paradigm is explaining the framework of today media impact in cultural, social and human space, we present the main debates and points of view of the contemporary theorists that described in their work the features of post-modern life, the main concepts and effects on our day to day life (Lyotard, Derrida, Habermas, Foucault, Baudrillard).

Measuring the impact of the computer on the consultation: An open source application to combine multiple observational outputs

A diverse range of tools and techniques can be used to observe the clinical consultation and the use of information technology. These technologies range from transcripts; to video observation with one or more cameras; to voice and pattern recognition applications. Currently, these have to be observed separately and there is limited capacity to combine them. Consequently, when multiple methods are used to analyse the consultation a significant proportion of time is spent linking events in one log file (e.g. mouse movements and keyboard use when prescribing alerts appear) with what was happening in the consultation at that time. The objective of this study was to develop an application capable of combining and comparing activity log-files and with facilities to view simultaneously all data relating to any time point or activity. Interviews, observations and design prototypes were used to develop a specification. Class diagram of the application design was used to make further development decisions. The application development used object-orientated design principles. We used open source tools; Java as the programming language and JDeveloper™ as the development environment. The final output is log file aggregation (LFA) tool which forms part of the wider aggregation of log files for analysis (ALFA) open source toolkit (www.biomedicalinformatics.info/alfa/). Testing was done using sample log files and reviewed the application's utility for analysis of the consultation activities. Separation of the presentation and functionality in the design stage enabled us to develop a modular and extensible application. The application is capable of converting and aggregating several log files of different formats and displays them in different presentation layouts. We used the Java Media Framework to aggregate video channels. Java extensible mark-up language (XML) package facilitated the conversion of aggregated output into XML format. Analysts can now move easily between observation tools and find all the data related to an activity. The LFA application makes new analysis tasks feasible and established tasks much more efficient. Researchers can now store multiple log file data as a single file isolate and investigate different doctor–computer–patient interaction.

다이렉트쇼 기반의 필터차단기술 설계

멀티미디어가 일반화됨에 따라 이 콘텐츠 이용을 위한 수많은 소프트웨어가 개발되었다. 다이렉트쇼(Directshow)는 보다 쉽고, 빠르면서, 범용성 있는 멀티미디어 소프트웨어 개발을 위한 미디어 프레임워크(Framework)이다. 다이렉트쇼에서는 필터(Filter)간 연결을 통해 데이터 처리를 할 수 있다. 일반적으로 필터 간 자동연결기법을 이용하여 필터그래프(Filtergraph)를 구성하였다. 그러나 필터 간 자동연결시원하지 않는 필터들이 연결되어 예상치 못한 결과가 출력되거나 필터 핀(Pin)간 연결에 실패할 수 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 원하는 필터들만 연결하기 위하여 불필요한 필터들을 차단하는 방법에 대하여 제안한다. 차단방법에는 필터 내부 차단과 필터 외부 차단이 있으며, 내부 차단은 연결 호환성이 좋고 필터연결시간이 빠르고 외부차단은 필터 소스가 불필요하며 연결의 정확도가 높다. 결론적으로 이들 필터 차단방법의 장점을 조합하여 원하는 필터 간 연결을 구성하고, 오류를 최소화 할 수 있는 다이렉트쇼 기반의 필터차단기법 모델을 제안한다. As the multimedia technology has become in popular, many software packages that are for using those multimedia contents have also been developed. Directshow is a media framework which makes the development of such multimedia software simple, quick and regular process. In the Directshow, data are processed through the connections between filters. In general, Filtergraph is utilized to be set as 'Intelligent Connection' for filter connection. However, when we use this 'Intelligent Connection' option, they can show non-expected results or fail to connect with filter's pins together. So in this paper, we propose non-necessary filter cut-off method for connecting only just wanted filters. There are two methods such as inner filter cut-off method and outer filter one. The inner filter cut-off method is good at connection's compatibility and able to quickly connect with each other filter. But in the outer filter cut-off method, filter source is not necessary and connection is exactly done with other filter. In the end, we propose Directshow based filter cut-off model which compose of wanted filter connection and minimize error probability, through mixing up the advantages of two filter cut-off methods.

The legal and economic framework of the third audiovisual sector in UK, Netherlands, Switzerland, Niedersachsen (Germany) and Ireland

The multiple roles and services of community media have gained new attention in recent years throughout many countries, particularly in the context of maintaining and promoting independent local communication. The present work is intended to provide a basis for discussion on the legal foundation of, and support for community media. It outlines a series of recommendations for further media–political discussions with the third broadcasting sector based on community media experiences in five European countries: the Netherlands, Ireland, Germany (Lower Saxony), Switzerland and Britain. First, this article gives an overview of the historical development, the current legal, structural, economic and technical framework of community media, as well as their roles and functions within the respective media landscapes. In addition to the aspects of the formal legal anchoring of the sector, indications of social recognition and representation of the sector in immediate media and political practice will also be analysed, in combination with the role of the national community media organisations and the way they contribute to the development of the third media sector framework, in interaction with political systems and authorities. The authors see this article as a high resolution snapshot of the community media landscape in Europe. Apart from offering an overview of the third media sector in Europe, the article will show “good practices”, general trends, and key challenges and difficulties. This article is intended to serve as a productive impulse for the further academic exploration of community media and to contribute to the growing significance of research on participation.

Legal framework for media and democracy

Abstract Open discourses and the free formation of opinions through unfettered information flows and communicated diversity of opinion are unthinkable without independent media and essential prerequisites for a functioning democracy. Notwithstanding the importance of the linkage between media and democracy, there is no harmonized framework addressing this issue. By adopting a legal perspective, this study shall outline existing and emerging regulations, with a particular focus on broadcast, print, and online media Two regulatory tiers are distinguished: At the international level, the establishment of aWorld Information Order as well as the human rights perspective intrinsic to the subject matter will be addressed. At the national level, legal approaches to particular tensions accompanying state regulation of the media will be examined.

Semiautomatic Quantification of Angiogenesis

Angiogenesis is of major interest in developmental biology and cancer research. Different experimental approaches are available to study angiogenesis that have in common the need for microscopy, image acquisition, and analysis. Problems that are encountered hereby are the size of the structures, which requires generation of composite images and difficulties in quantifying angiogenic activity reliably and rapidly. Most graphic software packages lack some of the required functions for easy, semiautomatic quantification of angiogenesis and, consequently, multiple software packages or expensive programs have to be used to cover all necessary functions. A software package (AQuaL) to analyze angiogenic activity was developed using Java, which can be used platform-independently. It includes image acquisition relying on the Java Media Framework and an easy to use image alignment tool. Multiple overlapping images can be aligned and saved without limitations and loss of resolution into a composite image, which requires only the selection of a single point representing a characteristic structure in adjacent images. Angiogenic activity can be quantified in composite images semiautomatically by the assessment of the area overgrown by cells after filtering and image binarization. In addition, tagging of capillary-like structures allows quantification of their length and branching pattern. Both developed methods deliver reliable and correlating data as exemplified in the aortic ring angiogenesis assay. The developed software provides modular functions specifically targeted to quantify angiogenesis. Whereas the area measurement is time saving, length measurement provides additional information about the branching patterns, which is required for a qualitative differentiation of capillary growth.

Karaoke and the cross-cultural appropriations of music

Marshall McLuhan observed in his 1964 paradigm-shifting classic, Understanding Media, that the crossings or hybridisations of the media release great new force and energy as by fission or fusion (p.48) and that the or the meeting of two media is a moment of truth and revelation from which new form is born (p.55). This study seeks to shed light on karaoke as a hybrid media form and on karaoke singing as a complex sense-making experience in an age of interactive electronic media. It reflects upon the implications of the cross-cultural appropriation of music by examining the production and uses of karaoke music videos. The discussion in this study is supported in part by data from ethnographic case studies conducted in Hong Kong, Taiwan, Japan and New York City. Further research on karaoke within the theoretical framework of media and globalisation is suggested.

Identifying undergraduate media literacy skills: An exploratory study of faculty perceptions

AbstractGiven the complex nature of the multi‐media landscape available to undergraduate students, understanding how and how well these users make decisions in comprehending and critiquing media information has implications on the tools and quality of teaching and learning in the academy. In this research study, a small sample of faculty members who use visual content in their teaching were interviewed to learn what attributes they identify as important media literacy skills for students. The results support a model of core skills associated with media literacy. Findings from this exploratory study will inform a larger scale research project that investigates the assessment techniques for media literacy skills and based on which, develops a practical framework for media literacy assessment.

Black.White. and a Survivor of The Real World: Constructions of Race on Reality TV

This essay examines three reality TV shows: MTV's The Real World: Denver, CBS's Survivor: Cook Islands, and the FX network's miniseries Black.White. The essay uses Grindstaff's conceptual framework of news media and television talk shows as a mechanism to examine the way race is constructed on reality TV. It argues that the shows promote a politics of difference,emphasize conflict and division by positioning race as a point of contention among the cast members and dramatize scenarios that reinforce cultural codes and stereotypes. Three points of reference will guide this analysis: First, Jhally and Lewis write that we should more closely examine the ways that media texts purposely, critically and unapologetically confront race in the US. Second, Brummett proposes that media texts are sites of struggle over meaning and that we engage in an unconscious yet powerful struggle over how to interpret them. Third, recent theoretical discourses on race and representation in media call for continued critique of how media marginalize the lived experiences of African Americans, perpetuate crippling representations of marginalized groups, and often render them invisible.

A thermodynamic unification of jamming

Grains, foams and colloids can behave as liquids or solids. Their flow is difficult to predict, often jamming. Such systems are far from equilibrium but there may now be a thermodynamic framework for granular media.

Description of a teleconferencing floor control protocol and its implementation

In this paper, we present a formal specification of a teleconferencing floor control protocol and its implementation. The services provided by this protocol are described within the SCCP IETF document (Simple Conference Control Protocol). Finite state machines are used to model services behaviours part of this protocol. Temporal properties are defined as constraints of the teleconferencing system using SCCP protocol. The dynamic properties are described by the LTL logic (Linear Temporal Logic) and verified using the model-checker Spin/Promela. A prototype of a multimedia teleconferencing system is implemented and it is based on the specified protocol. This implementation uses UML notation and is developed with JMF (Java Media Framework) API.

"You have reached your destination!" Position, positioning and superpositioning of space through car navigation systems

Recent cultural and social theory has paid increasing attention to the category of space. What has received less attention, however, are ideas of navigation through space. Topographic questions started to be debated within the framework of new media as early on as the 1960's, resulting in the interest since this time in localization of information and visualization of informational spaces being inherently connected with map and display media. This paper argues that the convergence in cartographic, media and communication appliances is made particularly clear by the increasing phenomenon of car navigation systems. The media scientific analysis reveals that the history of car navigation systems is characterized by more commonalities than differences. Invariant constants are the re-discovery of mnemotechnics with Dataland and ETAK Navigator, vertical travel facilities since Aspen Movie Map, step-by-step route guidance since Philips CARIN, 3D navigation, photorealistic representation of urban areas, translucent insert maps, split-screen displays, the superpositioning of the map onto the landscape and in reverse, as well as the constant oscillation between two-dimensional projection space and environmental space, whether with or without a head-up display. Given this observation of continuity, the fundamental question needs to be posed with reference to a media history of car navigations systems, namely: When do changes in the technical, conceptional and aesthetic properties actually induce differences for media diffusion explanations? This hermeneutic-interpretative analysis is therefore less of an attempt to write a media history of car navigation systems, but more a space concepts overview by and through car navigation systems. 1

Articular cartilage with intra- and extrafibrillar waters – mass transfer and generalized diffusion

The present analysis complements the chemo-mechanical model of articular cartilage developed in Loret and Simões [Loret, B., Simões, F.M.F., 2004. Articular cartilage with intra- and extrafibrillar waters. A chemo-mechanical model. Mech. Mater. 36 (5–6), 511–541; Loret, B., Simões, F.M.F., 2005a. Mechanical effects of ionic replacements in articular cartilage. Part I – The constitutive model. Biomech. Model. Mechanobiol. 4 (2–3), 63–80. Part II – Simulations of successive substitutions of NaCl and CaCl 2 , 81–99], where only equilibria were considered, and therefore time was absent. The focus here is, first, to present how transport phenomena are aggregated to the porous media framework, and, second, to detail the constitutive equations of these transports. Indeed, these equations are developed in the context of a three-phase multi-species electro-chemo-mechanical model that accounts for the effects of two water compartments, namely intrafibrillar water stored between collagen fibrils and extrafibrillar water covering the negatively charged proteoglycans. The electrolyte circulating the two fluid phases contains ions sodium Na + , calcium Ca 2+ and chloride Cl − . Species diffuse within their phase. They transfer from one fluid phase to the other. The various sources of dissipation are built in a thermodynamic framework, segregated and decoupled via the Clausius–Duhem inequality. Linear and non-linear equations of mass transfer are proposed along an onsagerist approach. The generalized diffusion in the extrafibrillar compartment accounts for Darcy's law of seepage through the porous solid skeleton, Fick's law of ionic diffusion, and Ohm's law of electric flow. An original derivation of the constitutive equations of generalized diffusion is proposed. Indeed, the dissipation inequality is written in two forms, which are required to be equivalent. This approach has the advantage of delivering the general structure of the diffusion matrix. It also displays in explicit form the degrees of freedom for possible refinements. Simple assumptions, phrased in terms of entities that are standard in transport of porous media, allow to recover arrowhead diffusion matrices. Comparison with an earlier proposal is detailed. An osmotic coefficient is found to be hidden in the equations, and anomalous negative osmosis is observed to take place for both sodium chloride and calcium chloride electrolytes. Finally, an experimental setup to measure transport properties is analyzed. The model describes correctly the increase and leveling of the experimental diffusion coefficient, and no additional ad hoc constitutive assumptions are needed in contrast to some suggestions in the literature. The results are presented for sodium chloride NaCl and calcium chloride CaCl 2 .

A General Brokering Architecture Layer and its Application to Video on-Demand over the Internet

GOAL -General brOkering Architecture Layer- is a service architecture which allows the development and the management of highly flexible, scalable and self-configurable distributed and service-oriented applications over the Internet. GOAL centres on a design pattern which decouples the design of service functionalities from the distribution concerns. A service wrapper is specifically responsible of the distribution aspects. The wrapper is weaved at runtime to its corresponding service by a dynamic proxy object. GOAL makes it possible to augment, in a transparent way, the behaviour of a software object in order to permit it to be remotely accessible. Current implementation of GOAL depends on Sun Microsystems’ Jini as the brokering/middleware layer. The paper describes GOAL and demonstrates its practical use through the design and implementation of a Video on-Demand system. Java Media Framework is used for pumping multimedia data at the transmitter side and for rendering purposes at the receiver side, RTP/RTCP protocols are used for multimedia streaming. Povzetek: Predstavljen je GOAL ‐ arhitektura za napredne spletne aplikacije, npr. video na zahtevo.

Self‐Regulated Learning and New Literacies: an experience at the University of Barcelona

This article summarises the findings from an evaluation of a Media Literacy course at the University of Barcelona. It focuses on some aspects of Self‐Regulation and on the learning environment used by students. The students’ learning processes were embedded in an eLearning project, in which students analysed the representation of immigrants and ethnic minorities in the media.Key findings are the usefulness of this particular Technology‐Enhanced Learning Environment (TELE), and its specific settings regarding Self‐Regulated Learning (SRL). Students self‐regulated their learning processes, in that they were working in a blended learning environment. However, their acquired media literacy skills seem to be fostered by the TELE rather than by the self‐regulation mechanisms.Throughout the article, special attention is paid to the conceptual framework of digital and media literacy, and the specific competences related to them.

Social Consequences of the Globalization of the Media and Communication Sector: Some Strategic Considerations

Media and communications has played a vital role in globalization by being an enabler of globalization and a transformation agent of social, cultural, and political structures. The paper discusses two possible futures for the media and communications component of globalization: the commercialization of media sectors and outputs creating media and communications products or fulfilling more human needs and rights through media and communications. The latter is least likely to occur unless a more balanced distribution of power amongst the multilateral system, government, private sector, and civil society is established working to promote the human rights agenda. The paper suggests international institutions should use the global media framework to put the needs of people first, and so reforming the structure of global governance is necessary to change the way media and communications is governed towards a more social direction. This paper was written as an insight into the work of the World Commission on the Social Dimension of Globalization 2004 that aims to provide a fairer globalization for all.

Diverse Diasporas, One Meta-Narrative: Palestinians in the UK Talking about 11 September 2001

This paper considers the implications of 11 September 2001 and its mediation in UK and Arab/Muslim news media for the ways Palestinians in Britain, as an ethno-national minority and diaspora, think through questions of identity and difference, exclusion and inclusion, memory and belonging. Despite great differences in the socio-economic, religious/secular and educational backgrounds of my informants, one over-arching discourse dominates their interpretation of the attacks, as well as understandings of their causes and consequences—the historical and ongoing conflict between Palestinians and Israelis. This constitutes a meta-narrative and ethical-political framework through which mediations of September 11 are interpreted. This meta-narrative also happens to be the dominant ethical-political framework of Arab news media, Al-Jazeera especially. This article explores how an apparent consensus was formed between the Arab/Muslim media and its Palestinian diaspora audience about the root problem of conflicts between the Western and Arab/Muslim worlds. Tackling the root problem effectively through political action is also perceived to hold the key to a solution and to greater prospects of future security and peace.

A Cost-Effective Peer-to-Peer Architecture for Large-Scale On-Demand Media Streaming

This paper presents a cost-effective peer-to-peer (P2P) architecture for large-scale on-demand media streaming, named BitVampire. BitVampire’s primary design goal is to aggregate peers’ storage and upstream bandwidth to facilitate on-demand media streaming. To achieve this goal, BitVampire splits published videos into segments and distributes them to different peers. When a peer (or a receiver) wants to watch a video, it (i) searches the corresponding segments, then (ii) selfishly determines the best subset of supplying peers and (iii) aggregates bandwidth from these peers to stream the media content. In BitVampire, participating peers help each other to get the desired media content, thus powerful servers/proxies are not necessary, which makes it a cost- effective approach. To demonstrate the effectiveness of BitVampire, we conducted extensive simulation on large, hierarchical, Internet-like topologies. We also implemented a functional prototype using Java and Java Media Framework (JMF) to demonstrate the feasibility of BitVampire.

Globalized Values and Postcolonial Responses

Globalization has had a far-reaching effect on media technologies worldwide. Concomitant with this global spread of media forms, liberal views of the media’s role in a democracy have been exported to countries outside the West. In scholarly debates, attempts are increasingly made to globalize media ethics on the basis of a search for universal ethics. However, reactions against western, liberal-democratic views of the media’s role in society in postcolonial African countries have indicated that the dominant liberal framework is not universally applicable. Against the background of attempts to globalize media ethics and in the light of African responses against liberal-democratic frameworks, this article provides an illustration of the tension between different normative frameworks in a postcolonial context. It takes the South African media environment as an example of how different normative media frameworks may collide. An overview is given of the development of normative media ethical frameworks during the first decade of democracy in South Africa, as part of the shift towards self-regulation that the media underwent after the era of oppressive state regulation. Against the background of the conflicts that have marked the media’s relationship with government during the first decade after apartheid, as well as critical debates about the media’s roles and responsibilities in a new democratic society marked by continued social polarization and material inequalities, the article argues that the current normative frameworks within which the media operate are in need of revision. The article suggests that such a revisionary project could draw on postcolonial theory in order to renegotiate the orthodox media ethical frameworks inherited from western societies and contextualize it within the current historical, (geo)political and cultural juncture in South Africa. In the debate about global media ethics, this revision of South African normative media frameworks may then serve as an example of how western media ethics should be adapted to local contexts.