Language Framework Research Articles

Jumping Through Hoops in the Canadian Immigration System: A Critical View of the Immigrant's Journey to Citizenship

AbstractLanguage assessment for citizenship is a ubiquitous enforced and enacted policy in several developed countries (e.g., Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, and the Netherlands, to name a few). In this regard, language testers have expressly argued that this practice enacts injustice for and adds hurdles to marginalized immigrant groups (McNamara & Shohamy, 2009; Shohamy, 2009). Nevertheless, language proficiency tests remain a critical, high‐stakes criterion in evaluating immigrants' permanent residence and naturalization applications. To this end, language tests used for immigration and citizenship purposes are often aligned with widely recognized language frameworks such as the Canadian Language Benchmarks (Chen & Flasko, 2020) and the Common European Framework of Reference (Lim, Geranpayeh, Khalifa, & Buckendahl, 2013). In turn, these alignment studies idealize, in subtle ways, new Canadians with language proficiency requirements that would make them worthy of permanent residence or citizenship. Knowledge of society tests plays an essential role in immigrants' journey to citizenship and can also be considered tests of reading proficiency. This study focuses on the enacted Canadian language policy for prospective immigrants and citizens, adopting a corpus‐assisted discourse analytic approach (Taylor & Marchi, 2018) to the study guide for the Canadian citizenship test (Discover Canada: The rights and responsibilities of citizenship). A primary focus is examining how official and nonofficial languages are represented within this document. The findings highlight some of the problematic assumptions that underpin the use of monolingual constructs in tests encountered in the journey to permanent residence and Canadian citizenship.

Speech and multilingual natural language framework for speaker change detection and diarization

Speaker Change Detection (SCD) is the problem of splitting an audio-recording by its speaker-turns. Many real-world problems, such as the Speaker Diarization (SD) or automatic speech transcription, are influenced by the quality of the speaker-turns estimation. Previous works have already shown that auxiliary textual information (for mono-lingual systems) can be of great use for detection of speaker-turns and the diarization systems’ performance. In this paper, we suggest a framework for speaker-turn estimation, as well as the determination of clustered speaker identities to the SD system, and examine our approach over a multi-lingual dataset that consists of three mono-lingual datasets—in English, French, and Hebrew. As such, we propose a generic and language-independent framework for the SCD problem that is learned through textual information using state-of-the-art transformer-based techniques and speech-embedding modules. Comprehensive experimental evaluation shows that (i) our multi-lingual SCD framework is competitive enough when compared to a framework over mono-lingual datasets, and that (ii) textual information improves the solution’s quality compared to the speech signal-based approach. In addition, we show that our multi-lingual SCD approach does not harm the performance of SD systems.

THE MEDIA GENRE INTERVIEW AS A BASIS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE IN TEACHING GERMAN AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE

This article attempts to present separate equivalents of the term "interview", ie. oral and written texts in the form of questions and answers, and the definition of the term "communicative competence" on the basis of the parameters set in the European Language Framework. In this context, the importance of the media genre interview as a didactic tool suitable for different target groups and language levels, as a means of good preparation and a model for their own language production in German language teaching will be considered.

Combinatorial Generation via Permutation Languages. III. Rectangulations

A generic rectangulation is a partition of a rectangle into finitely many interior-disjoint rectangles, such that no four rectangles meet in a point. In this work we present a versatile algorithmic framework for exhaustively generating a large variety of different classes of generic rectangulations. Our algorithms work under very mild assumptions, and apply to a large number of rectangulation classes known from the literature, such as generic rectangulations, diagonal rectangulations, 1-sided/area-universal, block-aligned rectangulations, and their guillotine variants, including aspect-ratio-universal rectangulations. They also apply to classes of rectangulations that are characterized by avoiding certain patterns, and in this work we initiate a systematic investigation of pattern avoidance in rectangulations. Our generation algorithms are efficient, in some cases even loopless or constant amortized time, i.e., each new rectangulation is generated in constant time in the worst case or on average, respectively. Moreover, the Gray codes we obtain are cyclic, and sometimes provably optimal, in the sense that they correspond to a Hamilton cycle on the skeleton of an underlying polytope. These results are obtained by encoding rectangulations as permutations, and by applying our recently developed permutation language framework.

Toward Zero Touch Networks: From the Perspective of Hierarchical Language Systems

With ever increasing complexity and dynamicity of communication networks, intelligent network operation and maintenance has become more important to network operators. With the fast development of artificial intelligence, concepts such as “zero touch,” “intent-based,” “knowledge-defined,” and “self-driving” networks have become well known in the networking community for a great vision of making networks automatically manageable and responsive to user demands. This article discusses how to achieve zero touch networks from the perspective of language-like systems. We propose a novel hierarchical “language” framework dedicated for networks to enable the zero touch network, which ranges from symbolizing network components, a unified framework for understanding network systems, to the logical description with network semantics. A case study based on the proposed language framework is provided. Finally, we discuss the challenges and open issues of intelligence models for zero touch networks.

ANALISIS ASPEK UTAMA KERANGKA KEBAHASAAN PADA SISWA SD HOMESCHOOLING USIA 7 TAHUN

Language development milestone is generally similar in phonology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics skills. However, some children do not normally in the stage of normal milestone. It is therefore this study aims to analyze the 7 years old children language milestone. This research employed qualitative research which used case study. The subject is 7 years old girl, student in homeschooling primary school. This research investigates the girl utterance based on the conversation naturally between her teacher, mom and the girl. Then, categorizes the language development based on aspect of language framework. The result of the study illustrated that the girl have problem in phonology for spelling complicated lexical and more than three syllable. In syntax, the student cannot create simple sentence and in Semantics, the student do not understand what she reads. Moreover, the main problem is in pragmatic skill. She cannot understand the context situation and answer the questions. This indicates that the student has problem in acquiring the language

Mapping TOEFL® Essentials™ Test Scores to the Canadian Language Benchmarks

In this research report, we describe a study to map the scores of the TOEFL® Essentials™ test to the Canadian Language Benchmarks (CLB). The TOEFL Essentials test is a four‐skills assessment of foundational English language skills and communication abilities in academic and general (daily life) contexts. At the time of writing this report, the test was the most recent addition to the TOEFL® Family of Assessments. TOEFL Essentials test scores are intended to provide academic programs and other users with reliable information regarding the test taker's ability to understand and use English. Mapping of scores to widely used language frameworks such as the CLB provides additional support for interpreting test results and for making inferences regarding test‐taker abilities. The score mapping process consisted of the following steps, as recommended in the literature: (a) establishing construct congruence between the test content and the performance descriptors of the CLB; (b) establishing recommended minimum test scores (cut scores) required to classify language learners into CLB levels, based on the judgments of local experts; and (c) providing evidence of procedural, internal, and external validation of the recommended cut scores.

INTERDISCIPLINARY INTEGRATION OF EDUCATION FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT INTO HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTION (INTEGRATED ESP CASE STUDY)

The article explores the issue of the interdisciplinary integration of education for sustainable development (ESD) into the educational process of a higher education institution (HEI). The potential possibilities of the subject "Foreign language" in formation of sustainable development competences have been revealed.
 The experimental study was conducted with first-year students of the following undergraduate programs: "Primary Education", "Preschool Education", "Speech Therapy, Special Psychology", "Psychology" at Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University. The initial level of formation of sustainable development competencies in students at the beginning of the experiment revealed 18.75% with high level, 51.79% – average and 29.46% – low. Hereby, the need to improve the quality of the researched object was established.
 The conducted ESP learner needs analysis on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) confirmed students’ eagerness to learn them in the university ESP course, designed in order to address students’ main lacks, needs and wants relatively the integrated language learning. In accordance with the questionnaire findings and in cooperation with the Foreign Languages Department English teachers there were outlined the content of education, goals of learning, methods and means that contribute to the development of the chosen competences in SDGs by means of English as a medium of instruction.
 The experimental study implied application of the framework of content and language integrated learning (CLIL) in the integrated ESP by means of working with English-language texts about sustainable development, discussing acute issues, studying English-language normative documents, scientific and methodical works on sustainable development, watching video fragments with their further discussion. The methodology presupposed learners’ group work, project activities, facilitation methods and interactive learning technologies.
 It was established that learning foreign language with an emphasis on sustainability contributes to increasing the level of sustainable development competencies: at the control stage of the experimental study, twice as many students demonstrated high level, as compared to the ascertainment stage. Observation of the educational process proves the increase in students' language learning motivation in accordance with improvement of the quality of the studied phenomenon.

CAD-Integrated Form-Finding of Structural Membranes Using Extended Catmull–Clark Subdivision Surfaces

Extended Catmull–Clark subdivision surfaces are implemented within a CAD-integrated analysis workflow for form-finding by using the updated reference strategy. In this context, form-finding determines the shape of a structure that is in equilibrium for a predefined stress state. Following the principles of isogeometric analysis, the geometry for the form-finding is described by the control mesh of the subdivision surface. Using the subdivision scheme, the coarse control mesh is recursively refined to a smooth limit surface. The shape functions are obtained from the refinement process by applying algorithmic differentiation to the subdivision algorithm. This approach also supports sharp features like creases and corners. In this way, the modeling functionalities of common CAD environments are covered which allows seamless integration of the analysis into the CAD system. A core-congruential element formulation enables the efficient combination of mechanical properties with different geometric discretizations. This allows an existing framework to be extended easily with subdivision surfaces. Within this work, form-finding is applied to prestressed cable and membrane structures. Weak boundary conditions allow the modeling of oriented edge supports. The CAD-integrated implementation within the framework of a visual programming language is outlined. Using selected numerical examples, the method is demonstrated and verified. • Form-finding of tensile structures based on extended Catmull–Clark surfaces. • FEM-based form-finding using the updated reference strategy. • Modular implementation within an interactive CAD-integrated IGA environment.

The Influence of the Digital Teaching of Language for Specific Purposes on Students’ Motivation

The common framework for languages has set two primary goals for foreign language teaching to achieve: multilingualism and learner autonomy. Teachers are accountable for the development of learner autonomy, through the micro-planning of teaching, and each of us reading from experience has come to the conclusion that the learner autonomy cannot exist without motivation (and vice versa). The aspect of motivation plays the most important role in the acquisition of language skills, but as it is highly subjective, it is very hard to “tame” it methodologically. That problem is particularly challenging in the teaching of language for specific purposes: on the one hand, these are adult learners who by the nature of things are consciously motivated, although often extrinsically; on the other hand, this is not the main subject which they have chosen to study which can often negatively impact their motivation. Due to this, motivating students has always been like walking a tight rope between a “carrot and stick” approach (especially if we consider the common means of evaluation from one side of the spectrum to another of the extrinsically motivated learning). The aim of this paper was to study the degree to which switching to classes in a digital environment, impacted by the pandemic, influenced learner motivation. This paper is based on empirical research via a questionnaire sent to students at university faculties where German for Specific Purposes is taught. The intention was to embrace two aspects of this problem: whether the switching to classes in a digital environment had a positive or a negative impact on the motivation and whether the impact (if there was one) lead in any way to the internalisation of the motivation. In the summary of the paper is the attempted systematization of the aspects of the digital teaching from our practices, which presented accordingly through the empirical research, show that the aspects can be beneficial for the improvement of motivation in a digital environment.

GRL goal analysis using zero-sum game theory

In Requirements Engineering (RE), goal models are used to represent stakeholder objectives, which are also known as system requirements or system goals. Stakeholder requirements are of two types: functional requirements and non-functional requirements. Goal models are analysed to find out suitable functional requirements amongst ensemble of all functional requirements. RE literature has addressed both qualitative and quantitative methods for performing goal analysis. Recently, operation research techniques have been used for performing optimal goal analysis. The existing optimisation approaches focus on maximising objective functions. But real world problems involve optimisation of both maximising and minimising objective functions simultaneously. In this study, a game theory based approach is used for solving simultaneous optimisation of both maximum and minimum objective functions in goal models. The proposed approach is applied to Goal-Oriented Requirement Language (GRL) framework which is perceived as a standard for goal-modelling. The practicality of the proposed approach was assessed by running the case studies in a simulated environment using JAVA Eclipse combined with IBM Cplex tool. The results showed that the proposed approach aids in the analysis of goals in goal models with opposing objective functions.

Recursive LSTM for the Classification of Named Entity Recognition for Hindi Language

NER assumes a key part in Information Extraction from reports (for example email), conversational information, and so forth. Many tongue handling applications, for example, data recovery, question responding to, and machine interpretation, depend on NER. It tends to be challenging to determine the ambiguities of lexical components utilized in a text arrangement. There is too much work has been already done in English language but there is a need to improve accuracy for the NER in Hindi language. In this research researcher are minimize chances of misclassification by using different classifier namely location, name, weather etc. BiLSTM Development of a NER framework for Indian languages is a similarly troublesome task. In this paper, Researcher have done the different research to contrast the aftereffects of NER and typical implanting and quick text implanting layers to examinations the exhibition of word installing with various bunch sizes to prepare the profound learning models. In this paper, Researcher have done the different examinations to contrast the consequences of NER and typical implanting and quick text installing layers to investigations the presentation of word inserting with various group sizes to prepare the profound learning models. The value of the precision of proposed system architecture is 76.13% which is way more than other system architectures. Also, the value of recall and F1-score of proposed system architecture is 71.49 and 74.26 respectively. So, by comparing proposed system architecture with existing SpaCy, CoreNLP and NLTK it is easy to conclude that proposed system architecture is reliable in all the sense.

Development Employee Payment Information System on CV Borneo Andeska Maja Samarinda

This research is motivated by the unavailability of an employee payroll information system that facilitates data processing on CV Borneo Andeska Maja Samarinda in finance/treasury. Current the company from the finance/treasury section is still using Microsoft Excel in making employee salary recaps. Therefore the purpose of making a payroll information System in this study is to provide convenience and help reduce administrative costs or administrative costs and of course it can be a better information system. As for the development using the System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) with the PHP Programing language Framework Laravel. The data structure used is Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) and Physical Diagram Model (PDM) and for the database using phpMySQL. The result of this study are expected to provide convenience for the company CV Borneo Andeska Maja Samarinda, especially in the finance department in terms of employee payroll which is carried out every month.

Intervariant Linguistic Phenomena in Semantic “Baking” in National Variants of Spanish

The article deals with the issue of semantic discrepancies between the lexical units of the Spanish language national variants on the example of the semantic field “Bread and baking” lexemes. The relevance of the study is due to its focus on the needs of the current stage of development of comparative semantics, variantology and intervariant dialectology, which provide for the gradual coverage of all the supporting semantic fields of the language in the communicative-pragmatic aspect. The novelty of the study is seen in the fact that through a comparative intervariant analysis of language units with the primary meaning of baking, the cultural specificity of the corresponding concepts in different Spanish-speaking countries and regions within the framework of a multinational language is revealed. Particular attention is paid to the semantic processes and linguistic phenomena underlying the intervariant discrepancies, their classification is proposed in relation to this area. The question is raised about the importance of extralinguistic factors in the formation of the alimentary thesaurus of a particular country and culture or sets of cultures in a certain territory. As a result of the study, it was proved that the vocabulary of the field “Baking” is a source of difficulties in intercultural communication, directly related to linguistic phenomena in the field of variantology and intervariant dialectology of the Spanish language.

Codebase release 3.4 for NetKet

We introduce version 3 of NetKet, the machine learning toolbox for many-body quantum physics. NetKet is built around neural quantum states and provides efficient algorithms for their evaluation and optimization. This new version is built on top of JAX, a differentiable programming and accelerated linear algebra framework for the Python programming language. The most significant new feature is the possibility to define arbitrary neural network ansätze in pure Python code using the concise notation of machine-learning frameworks, which allows for just-in-time compilation as well as the implicit generation of gradients thanks to automatic differentiation. NetKet 3 also comes with support for GPU and TPU accelerators, advanced support for discrete symmetry groups, chunking to scale up to thousands of degrees of freedom, drivers for quantum dynamics applications, and improved modularity, allowing users to use only parts of the toolbox as a foundation for their own code.

NetKet 3: Machine Learning Toolbox for Many-Body Quantum Systems

We introduce version 3 of NetKet, the machine learning toolbox for many-body quantum physics. NetKet is built around neural quantum states and provides efficient algorithms for their evaluation and optimization. This new version is built on top of JAX, a differentiable programming and accelerated linear algebra framework for the Python programming language. The most significant new feature is the possibility to define arbitrary neural network ansätze in pure Python code using the concise notation of machine-learning frameworks, which allows for just-in-time compilation as well as the implicit generation of gradients thanks to automatic differentiation. NetKet 3 also comes with support for GPU and TPU accelerators, advanced support for discrete symmetry groups, chunking to scale up to thousands of degrees of freedom, drivers for quantum dynamics applications, and improved modularity, allowing users to use only parts of the toolbox as a foundation for their own code.

Çeviriye kültürel ve hermeneutik bir yaklaşım

Bu çalışmada hermeneutik ve tarihsel süreçteki araştırma alanlarından kısaca bahsedilmiştir. Alanyazın çalışmalarında hermeneutiğin dil, kültür ve tarih çerçevesinde yeni araştırma konularına dâhil olduğu görülmektedir. Bununla birlikte, alanyazın taramasında yorumbilim, çeviribilim ile ortak unsurlar çerçevesinde etkileşime girerek artık yeni kuramsal çalışmalarda başvurulan bir disiplin olduğu görülmektedir. Çeviribilimde yorumbilimsel yaklaşımların görüldüğü ve çalışmaların yorumbilim ile ilişkilendirildiği gözlemlenmiştir. Hermeneutiğe göre anlam, zaman ve kültür çerçevesinde değişmekte ve farklı değerler kazanmaktadır. Buna karşın gelenekler ve toplum anlamı şekillendirmekte ve tek olarak kabul etmemektedir. Hermeneutik yaklaşım kelimelerin çevirisine değil anlamları çevirmeye ve aktarmaya odaklanmaktadır. Çevirmen öznelliği de hemeneutik yaklaşımda sıkça karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu açıdan çevirmene ve çeviri sürecine yönelik çalışmalar artmaktadır. Ayrıca bu yaklaşım, çeviri hermeneutiği kapsamında daha fazla araştırma yapmak için hermeneutik ilkelere dayalı bir yöntem olarak sunulmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, çeviribilimde hermeneutik yaklaşımın geçerliliği açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu geçerlilik hermeneutik yaklaşımın teorik yansımasında öznellik, sezgi, bedensellik ve yaratıcılık gibi faktörleri de barındırmaktadır.

A Review of the Issues and Challenges to the English Language Reform at Malaysian Primary Education

This paper examines the scenery of English language curriculum reform in the Malaysian primary education system. It starts by unveiling the status of English language since Malaysia achieved its independence from the British colony. It provides an overall representation of the alternate government decision positioning English language in the Malaysian education system. It then reviews the initiatives and realities of each English language curriculum reform. In particular, the Integrated Curriculum for Primary School (ICPS) which was launched in 1982, the New Primary School Standards-Based Curriculum for English language education (SBELC), introduced in 2011, and the recent amalgamation of Common European Framework of Languages (CEFR) in Malaysia Education Roadmap (2015-2025) were duly discussed. This study was undertaken through a review of relevant articles published between 1987 and 2019 in order to determine the issues and difficulties teachers encountered during the English language curriculum reform and implementation process. This paper highlights the impeding factors which led to the inconsistency between the intended national curriculum and actual classroom realities such as language proficiency of teachers, insufficient support, and guidance for the teachers to cope with the reforms and centralised education structure. The emerging paradoxical challenges that teachers experienced throughout both language policy and curriculum reforms have aggravated the implementation of the curriculum, which consequently is deemed for immediate attention and to the extent for an additional transformation.

The Use of Language Function in Maybelline New York Cosmetic Advertisements

This article discusses the use of language function in Maybelline New York Cosmetic advertisements. The theory which was applied inanalysing the data and used as the main theory is taken from the book proposed by Roman Jakobson entitled The Framework of Language published in 1980. The data were taken from the advertisements of Maybelline New York Cosmeticaround 2015 until 2019 which was downloaded from YouTube. The analyse method that is used in this paper is descriptive qualitative method. Based on the result of the analysis, there are five from six kinds of language function found in Maybelline New York cosmetic advertisements, they are referential, emotive, conative, phatic, and poetic function but there’s no metalingual function.

Functional network and structural connections involved in picture naming

We mapped the left hemisphere cortical regions and fiber bundles involved in picture naming in adults by integrating task-based fMRI with dMRI tractography.We showed that a ventral pathway that “maps image and sound to meaning” involves the middle occipital, inferior temporal, superior temporal, inferior frontal gyri, and the temporal pole where a signal exchange is made possible by the inferior fronto-occipital, inferior longitudinal, middle longitudinal, uncinate fasciculi, and the extreme capsule.A dorsal pathway that “maps sound to speech” implicates the inferior temporal, superior temporal, inferior frontal, precentral gyri, and the supplementary motor area where the arcuate fasciculus and the frontal aslant ensure intercommunication.This study provides a neurocognitive model of picture naming and supports the hypothesis that the ventral indirect route passes through the temporal pole. This further supports the idea that the inferior and superior temporal gyri may play pivotal roles within the dual-stream framework of language.