Behavioral Framework Research Articles

Improving pre-exposure prophylaxis service delivery to gay men and other men who have sex with men in South Africa: Generating novel insights with a nudgeathon

“Indlela - Behavioural Insights for Health” a behavioural science unit focused on improving health services in South Africa developed a pragmatic behavioural design framework called N-U-D-G-E. We used the nudgeathon approach to combine our technical expertise with stakeholder knowledge to apply this framework and rapidly co-create behavioural solutions designed to improve PrEP uptake and persistence amongst gay men and other men who have sex with men (MSM) in South Africa. Over two days we took 26 stakeholders divided into five teams through the framework and identified 602 solutions which were prioritized into two ideas per team and then pitched to an expert panel. This approach uncovered several high-potential, novel light-touch solutions to some of the challenges hindering PrEP delivery to gay men and other MSM in South Africa. This format is an effective way to engage stakeholders, including policy makers, in the process of both identifying behavioural barriers to optimal health decision making as well as creating novel solutions that can be tested.

“How Can I Get Out of This?”: A Qualitative Study of the Phenomenology and Functional Impact of Misophonia in Youth and Families

Introduction: Misophonia is an increasingly recognized disorder characterized by negative emotional and sensory reactions to specific noises. Although misophonia most often begins in childhood, there has been minimal research on its clinical presentation in youth. This qualitative study explored cognitive behavioral processes that are involved in misophonia and its associated functional impairment in young people and their families. Methods: Focused interviews were conducted with 20 youth with misophonia (ages 10–17) and their parents. Thematic analyses of these interviews using a cognitive behavioral theoretical framework were conducted. Results: A number of themes were identified, which included internalizing and externalizing cognitive behavioral processes at the individual level (e.g., hypervigilance, anticipatory anxiety, escape, automatic negative attributions), secondary emotional and functional consequences (e.g., negative perception of self, guilt, anxiety, depression, emotional exhaustion, concentration difficulties at school), as well as significant impacts to school, social life, and particularly to family life (e.g., conflict/tension, anger and resentment, family accommodation). These themes are integrated in a proposed theoretical model. Discussion: Misophonia is characterized by several transdiagnostic cognitive behavioral processes, including avoidance, maladaptive cognitions, emotional reactivity, and family communication difficulties, as well as significant functional impairment. Developing treatments that target these processes has the potential to help youth overcome misophonia and improve the quality of life of youth and their families.

History of behavioral accounting research (1960–2023): a bibliometric analysis

Purpose This study aims to examine the over 60-year evolution of behavioral accounting research (BAR), with the main aim of critically and accurately tracing its past, present and future. Design/methodology/approach This study used Scopus and Google Scholar databases to collect 2,263 articles of BAR published on relevant accounting journals. Thus, this study used Bibliometrix to provide a temporal overview of articles and a temporally oriented network co-occurrence analysis of BAR topics. Findings This study retraces the history of BAR since its origins and, also on the basis of triggering events inside (e.g. Nobel Prizes for behavioral economics studies) and outside (e.g. accounting scandals) the academic debate, this study critically discusses the evolution and interconnections of BAR topics. Then, future research is addressed toward main promising avenues, thus integrating recent technological applications into the behavioral accounting experimental designs to improve their external validity, exploring the potential positive effects of professionals’ heuristics in performing accounting tasks under certain environmental conditions, exploiting behavioral accounting frameworks to analyze and improve sustainability reporting and sustainability performance management. Originality/value Although BAR is rich of contributions, including subfields and contaminations, it lacks a holistic evaluation of its origins, development and future perspectives. In this vein, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to use a bibliometric analysis to evaluate the evolution of BAR.

Robo-advisory financial services and the dynamics of new innovation in Saudi Arabia

Many individuals seek guidance from experts to obtain financial services. Robo-Advisors (RAs) have recently replaced human financial advisors due to concerns about high professional fees, behavioural bias, conflicts of interest, etc. From this study, we wanted to know the adoption intentions and various determinants impacting RAs in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) is employed to examine the data with a sample size of 1361 respondents from the KSA to determine the adoption factors for RAs. The study revealed that usefulness, perceived benefits, and policy interventions positively affect the adoption of RAs in KSA. The current research provides a comprehensive behavioural framework to understand RA's adoption by Saudi Arabian investors while also including the dimension of policy initiative by the governing authority.

Explaining preservice teachers' intention and behavior to use technology‐enabled learning in China: A multi‐group analysis across experiences

AbstractThis study examines the development of preservice teachers' intention and behavior to use of Technology‐Enabled Learning (TEL) within the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) framework. Despite growing interest, the effective integration of TEL among preservice teachers remains a challenge. Engaging 1023 participants ‐ senior undergraduates with practical TEL experience in real classroom settings ‐ the study employed structural equation modeling (SEM) to analyze the relationships between key factors ‐ experience, subjective norms, attitudes, and perceived behavioral control ‐ and their influence on the intention and behavior to use of TEL. The findings revealed that behavioral intention did not significantly influence the actual use of TEL, whereas perceived behavioral control acted both as a determinant of TEL use and as a mediator in the relationship between subjective norms and TEL usage. Additionally, while subjective norms showed minimal impact on behavioral intention, attitudes and perceived behavioral control emerged as crucial antecedent variables and mediators. The multi‐group analysis using SEM revealed that preservice teachers' experience with TEL moderated the first half of the mediating pathway between subjective norms, perceived behavioral control and the actual use of TEL. Notably, multi‐group analysis indicated that as preservice teachers gained more experience with TEL, the influence of subjective norms on perceived behavioral control weakened. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the TPB framework and its extended models in the context of TEL in teacher education, offering valuable insights for developing more effective TEL training and guidance strategies, ultimately aiming to enhance preservice teachers' proficiency and engagement with TEL.

Unveiling the Emotional Dynamics of Sports

Abstract: The variety of visible behaviors after winning or losing in sports reveals a lot about the psychological challenges players face during a sport competition. In this article, grounded in appraisal emotion approaches, self-regulation theory, as well as the biocultural framework of nonverbal behavior, I present findings on (a) how these affective expressive behaviors can partially be explained (i. e., their antecedents) and (b) how they might influence sport performance (i. e., their consequences). Regarding their antecedents, situational factors related to the importance of the situation, the outcome of the point, as well as players’ self-talk have been shown to be associated with these behaviors. While players report various performance-related inter- and intrapersonal consequences, the findings on associations with objective performance indicators show some inconsistency. Several directions for future research are subsequently discussed that may help improve the understanding of affective expressive behaviors in sport.

D-MHGCN: An End-to-End Individual Behavioral Prediction Model Using Dual Multi-Hop Graph Convolutional Network.

Predicting individual behavior is a crucial area of research in neuroscience. Graph Neural Networks (GNNs), as powerful tools for extracting graph-structured features, are increasingly being utilized in various functional connectivity (FC) based behavioral prediction tasks. However, current predictive models primarily focus on enhancing GNNs' ability to extract features from FC networks while neglecting the importance of upstream individual network construction quality. This oversight results in constructed functional networks that fail to adequately represent individual behavioral capacity, thereby affecting the subsequent prediction accuracy. To address this issue, we proposed a new GNN-based behavioral prediction framework, named Dual Multi-Hop Graph Convolutional Network (D-MHGCN). Through the joint training of two GCNs, this framework integrates individual functional network construction and behavioral prediction into a unified optimization model. It allows the model to dynamically adjust the individual functional cortical parcellation according to the downstream tasks, thus creating task-aware, individual-specific FCNs that largely enhance its ability to predict behavior scores. Additionally, we employed multi-hop graph convolution layers instead of traditional single-hop methods in GCN to capture complex hierarchical connectivity patterns in brain networks. Our experimental evaluations, conducted on the large, public Human Connectome Project dataset, demonstrate that our proposed method outperforms existing methods in various behavioral prediction tasks. Moreover, it produces more functionally homogeneous cortical parcellation, showcasing its practical utility and effectiveness. Our work not only enhances the accuracy of individual behavioral prediction but also provides deeper insights into the neural mechanisms underlying individual differences in behavior.

Understanding healthcare professionals’ responses to patient complaints in secondary and tertiary care in the UK: A systematic review and behavioural analysis using the Theoretical Domains Framework

BackgroundThe path of a complaint and patient satisfaction with complaint resolution is often dependent on the responses of healthcare professionals (HCPs). It is therefore important to understand the influences shaping HCP behaviour. This systematic review aimed to (1) identify the key actors, behaviours and factors influencing HCPs’ responses to complaints, and (2) apply behavioural science frameworks to classify these influences and provide recommendations for more effective complaints handling behaviours.MethodsA systematic literature review of UK published and unpublished (so-called grey literature) studies was conducted (PROSPERO registration: CRD42022301980). Five electronic databases [Scopus, MEDLINE/Ovid, Embase, Cumulated Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) and Health Management Information Consortium (HMIC)] were searched up to September 2021. Eligibility criteria included studies reporting primary data, conducted in secondary and tertiary care, written in English and published between 2001 and 2021 (studies from primary care, mental health, forensic, paediatric or dental care services were excluded). Extracted data included study characteristics, participant quotations from qualitative studies, results from questionnaire and survey studies, case studies reported in commentaries and descriptions, and summaries of results from reports. Data were synthesized narratively using inductive thematic analysis, followed by deductive mapping to the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF).ResultsIn all, 22 articles and three reports met the inclusion criteria. A total of 8 actors, 22 behaviours and 24 influences on behaviour were found. Key factors influencing effective handling of complaints included HCPs’ knowledge of procedures, communication skills and training, available time and resources, inherent contradictions within the role, role authority, HCPs’ beliefs about their ability to handle complaints, beliefs about the value of complaints, managerial and peer support and organizational culture and emotions. Themes mapped onto nine TDF domains: knowledge, skills, environmental context and resources, social/professional role and identity, social influences, beliefs about capability, intentions and beliefs about consequences and emotions. Recommendations were generated using the Behaviour Change Wheel approach.ConclusionsThrough the application of behavioural science, we identified a wide range of individual, social/organizational and environmental influences on complaints handling. Our behavioural analysis informed recommendations for future intervention strategies, with particular emphasis on reframing and building on the positive aspects of complaints as an underutilized source of feedback at an individual and organizational level.

Acceptance of COVID-19 vaccine booster doses among the Adult Population in Ghana: a cross-sectional study using the Health Belief Model.

The Health Belief Model (HBM) is a widely utilised framework for understanding vaccination behaviour against COVID-19. This study assessed the acceptance of COVID-19 vaccine booster doses in Ghana and identified predictors using HBM domains, including perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, barriers, self-efficacy, and cues to action. Additionally, it examined the sources of information about COVID-19 vaccines. We employed a cross-sectional quantitative design, using convenient and snowball sampling methods to recruit participants. Between March 20 and May 10, 2023, 822 Ghanaians completed a predesigned self-administered online survey via commonly used social media platforms (WhatsApp, Facebook, X (Twitter), and LinkedIn). The study used a binary logistic regression to predict COVID-19 booster dose acceptance. The respondents had a mean age of 29.3 ± 6.2, with 55.5 being males, 53.0% being single/never married, 93.7% having tertiary education, 83.0% being Christians, 59.1% were healthcare workers, 57.8% residing in urban areas, 95.5% having no chronic disease, 90.6% reporting negative COVID-19 history, and 78.3% reporting no reported relative/friend infected with COVID-19. The study showed that 81.1% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 78.4 - 83.8%] of respondents received the COVID-19 vaccine, and 58.3% [95% CI = 54.2 - 62.5%] of respondents were willing to accept the COVID-19 booster dose. The main reasons for non-acceptance of COVID-19 vaccine booster doses were personal reasons (41.7%) and experienced side effects or fear of side effects (32.4%). Regression analysis revealed that perceived benefits and perceived barriers (specifically worrying about serious risk factors) were the significant predictors of accepting COVID-19 booster doses in Ghana. Many respondents were willing to receive the COVID-19 booster dose. Personal reasons, fear of side effects, and experienced side effects were the main reasons for refusing COVID-19 booster doses. Perceived benefits and perceived barriers predicted COVID-19 booster dose acceptance in Ghana. Policymakers should consider these factors in designing public health interventions to increase the patronage of COVID-19 booster doses.

An innovative analytical framework for energy consumption behavior: A study based on Beijing households

Residents’ energy consumption behavior has significant impacts on the achievement of carbon reduction targets and the effectiveness of related policies. Up to now, there has not been a complete framework that can accommodate internal psychological factors and external environmental factors. Based on the Planned Behavior theory and Value-Belief-Norm theory, this paper has added economic factors, policy impact, and convenience of consumption as important external environmental factors into a proposed model; in addition, knowledge level, behavioral expectations, and consumption habits are incorporated as new internal psychological indexes to construct a expanded framework. The framework integrates both internal psychological and external environmental factors, enriching and deepening the psychological foundation of behavioral analysis. After performing outlier detection, confirmatory factor analysis, and other steps on samples obtained from a questionnaire survey, the results of the framework fitting data show that it has high explanatory power for residents’ energy consumption behavior, which is significantly better than the existing models. Furthermore, the new critical path that determines Beijing residents’ energy consumption behavior is obtained by using the framework. In summary, this paper presents theoretical and empirical foundations for designing and enhancing low-carbon policies.

Stoic Economics: A Theoretical Examination of a Shift in Consumer Philosophy towards Stoicism

Since the advent of modern economic thought, particularly within Behavioral Economics, consumer behavior has primarily been driven by psychological and utilitarian beliefs that prioritize self-interest and material accumulation. Now, as consumer mindfulness becomes a prevalent issue, we look to philosophy — rather than psychology — as a framework for consumer behavior. Stoicism, originating in Ancient Greece and Rome, has always been applied to individual well-being but has never been considered in the context of collective economic behavior, despite its basis aligning well with the basic economic problem of scarcity. We examine whether and to what extent virtue-based principles of Stoicism can shift economic activity, both for consumers and the economy at large. Through understanding of key tenets of stoicism, and translating these philosophical ideals to economic assumptions, we find that the stoic focus on long-term stability, rational decision-making, and the use of wealth for public good leads to deviations from the status quo of market activity.

Intolerance of Uncertainty and Neuroticism: Transdiagnostic Vulnerabilities and War-Related Safety Preparatory Behavior

The aim of the study was to understand the role of transdiagnostic vulnerabilities, namely intolerance of uncertainty (IU) and neuroticism, in initiating safety-seeking preparatory behaviors under the threat of an imminent war. A sample of N = 1460 adults were recruited via convenience sampling in March 2022, after the outbreak of the Russia-Ukraine war from nearing countries. Due to the lack of suitable measures in the literature to cover the phenomenon, first a short inventory for measuring these safety actions, the War-Related Preparatory Safety-Seeking Inventory (W-PRESS) was elaborated and validated via Item Response Theory. Next, a transdiagnostic cognitive behavioral framework was proposed for the determinants of W-PRESS: IU (IUS-12), fear of war (FoW), neuroticism (Big-Five), and anxiety (DASS). The SEM results confirmed the proposed model. A strong positive relationship was found of both IU and neuroticism with anxiety, FoW, and W-PRESS. Higher neuroticism was associated with higher W-PRESS, fully mediated by IU. IU also partially mediated the relationship of neuroticism with anxiety and FoW, respectively. In contextual uncertainty evoked by the outbreak of the nearby war, dispositional vulnerabilities, like IU and neuroticism may enhance the individual level of crisis management in the sense of preparing for and dealing with emerging risks.

Consumer psychological cognition, consumer social norms and consumer empathy: Basis for green consumption behavior framework

Consumer psychological cognition, consumer social norms and consumer empathy: Basis for green consumption behavior framework

Green purchase behaviour of Arab millennials towards eco-friendly products: the moderating role of eco-labelling

Purpose This study aims to examine millennial consumers’ intentions towards purchasing eco-friendly products in the emerging Arab nation of Oman, focusing on the moderating role of eco-labelling (EL). Design/methodology/approach Environmental knowledge (EK) and environmental concern (EC) are integrated into the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) framework as independent variables, along with EL as a moderating variable. The data was collected through a self-administered survey and consisted of 705 random responses that was tabulated and analysed through the structural equation modelling technique. Findings ECs, subjective norms (SNs) and perceived behavioural control (PBC) significantly influence consumer attitudes towards green eco-friendly products. Consumers’ EK and attitudes positively influence the purchase intention (PI) to make green purchases. SNs and PBC substantially influence consumer attitudes towards adopting green products. However, the findings reveal a non-significant moderating influence of EL on the relationship between EC and PI for millennial Omani consumers. Research limitations/implications The findings are limited to only one Arab country, Oman, which limits the scope of the study. This study contributes to the TPB by using additional dimensions to examine the green purchasing behaviour of millennials. Practical implications Marketers can use these insights to develop strategies that emphasise the environmental benefits of products, leverage social influences and empower consumers to make environmentally conscious choices. Incorporating EL and green packaging can enhance the visibility and attractiveness of green products. Social implications Promoting environmental education, awareness campaigns and policy interventions that highlight the importance of eco-friendly product choices can foster more sustainable consumption patterns among Arab consumers. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to examine the green PIs of millennials in an Arab context, specifically focusing on the moderating role of EL.

Consumer Intention to Purchase Organic Ice Cream: How Health Awareness and Product Knowledge Support SDG 3 on Good Health and Well-Being

Objective: The study aims to examine the factors influencing consumer purchase intention towards organic ice cream in Indonesia. Adopting organic food products aligns with SDG 3, which promotes a healthy lifestyle. Theoretical Framework: This study employs the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) framework as the foundation for model development. The TPB model is expanded with additional variables: health awareness and product knowledge. Method: This type of research is quantitative research with a sample of 262 respondents. The sampling technique in this study used purposive sampling, and the data collection method used a survey. To test the data collected with Structural Equation Model (SEM) Partial Least Square (PLS). Results and Discussion: Consumers with high knowledge about the health benefits of organic ice cream tend to have a higher intention to purchase it. Product knowledge has a positive and significant indirect impact on the intention to buy organic ice cream through its influence on attitude. Research Implications: Our research highlights the knowledge gap regarding organic ice cream, in developing countries such as Indonesia. By extending the TPB model, we provide a more nuanced understanding of consumer decision-making processes. Originality/Value: Theoretically, this study addresses a gap in the existing literature by examining the mediating role of attitudes in predicting the intention to purchase organic ice cream. In practice, marketers need to increase organic food advertising and conduct consumer education to help them recognize organic products and their good health effects.

Predictive Utility of the Multi-Process Action Control Framework for Self-Reported and Device-Measured Physical Activity Behavior of Adolescents.

Understanding the correlates of physical activity behavior is imperative for informing the development of interventions to address the low rates of physical activity guideline adherence among adolescents living in the United States. This cross-sectional study examined the predictive utility of the Multi-Process Action Control (M-PAC) framework for explaining self-reported and device-measured physical activity behavior among a Hispanic-majority sample of adolescents. A total of 1849 high school students (mean age = 16.0 ± 1.22 SD years; 52.3% women; 87.8% Hispanic) enrolled in one school district in south-central Texas completed a survey including instruments to assess M-PAC framework constructs (instrumental and affective attitudes, perceived capability and opportunity, behavioral regulation, habit, identity) and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) behavior. A subsample (n = 435) wore accelerometers for seven days. The results from robust linear regression models revealed role identity and habit were significant predictors of self-reported MVPA. Role identity was a significant predictor of accelerometer-derived daily MVPA and raw acceleration in the most active hour but not daily raw acceleration. The findings indicated reflexive processes are robust predictors of adolescent physical activity and should be the focus of interventions designed to promote adoption and maintenance of physical activity during this developmental life stage.

Problem Behaviours and Relinquishment: Challenges Faced by Clinical Animal Behaviourists When Assessing Fear and Frustration.

Fear and frustration are two emotions thought to frequently contribute to problem behaviour, often leading to relinquishment. Inferring these emotions is challenging as they may present with some similar general signs, but they potentially require different treatment approaches to efficiently address the behaviour of concern. Although behavioural assessment frameworks have been proposed, it is largely unknown how clinical animal behaviourists (CABs) assimilate information about the emotional state of an animal to inform their behavioural assessment. In other fields (such as both in human and veterinary medicine), the use of intuition and gut feelings, without the concurrent use of an assessment framework, can lead to higher rates of error and misdiagnosis. Therefore, this study used semi-structured interviews of ten CABs and qualitative methods to explore the ways they conceptualise, recognise and differentiate fear and frustration in dogs. Although interviewees perceived fear and frustration as negative affective states that lead to changes in an animal's behaviour, there was little consensus on the definition or identification or differentiation of these emotions. The use of a scientific approach (i.e., hypothesis-driven and based on falsification of competing hypotheses) for behavioural assessment was highly variable, with individual assessment processes often characterised by tautology, intuition, circular reasoning and confirmation bias. Assessment was typically based on professional judgment, amalgamating information on interpretation of communicative signals, motivation, learning history, breed, genetics and temperament. Given the lack of consensus in the definition of these states, it is clearly important that authors and clinicians define their interpretation of key concepts, such as fear and frustration, when trying to communicate with others.

Framework for electrochemical-mechanical behavior of all-solid-state batteries: From the reconstruction method to multi-physics and multi-scale modeling

All-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) are high-energy, high-power batteries. To enhance the understanding of the electrochemical-mechanical behavior in ASSBs across different scales, we developed a multi-physics and multi-scale modeling framework. This framework incorporates elastoplastic finite deformation and electrode microstructures of ASSBs, and the role of gradient plasticity in the governing equation for multiple physical fields was discussed. Utilizing X-ray computed tomography, we reconstructed the microstructure through a machine learning (ML)-informed image segmentation process. Our study clarifies the impact of electrode microstructures on concentration, stress, voltage, delamination and buckling from AM to electrode scale. Comparative analysis of the Feret diameter distribution of active materials (AMs) shows that ML-informed image segmentation outperforms two traditional segmentation methods. We observed that the asynchronous diffusion saturation of AMs, varying in shape and size, significantly influences the electrochemical-mechanical behavior of ASSBs, resulting in complicated debonding indices and J-integral distribution at the interface. The proposed upscaling homogenization procedure is demonstrated to be efficient for buckling analysis, with the shape mode closely matching existing experimental observations. These results shed light on the critical multi-physics and multi-scale coupling mechanisms in ASSBs.

Emotional intelligence as an antecedent of employees’ job outcomes through knowledge sharing in IT-ITeS firms

PurposeJob performance literature has evolved to address the aspects of performance thinking where knowledge sharing (KS) and emotions on the job are considered important. This study evaluates the influence of emotional intelligence (EI), mediated through KS, on job outcomes measured as job performance (JP) and job satisfaction (JS).Design/methodology/approachStructural equation modeling methods are used to investigate the degree of influence of EI on job outcomes through KS. The data for analysis has been collected from 227 project managers at Information Technology-Information Technology Enabled Services (IT-ITeS) firms.FindingsThe findings suggest that the EI has a positive and significant effect on KS. This implies that employees with high EI scores are more involved in the KS behavior. Furthermore, the findings suggest that KS partially mediates the relationship between EI and JP, and it fully mediates the relationship between EI and JS.Research limitations/implicationsFor KS, the answer lies in the recruitment and retention of emotionally intelligent persons rather than investing only in information technology. The study enhances the literature on knowledge management, sharing and EI.Practical implicationsThe proposed research model suggests a successful infusion of KS within IT-ITeS firms. Knowing the EI of employees and, accordingly, changing their behavior towards sharing knowledge is probably a distinctive, most efficacious and essential strategy for augmenting job outcomes.Originality/valueThe study establishes the role of KS in translating the impact of EI on JP and JS. Furthermore, it contributes a novel framework of KS behavior.

A deeper look at switching intention to electric moped: Magnitude vs Uncertainty

While behavioral intention is often considered the immediate predictor of actions, the actual realization of a stated intention is often affected by the intention-behavior gap. This research investigates motorcyclists’ switching intention to an electric moped from a fossil-fuel moped, examining two key components of self-reported intentions: magnitude and uncertainty. Using the judgement uncertainty and magnitude parameters (JUMP) model within the Theory of Planned Behavior framework, we differentiate the two components of stated intention and explore their determinants. Our analysis of data from 293 Taiwanese moped users reveals that while attitude is the major determinant of intention magnitude, intention uncertainty is determined by perceived control, subjective norms and the interaction between attitude and perceived behavioral control. We observed high intention uncertainty across all responses, with negative intentions showing greater uncertainty. Conflicts between attitude and perceived control relate to higher intention uncertainty.