Framework For Action Research Articles

Using the Knowledge to Action framework to improve housing and support for people with Multiple Sclerosis.

Background People with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) have unique housing and support needs that are essential for maintaining independence at home; however, there is limited research to guide the design of community living options for this population. The aim of this study was to examine housing and support needs and preferences of people with MS with the intention to inform the planning of a co-designed intervention based on the study's findings. Methods Using the Knowledge to Action (KTA) framework, quantitative (n =79) and qualitative (n =6) data from people with MS were extracted and integrated from projects completed by the research team that explored the housing and support needs and preferences of people with disability. Results were synthesised and presented to a reference group for validation, contextualisation, and adaptation to the Australian context. Results High physical support needs were common across participants. People most commonly required home modifications to improve accessibility, such as ramps, equipment such as heating and cooling, and assistive technology. Many people required more than 8 hours per day of paid support. Moving into individualised housing facilitated independence and community reintegration. People reported gaps between what they wanted from support workers and what they received, citing individual and systemic barriers. Conclusion People with MS have support needs that require proactive and responsive funding arrangements, housing design and support provision. In line with KTA principles, findings will inform the planning of a co-designed intervention that involves people with lived experience of MS and other stakeholders to influence policy and improve home and living outcomes for this population.

Ethical Considerations and Fundamental Principles of Large Language Models in Medical Education: Viewpoint.

This viewpoint article first explores the ethical challenges associated with the future application of large language models (LLMs) in the context of medical education. These challenges include not only ethical concerns related to the development of LLMs, such as artificial intelligence (AI) hallucinations, information bias, privacy and data risks, and deficiencies in terms of transparency and interpretability but also issues concerning the application of LLMs, including deficiencies in emotional intelligence, educational inequities, problems with academic integrity, and questions of responsibility and copyright ownership. This paper then analyzes existing AI-related legal and ethical frameworks and highlights their limitations with regard to the application of LLMs in the context of medical education. To ensure that LLMs are integrated in a responsible and safe manner, the authors recommend the development of a unified ethical framework that is specifically tailored for LLMs in this field. This framework should be based on 8 fundamental principles: quality control and supervision mechanisms; privacy and data protection; transparency and interpretability; fairness and equal treatment; academic integrity and moral norms; accountability and traceability; protection and respect for intellectual property; and the promotion of educational research and innovation. The authors further discuss specific measures that can be taken to implement these principles, thereby laying a solid foundation for the development of a comprehensive and actionable ethical framework. Such a unified ethical framework based on these 8 fundamental principles can provide clear guidance and support for the application of LLMs in the context of medical education. This approach can help establish a balance between technological advancement and ethical safeguards, thereby ensuring that medical education can progress without compromising the principles of fairness, justice, or patient safety and establishing a more equitable, safer, and more efficient environment for medical education.

Mandatory vs. Voluntary? How to Conceive and Implement the ‘Right’ Measures to Fight AMR

SummaryThe fight against antimicrobial resistance (AMR) usually relies on a large set of measures, such as banning or restricting the use of certain molecules, promoting preventive approaches to animal health, monitoring antibiotic use and prescription, training farmers and veterinarians, developing quality schemes and labels, etc. These measures can be mandatory (i.e. regulations) or voluntary (i.e. private standards, professional guidelines, etc.), depending on the policy style adopted in each country: imposing the same framework of action for everyone or trying to stimulate stakeholders’ initiatives. It is however difficult to say that one option is better than another, given that reduction of antimicrobial use in livestock has been achieved in different European countries using different options. Based on a cross‐reflection from three ROADMAP case studies, this Point de Vue argues that an efficient and legitimate AMR policy has to adopt a combination of voluntary and mandatory measures which is carefully thought through and which is adapted to local contexts and dynamics.

Critical Discourse Analysis of Pre-enrolment English Program Curriculum Documents: Preparing Students for University Registers

Objectives: Critiques in academic literature and Australian media focus on the English proficiency of international students in Australia, particularly those with EAL (English as an additional language) studying in Australia, raising doubts about their preparedness for university-level English studies (Arkoudis, et al., 2019). These concerns extend to pre-enrolment English program. To address this, the study examines the curriculum handbook of Australian universities' English programs. It reveals that this curriculum not only offers course and program information but also serves as a model for EAL students aspiring to enroll in Western universities. The study extends the analysis using the Verclaff Framework for Action (1989, 1995). Methods: Applying Fairclough’s framework, the study used a three-pronged critical discourse analysis of the English language program curriculum. This involved examining the text, interpreting the creation processes, and understanding the social and historical contexts influencing the text. Results: interestingly, the description reveals a clear and comprehensive structure, providing detailed information not only about the curriculum but also about staff, facilities, and the wider university and city environment students will engage with. Moreover, it delineates assessment tasks, with some fully detailed presentations. Conclusions: The curriculum document has become a comprehensive “book of rules” and a legal representation of the university. This study shows how the document prepares international students by teaching academic norms, complying with regulations, advertising courses, and providing curriculum information, while also addressing the socio-cultural aspects of their future studies at an Australian university.

Knowledge and practice of essential nutrition actions among pregnant women in Ibadan, South-western Nigeria

Background: Maternal nutrition during the first 1,000 days has important influences on children’s nutrition and pregnancy outcomes. This study therefore assessed the knowledge, attitude and practice of essential nutrition actions among pregnant women utilizing antenatal care services in Ibadan municipality, South-western Nigeria. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among pregnant women (15-49 years) receiving antenatal care (ANC) services across selected private and public health facilities. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data on optimal dietary intake, prevention and control of anaemia and promotion of supportive lifestyle and care, according to the essential nutrition actions framework. Results: The mean age of respondents was 29.85±4.89 years while the mean gestational age of pregnancy at respondents’ ANC booking was 18.33±6.12 weeks. About one-third (33.60%) of the respondents had poor knowledge scores (mean knowledge score 5.70±1.50 out of 10), with no significant difference across type of health facility. Mean attitude score was 13.76±2.44 out of 20, while practice was generally poor (mean practice score 4.80±1.34 out of 10). Respondents attending larger tertiary hospitals for ANC had higher knowledge and practice compared to those who attended smaller primary health care centers/mission homes. Additionally, the time of booking, parity, and type of antenatal care center were statistically significant to knowledge and practice (p<0.05). Conclusions: Antenatal care is still a valid platform for delivering maternal knowledge and encouraging practice of essential nutritional actions. It is recommended that expertise in tertiary hospitals be diffused to lower cadre of health care facilities to further strengthen ANC service delivery.

Accuracy of ICD-10 codes for suicidal ideation and action in pediatric emergency department encounters.

According to the ideation-to-action framework of suicidality, suicidal ideation and suicidal action arise via distinct trajectories. Studying suicidality under this framework requires accurate identification of both ideation and action. We sought to assess the accuracy of ICD-10 codes for suicidal ideation and action in emergency department (ED) encounters. Accuracy of ICD-10 coding for suicidality was assessed through chart review of clinical notes for 205 ED encounters among patients 6-18 years old at a large academic pediatric hospital between June 1, 2016, and June 1, 2022. Physician notes were reviewed for documentation of past or present suicidal ideation, suicidal action, or both. The study cohort consisted of 103 randomly selected "cases," or encounters assigned at least one ICD-10 code for suicidality, and 102 propensity-matched "non-cases" lacking ICD-10 codes. Accuracy of ICD-10 codes was assessed using sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV). Against a gold standard chart review, the PPV for ICD-10 suicidality codes was 86.9%, and the NPV was 76.2%. Nearly half of encounters involving suicidality were not captured by ICD-10 coding (sensitivity=53.4%). Sensitivity was higher for ideation-present (82.4%) than for action-present (33.7%) or action-past (20.4%). Many cases of suicidality may be missed by relying on only ICD-10 codes. Accuracy of ICD-10 codes is high for suicidal ideation but low for action. To scale the ideation-to-action model for use in large populations, better data sources are needed to identify cases of suicidal action.

HER2-targeted therapies beyond breast cancer - an update.

The receptor tyrosine-kinase HER2 (also known as ErbB2) is a well-established therapeutic target in patients with breast or gastric cancer selected on the basis of HER2 overexpression on immunohistochemistry and/or ERBB2 amplification on in situ hybridization. With advances in cancer molecular profiling and increased implementation of precision medicine approaches into oncology practice, actionable HER2 alterations in solid tumours have expanded to include ERBB2 mutations in addition to traditional HER2 overexpression and ERBB2 amplification. These various HER2 alterations can be found in solid tumour types beyond breast and gastric cancer, although few HER2-targeted therapeutic options have been established for the other tumour types. Nevertheless, during the 5 years since our previous Review on this topic was published in this journal, obvious and fruitful progress in the development of HER2-targeted therapies has been made, including new disease indications, innovative drugs with diverse mechanisms of action and novel frameworks for approval by regulatory authorities. These advances have culminated in the recent histology-agnostic approval of the anti-HER2 antibody-drug conjugate trastuzumab deruxtecan for patients with HER2-overexpressing solid tumours. In this new Review, we provide an update on the current development landscape of HER2-targeted therapies beyond breast cancer, as well as anticipated future HER2-directed treatment strategies to overcome resistance and thereby improve efficacy and patient outcomes.

The use of corrective action frameworks in international fisheries management

Compliance frameworks are important to promoting sustainable management of shared fisheries resources through the robust and transparent assessment of the implementation of conservation measures by States that are party to international agreements. This paper provides a review of existing compliance frameworks, with a special focus on corrective actions to respond to non-compliance in regional fisheries management organisations or arrangements, as well as a selection of multilateral environmental organisations. The analysis of the surveyed schemes of corrective actions identifies common themes and practices, which can provide a foundation on which to support the development of, or refinement of existing, schemes of corrective actions by other international organisations or arrangements.

Negotiating and Struggling for a New Life: Stigma, Spirituality, and Coping Strategies of People Living with HIV in Myanmar.

Although enacted and internalized stigma is a continuing problem for people living with HIV (PLWH) in Southeast Asia, there is little understanding of how PLWH cope with discrimination, exclusion, and other negative outcomes caused by HIV-related stigmatization. This article aims to bridge this gap by analyzing the lived experiences of HIV-related stigmatization and coping strategies among 30 people with HIV in Myanmar, a country heavily influenced by religion, especially Buddhism. Among the 30 study participants, 20 were female and 10 were male, with ages ranging from 18 to 50 years. Through the lens of Bourdieu's concepts of habitus, field, and capital, this article first elucidates the various forms of stigmatization in family, work, social, and other settings as symbolic violence on people with HIV. The present article shows that spirituality serves as a perceptual and action framework for people with HIV to generate reflexivity toward their HIV infection and related stigmatization and to further engage in agentic responses. More importantly, this article demonstrates how people with HIV draw on spirituality to support peers in reclaiming control over their lives and how they are perceived by society. The findings indicate that the local context, especially cultural and religious resources, should be considered when developing interventions to mitigate HIV-related stigmatization in Southeast Asia.

A plea for urgent action: Addressing the critical shortage of cardiothoracic surgical workforce in the COSECSA region.

The College of Surgeons of East, Central, and Southern Africa (COSECSA) comprises 14 countries, many of which currently grapple with an increasing burden of cardiothoracic surgical (CTS) diseases. Health and economic implications of unaddressed CTS conditions are profound and require a robust regional response. This study aimed to define the status of CTS specialist training in the region (including the density of specialists, facilities, and active training posts), examine implications, and proffer recommendations. A desk review of COSECSA secretariat documents and program accreditation records triangulated with information from surgical societies was performed in May 2022 and September 2023 as part of education quality improvement. A modified nominal group process involving contextual experts was used to develop a relevant action framework. Only 6 of 14 (43%) of COSECSA countries offered active training programs with annual intake of only 18 trainees. Significant training gaps existed in Burundi, Botswana, Malawi, Rwanda, South Sudan, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Country specialist density ranged from 1 per 400,000 (Namibia) to 1 per 8,000,000 (Ethiopia). Overall, the region had 0.2 CTS specialists per million population as compared with 7.15 surgeons per million in High-Income Countries. Surgical education experts proposed an action framework to address the training crisis including increasing investments in CTS education, establishing regional centers of excellence, retention incentives and opportunities for women, and leveraging international partnerships. Proactive investments in infrastructure, human resources, training, and collaborative efforts by national governments, regional intergovernmental organizations, and international partners are critical to expanding regional CTS training.

Examining barriers to antiretroviral therapy initiation in infants living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa despite the availability of point-of-care diagnostic testing: a narrative systematic review.

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation in infants living with HIV before 12 weeks of age can reduce the risk of mortality by 75%. Point-of-care (POC) diagnostic testing is critical for prompt ART initiation; however, despite its availability, rates of ART initiation are still relatively low before 12 weeks of age. This systematic review describes the barriers to ART initiation in infants before 12 weeks of age, despite the availability of POC. This systematic review used a narrative synthesis methodology. We searched PubMed and Scopus using search strategies that combined terms of multiple variants of the keywords "early infant initiation on antiretroviral therapy," "barriers" and "sub-Saharan Africa" (initial search 18th January 2023; final search 1st August 2023). We included qualitative, observational and mixed methods studies that reported the influences of early infant initiation on ART. We excluded studies that reported influences on other components of the Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission cascade. Using a deductive approach guided by the updated Consolidated Framework of Implementation Research, we developed descriptive codes and themes around barriers to early infant initiation on ART. We then developed recommendations for interventions for the identified barriers using the action, actor, target and time framework from the codes. Of the 266 abstracts reviewed, 52 full-text papers were examined, of which 12 papers were included. South Africa had most papers from a single country (n = 3) and the most reported study design was retrospective (n = 6). Delays in ART initiation beyond 12 weeks in infants 0-12 months were primarily associated with health facility and maternal factors. The most prominent barriers identified were inadequate resources for POC testing (including human resources, laboratory facilities and patient follow-up). Maternal-related factors, such as limited male involvement and maternal perceptions of treatment and care, were also influential. We identified structural barriers to ART initiation at the health system, social and cultural levels. Improvements in the timely allocation of resources for POC testing operations, coupled with interventions addressing social and behavioural barriers among both mothers and healthcare providers, hold a promise for enhancing timely ART initiation in infants. This paper identifies barriers and proposes strategies for timely ART initiation in infants.

Evidence-based nursing practice for the prevention of nasal and facial pressure injuries in patients with non-invasive positive pressure ventilation

To investigate the evidence-based practice of prevention and care of nasal and facial pressure injuries in patients with non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) using the knowledge to action framework (KTA), and to explore its effectiveness. Using an evidence-based nursing approach, an evidence-based practice group was established to formulate a clinical problem, the literature from domestic and international databases were researched for relevant evidence, the evidence was introduced into clinical scenarios, an evidence-based practice plan was developed, and a strategy for applying the best evidence was constructed by conducting a baseline review of healthcare professionals and patients with NPPV, analyzing barriers and promoting factors, and making changes in clinical practice at the organizational level, the practitioner level, and the patient level. Purposive sampling method was used to select the healthcare staff of the cardiac surgical intensive care unit (CSICU) of the Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, as well as the patients with NPPV admitted from October 1 to November 15, 2023 (pre-evidence-based practice) and November 16 to December 31 (post-evidence-based practice), as the subjects of the study. Through questionnaire analysis, the incidence of nasal and facial pressure injury of NPPV patients, the implementation rate of review indicators of medical staff, the score of the knowledge, belief and conduct of medical staff, and the compliance and comfort of patients before and after evidence-based practice were compared. A total of 52 medical staff were included, aged (28.54±6.50) years old, with 3.00 (1.00, 12.75) years of working experience; 2 doctoral degree holders (3.85%), 4 master degree holders (7.69%), 46 bachelor degree holders (88.46%); 2 with senior title (3.85%), 17 with intermediate title (32.69%), and 33 junior titles (63.46%). Fifty patient questionnaires were collected before and after evidence-based nursing practice; the differences between before and after evidence-based practice in terms of gender, age, body weight, duration of ventilator usage, 24-hour bleeding and total bleeding were not statistically significant and were comparable. Compared with the pre-evidence-based practice, after carrying out the corresponding evidence-based nursing practice, the incidence of nasal and facial pressure injuries of NPPV patients decreased from 16.00% (8/50) to 4.00% (2/50, P < 0.05), the total implementation rate of review indicators of medical staff increased from 79.73% to 94.08% (P < 0.01), and the total scores of knowledge, belief and conduct were significantly improved (141.96±13.88 vs. 114.65±19.72, P < 0.05), and compliance and comfort of patients were significantly improved (compliance score: 4.60±0.99 vs. 5.82±1.42, comfort score: 4.10±1.63 vs. 6.92±2.33, both P < 0.05). The application of an evidence-based nursing approach to obtain evidence related to the prevention of nasal and facial pressure injuries in patients with NPPV can be used to guide clinical practice, significantly reducing the incidence of nasal and facial pressure injuries in such patients, improving the implementation rate of review indicators and the knowledge, belief, and conduct scores of medical staff, and enhancing compliance and comfort of NPPV patients.

The role of the Polish Armed Forces in countering terrorism

In the modern security systems of the countries of the Euro-Atlantic area, a very important part is the fight against terrorism, in which the use of armed forces is a very important factor. The purpose of this article was to define the role of the Polish Armed Forces in combating terrorist threats, both within the framework of internal security and international security. The publication presents issues describing the phenomenon of terrorism. The introduction outlines how important the phenomenon of terrorism is in the modern world. Then, the focus was on characterizing this phenomenon, using definitions published in the literature covering the described phenomenon. The next part presents legal regulations regulating anti-terrorist activity in Poland, as well as the location of the Polish Armed Forces in these regulations, along with a description of the possibility of using them to fight terrorist threats. Subsequently, the focus was on characterizing the activities of the Polish Armed Forces in the aspect of combating terrorism, based on examples of their use in the past. The main research problem was formulated: What is the role of the Polish Armed Forces in combating terrorist threats in Poland and what are the possible directions for further development of anti-terrorist activities by the Polish Armed Forces? In response to the question, the following research hypothesis was formulated: The Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland play an important role? In combating terrorist threats both in Poland and within the framework of international actions. In the past, their actions have been effective, but in the face of the dynamically changing terrorist threat, it is necessary to constantly improve the tools and methods used by them, as well as to develop cooperation with other anti-terrorist services and institutions. Verification of the above hypothesis and obtaining answers to the above questions required the use of qualitative methods. For the purposes of the research, the method of analysis of literature, legal acts, Internet sources was used and analysis of data available in literature and internet sources covering the subject.

The Promises of Responsible Open Science: Is Institutionalization of Openness and Mutual Responsiveness Enough?

Von Schomberg offers a compelling examination of key open science principles and their potential role in fostering responsible research and innovation (RRI). Utilizing Merton's Ethos of Science framework, the paper constructs a series of arguments supporting a central thesis: “the transition towards open science is vital to facilitate RRI.” This transition necessitates significant institutional reforms within the scientific community and adjustments to incentive structures that promote the adoption of open and mutually responsive practices.The manuscript reframes the discourse surrounding responsibility and responsiveness in light of the evolving landscape of open science, shifting the focus from normative commitments to actionable frameworks in research and open science practices. Overall, the position paper strives to bridge the gap between idealised models of scientific communities based on RRI principles and the reality of actual scientific endeavour (Anderson et al., 2007; Politi, 2021, 2024).However, it is important to acknowledge certain omissions that could enrich the analysis. Firstly, a more comprehensive examination of the profound crisis facing science amidst the increasing marketisation and commodification of academia and research would provide valuable context beyond discussions of system failures related to productivity and reproducibility. Secondly, a more nuanced and critical approach to conceptualising open science would enrich the discussion, considering its multifaceted nature and potential pitfalls. Thirdly, the validity of the Mertonian framework and its selective analysis of values, particularly its exclusive focus on the norm of communism. Lastly, a deeper exploration of the challenges and promises inherent in the pursuit of responsible Open Science within ongoing institutional processes.

Key informant perspectives on implementing genomic newborn screening: a qualitative study guided by the Action, Actor, Context, Target, Time framework.

Newborn screening (NBS) programmes are highly successful, trusted, public health interventions. Genomic sequencing offers the opportunity to increase the benefits of NBS by screening infants for a greater number and variety of childhood-onset conditions. This study aimed to describe who needs to do what, when, and for whom to deliver genomic newborn screening (gNBS) and capture perceived implementation barriers and enablers. 'Key informants' (individuals involved in the delivery of NBS) were interviewed. The Actor, Action, Context, Time and Target framework guided data collection and analysis. Participants (N = 20) identified new Actions required to deliver gNBS (educating healthcare providers, longitudinal psychosocial support), NBS Actions needing modification (obtaining consent) and NBS Actions that could be adopted for gNBS (prompt referral pathways). Obtaining consent in a prenatal Context was a source of some disagreement. The Time to disclose high chance results was raised as a key consideration in gNBS programme design. Genetic counsellors were identified as key Actors in results management, but workforce limitations may be a barrier. Online decision support tools were an enabler to offering gNBS. The implementation of gNBS will require behaviour changes from HCPs delivering NBS. Findings can inform how to deliver gNBS at population-scale.

The effectiveness of voluntary collective action in China's rural land development

China is gradually and directly making rural collective land available on the land market. It is important to understand how stakeholders collectively treat and manage this land, and if this collective action leads to effective and sustainable results. This paper, however, revises Ostrom's framework of collective action by constructing the joint analysis of social capital, trust, and cooperation performance, in order to better capture the distinction between voluntary action and enforced action of stakeholders towards a sustainable goal. We analyze the role of voluntary collective action through higher-order structural equation modeling (HSEM), applied to a database consisting of 324 households in Jiangsu Province, China, collected in 2022 and 2023. The results suggest that social capital effectively promotes villagers' trust in policy implementers by establishing new institutions, increasing actors' trustworthiness, and improving channels of information exchange, and the first two means are more effective than the latter. We also demonstrate the significant positive effect of trust on cooperation performance, with trusting relationships with familiar groups and the credible behavior of policy implementers affecting performance outcomes of collective action. Moreover, social capital drives cooperation performance through the mediating effect of mutual trust that it breeds. With this revised framework and verified hypotheses one can thus create more effective policies to avoid inequality and informality in the land marketization process in China.

Culturally responsive occupational therapy practice with First Nations Peoples-A scoping review.

First Nations Peoples consistently demonstrate strength and resilience in navigating systemic health care inequities. Acknowledging racism as a health determinant underscores the urgent need for a counterforce-cultural safety. Indigenous Allied Health Australia (IAHA) contends that with cultural responsiveness, the health workforce can take action to create a culturally safe environment. To explore features of culturally responsive occupational therapy (OT) practice when providing a service with First Nations People and examine alignment of those features with the IAHA Cultural Responsiveness in Action Framework. A systematic scoping review was undertaken using CINAHL, Emcare, MEDLINE, PsychInfo and Scopus databases. Examples of culturally responsive OT practice with First Nations Peoples were mapped to the six IAHA Framework capabilities and confirmed by First Nations co-authors. OT practice with First Nations Peoples aligned with the six capabilities to varying degrees. The importance of OTs establishing relationships with First Nations People, applying self-reflection to uncover cultural biases, and addressing limitations of the profession's Western foundations was evident. Recognising the interrelatedness of the six capabilities, the absence of some may result in a culturally unsafe experience for First Nations People. OTs must acknowledge the leadership of First Nations Peoples by privileging their voices and consider how established practices may reinforce oppressive systems. To ensure a culturally safe environment for First Nations People, the OT profession must respect the leadership of First Nations Peoples and address the limitations of the profession's Western foundations to uphold the profession's core value of client-centred care.

Comparative didactics: Toward a generic model for analyzing content-specific dimensions of teaching quality

Since the 2000s, the Joint Action framework in Didactics (JAD) has been developed in the context of the expansion of the French-speaking research in Comparative didactics. Studies carried out with this framework typically investigate how knowledge content develop in teacher-student classroom interactions. From a quite different perspective, classroom research on teaching quality has also developed considerably in recent years. Despite the many efforts to better understand relations between generic versus subject-specific dimensions of teaching, this dichotomy remains strong in the debates on teaching quality. This contribution explores a comparative model for characterizing the quality of teaching practices from the conceptual categories of the Joint Action framework in Didactics (JAD-MTQ). Based on the comparison of teaching and learning practices in two school subjects—physics and contemporary dance—this paper pursues a twofold objective: (1) proposing a provisional set of generic criteria for capturing content-specific dimensions of teaching quality; and (2) highlighting certain methodological conditions for ensuring qualitative analyses of these dimensions of teaching quality.

The Influence of Educational Determinants on Children's Health: A Scoping Review of Reviews.

Objectives: Education is one of the most important social determinants shaping the development and wellbeing of children. The purpose of this review of reviews is to inform policymakers, practitioners and public health stakeholder involved in developing child-friendly policies outside of the healthcare system. Methods: We carried out a scoping review of reviews. It included 32 reviews. Results: We identified four main categories of educational determinants in relation to children's health: 1) the organization and structure of educational activities, 2) the interpersonal relations in the educational facilities and structures, 3) the spatial environment of educational facilities and structures, 4) social inequalities in the educational facilities and structures. This last category highlighted the capacity of education system to act on inequalities derived from the way social structures are organized. Conclusion: We suggest a conceptual framework for action which distinguishes structural determinant (gender, race, social class, etc.) and structuring determinant (public policy, systems of governance, organization of cultures/values consideration). Finally, we discuss on how these social structures and structuring determinants influence the intermediary educational determinants collated in the review.

A framework for neurosymbolic robot action planning using large language models.

Symbolic task planning is a widely used approach to enforce robot autonomy due to its ease of understanding and deployment in engineered robot architectures. However, techniques for symbolic task planning are difficult to scale in real-world, highly dynamic, human-robot collaboration scenarios because of the poor performance in planning domains where action effects may not be immediate, or when frequent re-planning is needed due to changed circumstances in the robot workspace. The validity of plans in the long term, plan length, and planning time could hinder the robot's efficiency and negatively affect the overall human-robot interaction's fluency. We present a framework, which we refer to as Teriyaki, specifically aimed at bridging the gap between symbolic task planning and machine learning approaches. The rationale is training Large Language Models (LLMs), namely GPT-3, into a neurosymbolic task planner compatible with the Planning Domain Definition Language (PDDL), and then leveraging its generative capabilities to overcome a number of limitations inherent to symbolic task planners. Potential benefits include (i) a better scalability in so far as the planning domain complexity increases, since LLMs' response time linearly scales with the combined length of the input and the output, instead of super-linearly as in the case of symbolic task planners, and (ii) the ability to synthesize a plan action-by-action instead of end-to-end, and to make each action available for execution as soon as it is generated instead of waiting for the whole plan to be available, which in turn enables concurrent planning and execution. In the past year, significant efforts have been devoted by the research community to evaluate the overall cognitive capabilities of LLMs, with alternate successes. Instead, with Teriyaki we aim to providing an overall planning performance comparable to traditional planners in specific planning domains, while leveraging LLMs capabilities in other metrics, specifically those related to their short- and mid-term generative capabilities, which are used to build a look-ahead predictive planning model. Preliminary results in selected domains show that our method can: (i) solve 95.5% of problems in a test data set of 1,000 samples; (ii) produce plans up to 13.5% shorter than a traditional symbolic planner; (iii) reduce average overall waiting times for a plan availability by up to 61.4%.