Side Frame Research Articles

Method of assessment of quality indicators of movement of light weight cars

Traffic safety is a crucial requirement for the operation of railways. Rail crashes have the greatest risk of derailment, with serious consequences. According to the results of the analysis, the consequences of the east are serious damage to the rolling stock, railway tracks and other elements of the railway infrastructure, slowing down and disruption of the train schedule. A significant drawback of railway transport is the restriction of the speed of trains with light-duty freight cars in the empty state, equipped with carts model 18-100. Among the reasons for the rise of the wheels of the wagons from the rails associated with the malfunctions of the undercarriage of the wagons, the following can be called: breakage of the side frames and cantilever beams of carts, breakage of axles and wheels, malfunctions of roller bearings of the axle assembly, wear of elements of friction dampers oscillations and bodies on the beam beams, the deviations of the sizes of the carts are inadmissible. Another important reason is the negative reduction of the wagon container by more than 10% of the factory installed by the factory. These faults, in particular those associated with the destruction of the undercarriage elements, directly lead to the descent of the wagons. However, some of them do not directly cause sunrise, but are the causes of the development of dynamic processes that cause increased force interaction of the rolling stock.

Конструирование пневмомеханического кантователя для ремонта боковых рам грузовых вагонов

Конструирование пневмомеханического кантователя для ремонта боковых рам грузовых вагонов

Development of welded structure of side frame of freight car bogie of increased reliability

Development of welded structure of side frame of freight car bogie of increased reliability

Розробка зварної конструкції бічної рами візка вантажного вагону підвищеної надійності

Розробка зварної конструкції бічної рами візка вантажного вагону підвищеної надійності

A Novel Fixed PV Array Configuration for Harvesting Maximum Power From Shaded Modules by Reducing the Number of Cross-Ties

Partial shading is one of the main obstacle for constant power generation from solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. Partial shading conditions (PSCs) may be caused by passing of clouds, buildings, trees, bird litters, dust and etc. Due to PSCs, PV modules will experience the mismatching power losses which will lead to the loss of power generation capability and it also produces several peaks in the P- V curve. In order to avoid the problems associated with PSCs, the PV configuration is one of the best solution. The main objective of this research article is to model and simulate the proposed 7×7 Tripe-Tied (TT) PV array configuration along with the Series (S), Series-Parallel (SP), Total-Cross-Tied (TCT), Bridge-Link (BL), Honey-Comb (HC) configurations under various shading scenarios. The performance above-mentioned PV array configurations are evaluated under uniform, corner, center, right side end, frame, random and diagonal shading scenarios. The comparative performance study of PV configurations is analyzed in terms of their mismatching power loss, fill factors, efficiency, global maximum power points (GMPPs), local maximum power points (LMPPs), voltages and currents at GMPPs, open-circuit voltage, and short-circuit current. KYOCERA-KC200GT PV module parameters are considered for simulating all PV configurations.

Equivalent substitution criteria of aluminum for steel and its application in automobile structures

Lightweight automobile body structure, made of aluminum, can extend the endurance mileage of electric automobile. However, the mechanisms for the application of aluminum in automobile body structure are not clear until now. The main contribution of this work is to propose a method of equivalent substitution criteria of aluminum for steel. This method researches small deformation and large deformation under bending mode. First, formulations of cross-sectional properties, including open, single-cell, double-cell, three-cell, and four-cell sections, are derived, and equivalent substitution criteria in the case of small deformation, which include equal stiffness design and equal strength design, are initially proposed. Second, in the case of large deformation, the steel circular tube and channel tube are substituted by aluminum tube under equivalent stiffness. The bending resistance of five types of tubes, including rectangular hollow section, rectangular hollow section with double-cell, rectangular hollow section with triple-cell, mild steel, and high-strength steel tube, are, respectively, compared considering crashworthiness under equal mass. Third, the side frame and chassis frame examples verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, which is universal and can also be applied in aerospace structures.

Разработка новых методов измерения вертикальных сил, действующих на боковую раму тележки от колесной пары при движении вагона

Разработка новых методов измерения вертикальных сил, действующих на боковую раму тележки от колесной пары при движении вагона

Design and Study of Intensive Track Laying System for Single Hole and Double Road in Open Cut Station

This paper takes Qingdao subway station as an example, considers reducing the cycle of track laying on the whole line, and adds rails and wells under the existing envelope structure. The single-track row of wells and a double-line entrance to the crossing are proposed. The analytical calculations and numerical simulation methods were used to check the mechanical condition of the station envelope and the main structure of the station under the rails. The research results show that the track laying base can be laid out in the enclosed open excavation station, and a series of problems such as land occupation coordination have been solved, and the period benefit is significant. This scheme can ensure the structural safety before the entrance of the rail row well is closed, and the position of the rail side frame below the middle plate of the station satisfies the requirements of the laying limit. This method has a novel design idea, has high application and promotion value, and provides a good reference for the design and construction of open-cut subway stations.

Determination of boundary conditions for mathematical model of agricultural machine during transport ride

Agricultural tillage machines require large working widths. The maximum permissible width of the machine on public roads is 3 meters. For this reason, the machines for work have to be spread mostly by side frames. There is a force on the machine in the transport position than during the machine operation and therefore it is necessary to determine its boundary conditions, which are different from the machine in the working position. When designing the machine, it is therefore necessary to pay attention not only to the marginal conditions during the machine operation but also to the marginal conditions for the transport of the machine. During the transport of the machine, its frames and connecting frame pins are stressed by forces that cause tension in the structure. These forces arise from road surface unevenness, but since the machine often travels on farms, field crossings and various other obstacles are often the cause of machine design failures. In this work, the stress on the machine structure in the transport position was measured. Two strain gauges were used to measure the stress. The results obtained can be used for the design of agricultural machinery modifications.

Kriging Surrogate Model based Optimisation of Welded Bogie Frame for Fatigue Improvement

The welded side frame of intercity Electric Multiple Unit (EMU) bogie frame is taken as the research objective to optimize the layout of its internal stiffeners and to improve its fatigue performance. The fatigue accumulation damage value is computed in side frame for some key welds using Master S-N curve approach and the maximal value of fatigue accumulation damage is considered as a significant constraint to construct a lightweight optimisation model. To solve the optimisation model effectively, a sequential approximate method on the basis of Kriging surrogate model is presented by combining the minimum response surface sampling with multi-island genetic algorithm. The weight of the side frame is reduced by 16% after optimisation, which realized the fatigue improvement.

НАУЧНО-ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЕ РЕЗЕРВЫ ПОВЫШЕНИЯ СРОКА СЛУЖБЫ БОКОВЫХ РАМ ДВУХОСНЫХ ТРЕХЭЛЕМЕНТНЫХ ТЕЛЕЖЕК ГРУЗОВЫХ ВАГОНОВ

The paper considers the existing problem associated with the operation of side frames of two-axle three-element bogies of freight cars. The main criterion for increasing the service life is the reduction of stresses in the side frame elements. The authors have proposed variants of side frames that increase the operational characteristics. The authors have also carried out numerical calculations of the proposed variants with the use of finite element method. As a result, the paper present the comparative analytical evaluation of the proposed side frames compared to the typical one.

Mathematical model of spatial vibrations of a four-axle gondola car on bogies with elastic coupling of wheelsets and side frames

Mathematical model of spatial vibrations of a four-axle gondola car on bogies with elastic coupling of wheelsets and side frames

Про причини руйнування бічної рами візка вагона

Про причини руйнування бічної рами візка вагона

Blasting strong rocks in the constrained conditions

The article deals with a new technology of blasting strong rocks in the constrained conditions of reconstructing railways by means of widening the recesses or shelves on the slope. Reliable no-fly stone rock blasting is provided by installing a transformable gas-permeable shelter on the blast block. The blast containment shelter includes upper frames placed on the surface of the blast block and side frames to shelter the side slope of the ledge. Special elastic elements that serve as a transformable gas-permeable shelter made from heavy-duty dump trucks worn-out tires are suspended on the frames. Shelter frames are installed on railway platforms. The use of a railway crane in hitch with cargo platforms provides the fold increase of the covered area of the explosive block as the time allocated to the technological “window” is taken only for installing and removing the shelter by a railway crane and the time for blasting the block. The time is not lost on moving the blasted rock debris left on the flooring sleepers in the existing railway track by the bulldozers to the excavating pit and for doing other work. A reliable no fly stone rock blasting when creating the secondary tracks of the railways is also provided by using decelerations when initiating explosives.

Design and Development of Light-weight Needle Control Device for Automated Tissue Sampling

In this paper we present a new robotic device for performing a percutaneous needle biopsy. The device is designed to perform introducer insertion and tissue sampling in organs of interest, such as the lung and liver. It is designed to have smaller parts and better performance than the previous models, and includes light-weight, sensor-based initialization, needle insertion force monitoring, and high performance tissue sampling. With some design improvements, such as a small pillar gear, for needle cartridge rotation, thin side frames, and a kinematic, linkage-based, spring block trigger, the device is over 40% lighter than previous models. Hall sensors mounted on each moving part, and a load cell between a needle insertion part and the frame, provide information for the stable and safe operation of the device. A prototype was fabricated, based on the design model, and the performance was evaluated for the positioning of the part holding the needle and for the tissue sampling. The results show that the device has an average error of less than 0.1 mm and a tissue sampling success rate of 100%, in both ex-vivo and in-vivo experiments.

Tungsten-carbide coating on EN 10025/5 steel to enhance the codal life of bogie side frame in Indian Railways

Metallic corrosion is a major concern for bogie side frames used in railways. The exposure to harsh environment is unavoidable and a protective coating is one possible solution. In this work, tungsten-based carbide coating was produced on EN10025/5 steel. The corrosion properties of the coating were studied using potentio dynamic polarization test using actual field conditions and using ASTM standard 3.5% NaCl. The coating was subjected to slurry exposure using waterjet erosion tester. The microstructure of the eroded area was studied for understanding the wear mechanism. The corrosion and erosion of the coating was compared with the base material. It was evident that tungsten-based carbide coating increases the corrosion and erosion resistance of steel in railway application.

The influence of the roof frame on the stiffness of a bus structure

In order to respect the more stringent emissions regulations, the weight of the bus must be optimized. The bus structures weight can be lowered by decreasing the thickness of the its components. By doing so, the stiffness of the structure will be affected. A deeper understanding of how different elements influence the stiffness is necessary, for optimizing the bus structure. The aim of this paper is to study the influence of the roof frame on the stiffness of the bus structure. Two cases are studied, one in which the roof frame forms a common body with the side frames, and one in which the roof frame is a standalone component, attached to the side frames via connecting elements and steel plates. The stiffness and the weight of the two bus structures are compared. Using a standalone roof frame gives a better flexibility for optimizing the structure, by choosing a different thickness or material for the frame, increasing the stiffness and reducing the weight.

RESEARCH OF WHEEL-RAIL WEAR DUE TO NON-SYMMETRICAL LOADING OF A FLAT CAR

Purpose. The paper is aimed at determining the influence of non-symmetrical loading of a flat car on the magnitude of the wear factor of a wheel-rail pair when changing the operation parameters that occur in operation. Methodology. The dynamic loading of the flat car, model 13-401 with typical three-piece bogies is studied using a model of spatial oscillations of a five-car coupling with the help of mathematical and computer simulation. Theoretical calculations are performed for the most dangerous sections of the railway track – small and medium radius curves in the range of permissible speeds. Findings. The indicators of wear of the rolling stock wheels and the rails are analysed on the example of flat cars in the presence of a longitudinal and transverse displacement of the load mass centre relative to the car symmetry centre. To obtain information on the effect of permissible deviations of the arrangement of cargo in the car on the magnitude of the dynamic loading of the wheel-rail contact, the authors performed theoretical studies of the spatial variations of the rail carriage and its interaction with the track. Originality. To determine the wear of the wheel-rail pair, the effect of displacement in two directions from the central axis of symmetry of the load gravity centre was studied, taking into account the value of the travel speed along the curved sections of the small and medium radius using a mathematical model of coupling of five freight cars. Practical value. As a result of the theoretical studies carried out, the authors assessed such factors as wear factor, directional force, and hunting of the wheel set of freight rolling stock in the event of load gravity centre displacement when moving along curved sections of the railway track. To establish the possible cause of intensive wear of the wheels and rails, the following parameters were analysed: lozenging of front bogie side frames; hunting of the left side frame of the front bogie; mutual longitudinal movement of the side frame and axle box of the front wheel set; mutual hunting of the left side frame of the bogie relative to the front wheel set.

Design and kinematic modeling of a passively-actively transformable mobile robot

A novel passively-actively transformable mobile robot that can traverse an unstructured terrain is proposed. The robot's locomotion system can actively adjust its posture in accordance with complex terrain conditions by using a novel adjustable side frame when stability and traction should be enhanced. The proposed robot can passively adapt to different terrain conditions with a balance-rocker mechanism to ensure that all four wheels can make contact with the ground. This robot can also level its body and change its ground clearance. The principles and configurations of the two mechanisms are presented. A mathematical model for an effective design and control of the locomotion system is presented, describing the kinematics of the robot in active and passive modes composed of position and posture. The robot's forward and inverse solutions are obtained. This model is validated through a multi-body simulation. The kinematic model presented here provides a theoretical reference for posture control, design, and performance analysis. The proposed mobile robot has a vast potential for diverse applications that include rough-terrain planetary explorations, rescue operations, and disaster mitigation.

Инновационная технология термической обработки боковой рамы тележки грузового вагона, обеспечивающая повышение ее усталостной прочности

Basic regulations of the thermal strengthening technology of a bogie side frame in a freight car made of mild steel based on the procedure developed for the parameter definition of thermal treatment on the results of the computer simulation of kinetics of structural and phase transformations in steel are shown. The results of the computer simulation of structure formation in 20 GL steel containing 0.42 and 0.53% of silicon at the realization of different cooling intensity are shown. The computer simulation is carried out on the basis of the developed procedure formed on the basis of the austenite decomposition diagram taking into account different cooling rates. The experimental assessment of a bogie side frame state after realization of the technology developed is carried out.