Frame Relay Research Articles

On Deep Reinforcement Learning for Traffic Engineering in SD-WAN

The demand for reliable and efficient Wide Area Networks (WANs) from business customers is continuously increasing. Companies and enterprises use WANs to exchange critical data between headquarters, far-off business branches and cloud data centers. Many WANs solutions have been proposed over the years, such as: leased lines, Frame Relay, Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS), Virtual Private Networks (VPN). Each solution positions differently in the trade-off between reliability, Quality of Service (QoS) and cost. Today, the emerging technology for WAN is Software-Defined Wide Area Networking (SD-WAN) that introduces the Software-Defined Networking (SDN) paradigm into the enterprise-network market. SD-WAN can support differentiated services over public WAN by dynamically reconfiguring in real-time network devices at the edge of the network according to network measurements and service requirements. On the one hand, SD-WAN reduces the high costs of guaranteed QoS WAN solutions (as MPLS), without giving away reliability in practical scenarios. On the other, it brings numerous technical challenges, such as the implementation of Traffic Engineering (TE) methods. TE is critically important for enterprises not only to efficiently orchestrate network traffic among the edge devices, but also to keep their services always available. In this work, we develop different kind of TE algorithms with the aim of improving the performance of an SD-WAN based network in terms of service availability. We first evaluate the performance of baseline TE algorithms. Then, we implement different deep Reinforcement Learning (deep-RL) algorithms to overcome the limitations of the baseline approaches. Specifically, we implement three kinds of deep-RL algorithms, which are: policy gradient, TD- λ and deep Q-learning. Results show that a deep-RL algorithm with a well-designed reward function is capable of increasing the overall network availability and guaranteeing network protection and restoration in SD-WAN.

A Comparative Performance Analysis of 6to4 Transition Mechanism over MPLS and Frame Relay using OPNET

A Comparative Performance Analysis of 6to4 Transition Mechanism over MPLS and Frame Relay using OPNET

From ATM to MPLS and QCI: The Evolution of Differentiated QoS Standards and Implications for 5G Network Slicing

The networking community continues to create new technologies and update existing ones to improve the quality, reliability, and "tailorability" of data networks. However, whenever Internet service providers attempt to productize "tailorability" and sell it explicitly to end customers as a premium service over best effort connectivity, they either fail to overcome net neutrality concerns or struggle to gain market traction. For this article, we focus only on those networking protocols, technologies, or standards whose goal is to offer tailored connectivity to paying customers on a public network and refer to them as differentiated QoS (D-QoS) standards. This article makes two contributions. First, it explores the techno-economic market trajectory of D-QoS standards to understand the factors that determine success. In doing this, we acknowledge that while there is wide variation and dissimilarity in their underlying technical properties, the expectation and goal for all D-QoS standards is that they will be used to provide guaranteed connection for which customers could be prepared to pay. As such, we consider Layer 2/3 technologies (e.g., ATM, frame relay, MPLS), signaling technologies (e.g., RSVP), data packet markers (e.g., IP ToS, DiffServ, WME, QCI), and end-to-end separation solutions (e.g., leased lines, network slicing) as a single cohort and analyze them together. Second, by exploring the parallels with 5G network slicing, we argue that despite its inherent technical differences with other D-QoS standards, the commercial performance of network slicing may end up resembling that of previous D-QoS standards. Consequently, we seek to learn lessons from previous D-QoS attempts and suggest that enterprise-focused 5G slices, running within a single service provider's domain and with binding service level agreements, will have the highest chance of success in the short/medium term.

LoRaWAN Range Extender for Industrial IoT

The LoRaWAN technology, an example of low power wide area network, is considered a possible IoT-derived solution for realizing private cellular (single-hop) communications in the industrial domain. However, despite LoRaWAN promises long range and dense environments with many obstacles (as the industrial ones), it may suffer from coverage issue. Additionally, the inverse relationship between data rates and range may be unacceptable for many industrial applications. In this article, an innovative LoRaWAN range extender (based on an enhanced LoRaWAN node) is described, and its integration in the infrastructure of industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)-enabled industrial wireless networks is presented. A frame relay strategy is suggested, thus avoiding to tradeoff the highest data rates against an increased sensitivity. The feasibility of the solution is formally verified and the features of the realized proof-of-concept prototype, based on commercially available hardware, are discussed. The experimental results, obtained with a purposely designed test bench, show the effectiveness of the proposed approach. In particular, the range extender is transparent for legacy LoRaWAN networks as confirmed by correct relaying of uplink and downlink for different types of LoRaWAN message.

A Preliminary Experimental Analysis of In-Pipe Image Transmission Based on Visible Light Relay Communication.

The regular inspection of underground facilities such as pipelines is absolutely essential. Pipeline leakage caused by corrosion and deformation must be detected in time, otherwise, it may cause fatal disasters for human beings. In our previous research, a robot chain system (RCS) based on visible light relay communication (VLRC) for pipe inspection has been developed. This system can basically realize the light-based transmission of control command signals and illuminance-based coordinated movement, whereas the collection and transmission approach of the pipe leakage image have not been studied. Compared with former in-pipe wireless communication techniques, VLRC can not only overcome the instability and inefficiency of in-pipe data transmission but also extend the communication range with high transmission rates. The most important feature is that it can provide a stable illumination and high-quality communication for pipe inspection robot and finally improve the energy efficiency. Hence, the aim of this article is to analyze the performance of VLRC-based image transmission in the pipe and in the future provide a high-quality, long-range, and high-efficiency image transmission for complex infrastructure inspection with RCS. The transmission systems based on two signal transmission modes analog image signal relay transmission (AISRT) and digital image frame relay transmission (DIFRT) have been proposed. Multiple experiments including the waveform test, the test of transmission features with different bit error rate (BER), and in the different mediums were conducted between these two systems. The experiment revealed that DIFRT was superior to the AISRT in terms of the relatively high-quality image transmission and reconstruction quality. It could better overcome the attenuation brought by the absorption and scattering effects and finally increased the transmission range than former communication methods. The DIFRT system could also operate at 50 with relatively low BER whether in the air or water. The technique in this research could potentially provide a new strategy for implementations in the stable, effective, high-speed, and long-range image transmission of the robots in some other special environments such as tunnel, mine, and underwater, etc.

Dynamic clustering approach based on wireless sensor networks genetic algorithm for IoT applications

Energy is vital parameter for communication in Internet of Things (IoT) applications via Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). Genetic algorithms with dynamic clustering approach are supposed to be very effective technique in conserving energy during the process of network planning and designing for IoT. Dynamic clustering recognizes the cluster head (CH) with higher energy for the data transmission in the network. In this paper, various applications, like smart transportation, smart grid, and smart cities, are discussed to establish that implementation of dynamic clustering computing-based IoT can support real-world applications in an efficient way. In the proposed approach, the dynamic clustering-based methodology and frame relay nodes (RN) are improved to elect the most preferred sensor node (SN) amidst the nodes in cluster. For this purpose, a Genetic Analysis approach is used. The simulations demonstrate that the proposed technique overcomes the dynamic clustering relay node (DCRN) clustering algorithm in terms of slot utilization, throughput and standard deviation in data transmission.

The Simulation of Access Control List (ACLs) Network Security for Frame Relay Network at PT. KAI Palembang

PT. KAI Palembang is a branch of PT. Kereta Api Indonesia (KAI) Persero located in South Sumatra Province, where PT. KAI Persero is an Indonesian State-Owned Enterprise that organizes railway transportation which provide services including passenger and goods transportation. PT. KAI Palembang has a computer network connected to PT. KAI Persero central is located in Jakarta. Now, PT. KAI Palembang is trying to improve computer network security, where one of them is limiting the access of users who connected to PT. KAI Palembang computer network. This can be done by implementing Access Control Lists (ACLs) and Frame Relay on PT. KAI Palembang computer network. In this research used the Network Development Life Cycle (NDLC) method which has several stages, namely Analysis, Design, Simulation Prototyping, Implementation, Monitoring and Management. This research method is used because the results of this research will be displayed in the Cisco packet tracer simulator. In addition, the results of this research were tested using a ping test between computers to show that the ACLs design had been running well.

EVALUASI KINERJA JARINGAN DMVPN MENGGUNAKAN ROUTING PROTOCOL RIPv2, OSPF, EIGRP DENGAN BGP

Data communication has become a major requirement for companies and governmental institutions. Communication is not only limited to one particular local area but covers other areas so as to form a wide network (WAN). By using 3-phase DMVPN (Dynamic Multipoint Virtual Private Network) technology, government companies and institutions can communicate securely through the Internet network at lower cost and easier in configuration than similar solutions such as X.25, Frame Relay and ATM. In maximizing the performance of DMVPN required good network management, one of them by using a combination of internal and external routing protocol. In this study the routing protocol used RIPv2, OSPF, EIGRP and BGP with different algorithms, to compare them used QoS criteria (throughput, jitter, packet loss, network covergence). Methods of data collection with literature study and literature study, simulation done with 8 stages (problem formulation, conceptual model, input & output data, modeling, simulation, verification & validation, experimentation, and output analysis). The results of this study provide the best QoS value in phase 1 is EIGRP-BGP, phase 2 is EIGRP-BGP, and phase 3 is RIPv2-BGP. And EIGRP-BGP is the best combination of routing protocols for DMVPN.

Frame Relay versus Asynchronous Transfer Mode: A Comparative Study and Simulation

Frame Relay versus Asynchronous Transfer Mode: A Comparative Study and Simulation

Performance Analysis of Frame Relay Network Using OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) and MPLS (Multi-Protocol Label Switching) based on GNS3

enterprise networks. This research focuses on combining advantages from Frame Relay, MPLS and OSPF into a modeled multi-site network. The combination is compared to th original OSPF network and analyzed for its throughput, packet loss, and delay. To meet the demand for efficient and resilient network, and to emphasize the advantages of MPLS-OSP as well as to avoid traffic shifting, specific network topology models are applied: full mesh with virtual circuit in core network connected to OSPF nodes for the rest. From analysis and comparison of network quality values obtained at, this combination attests to be reliable and robust network architecture without trading off its efficiency. The average throughput value of the combination networks was 18.47 bps, which is better compared to the OSPF. The average delay and packet loss from combination network also show better results, which are 59.90ms and 2.01% respectively. The results shows that the combination of Frame Relay, OSPF andMPLS generates better performance as well as significant improvement in networksecurity.

Distribusi Pengiriman File Multimedia Secara RealTime dengan Jaringan WAN Frame Relay

Today's communications networks are built using high-speed digital trunks that inherently provide high throughput, minimal relay, and a very low error rate. Such transmission networks supply highly reliable service without the overhead of error control functions. Frame relay is a packet-mode transmission network service that exploits these network characteristics by minimizing the amount of error detection and recovery performed inside the network [1]. In addition, real time network based systems can also minimize the possibility of employees committing fraud resulting in losses for the company. The research was carried out in a service provider video ad impressions company, which has fifteen branches in the islands of Java and Sumatra. The problem is the revenue reporting is not real-time and non-standard video file format ads to each branch. This is because the distribution process with the hard disk media are still using courier services. Based on user demand, it was decided to use the computer network using Frame Relay technology. With the computer network that connects all the branches to the head office, the data updating process can be done in a shorter time than the previous system and will reduce fraud forms of each branch and enable the achievement of a better quality of service to customers.
 Index Terms—Computer Network, Frame Relay

DATA EXCHANGE EVALUATION IN GLOBAL NETWORKS BASED ON INTEGRATED QUALITY INDICATOR OF SERVICE NETWORK

Context. Increasing amount of data circulating in computer systems and networks requires new approaches to the protocols and mechanisms to ensure the user experience and security of information. Evaluation of the communication effectiveness in a computer network is performed on the basis of particular criteria and quality of service indicators in the data exchange protocols in a wide area network (WAN), which does not allow to fully appreciate the quality of service efficiency, taking into account the economic costs of providing the required values of service indicators quality. An important task in this sense is the study of the complex index of efficiency of data exchange in the global computer networks, taking into account the economic costs. Objective. Consideration of the criteria of the complex index service quality, efficiency of cryptographic information protection, and effectiveness of communication in global computer networks in various ways on the basis of the exchange control integrated efficiency indicator, taking into account the economic costs of providing the required quality of service parameter value. Method. The complex index of efficiency, taking into account the economic costs to ensure the required quality of service parameter values in a global computer networks. Results. It was offered the methodics of evaluating data effectiveness in global computer networks, based on a simple multifactor analysis. Proposed and justified a comprehensive indicator of the effectiveness of data exchange, which takes into account, as the specifications (baud rate, probability and packet delivery time, etc.), and economic parameters, such as cost of deployment and network maintenance, and so on. Conclusions. The method of evaluating the effectiveness of the data on a global computer networks, based on a simple multivariate analysis is offered. With the proposed method analyzed the data transmission efficiency in networks with different technologies, such as X.25 (v.34), Frame Relay, Fast Ethernet (0.1Gb, 1Gb, 10Gb, 40 Gb) on the same criteriaIt is shown that today the most effective technology on the set of parameters a 10Gb Ethernet. The novelty of this approach lies in the possibility of technical and economic parameters combination of the communication effectiveness, it allows to introduce an integrated performance indicator. The practical use of the proposed complex index will more accurately assess the effectiveness of communication protocols, which are used in global IP-based networks, the economic costs of deployment and maintenance of the network, the cost of providing the required quality of service indicator.

DESIGN OF TRAFFIC ENGINEERED MULTI-PROTOCOL LABEL SWITCHING-TRANSPORT PROFILE (MPLS-TP) FOR THE ENHANCEMENT OF QUALITY OF SERVICE

Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) is a switching technology. MPLS-TP is a progressive version of MPLS in the field of packet switched data network. MPLS-TP is a high-end technology which implements network methodologies in a transport layer. For managing virtual private network(VPN) services, MPLS is of developing enthusiasm to the service providers (SPs) and furthermore to VPN customers. MPLS-enabled routers allot a few labels to the packets, and in view of these allocated labels it produces sending decisions. The prime expectation after the MPLS technology is to eliminate the need of OSI model data link layered
 (layer-2) technology i.e. frame relay, Ethernet, asynchronous transfer mode (ATM). This paper gives data about the components of Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS), correlation of MPLS with traditional Routing and Packet Switching, MPLS label format and MPLS operation.

Frame-Relays Among the Private LANs of Iraqi Universities

Frame Relay (FR) was one of the most popular wide area networks (WANs) services deployed over the past few decades. FR is a high-performance WAN protocol that operates at the data link layer. FR is an example of a packet-switched technology, where the end stations are enabled to dynamically share the network medium and the allocated bandwidth. In a sequel, due to such attributes further to the lower cost and privacy (security), it is deployed widely in various organizations, companies, banks, or institutions as a main backbone technology to connect their local area networks (LANs) over different sites. In this work, the utilisation of FR technology among the LANs of some Iraqi universities is presented. Consequently, bandwidth-on-demand will be provided for the end and intermediate systems of each individual LANs. In addition, ports and expensive communications facilities that are required to interconnect the devices of these LANs are reduced. The configuration of frame relay among routers has been simulated using a Packet tracer, which is one of the professional software that can be utilized to implement networks along with their technologies.

Optimizing DSL network through new architectures level 2 communication networks

The purpose of this paper is to propose a minor change in the conventional model to build VPN level 2.A new architecture for low cost using DSL technology in tanden with frame relay or ATM technologies aiming the formation of level 2 networks is presented in this document, in order to turn backbone feasible and optimize by making use of stablished DSL access which is operated by local telecom operators which provide applications through VPNs. The architectures of traditional VPNs level 2 will be then compared with the new proposed level 2 VPN by DSL access through OPNET simulator. Simulation shows us that by using the new proposed model along with DSL access, VPN´s provide an equivalent performance with Frame Relay or ATM access, assuring levels of service well defined, insurance and low cost.

Path Selection Analysis in MPLS Network Based on QoS

Abstract. Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) has been proposed as a new approach for integrating layer 3 routing with the layer 2 switching. It integrates the label swapping paradigm of layer 2 (e.g. ATM and Frame Relay) with the routing of layer 3 (e.g. IP and IPX). In the MPLS networks, constraint-based routing computes routes that are subject to constraints such as bandwidth and administrative policy. Because constraint based routing considers more than network topology in computing routes, it may find a longer but lightly loaded path better than the heavily loaded shortest path. In this paper we propose a new constraint based routing algorithm for MPLS networks. The proposed algorithm which is a modification of Wang-Crowcroft algorithm, uses both bandwidth and delay constraints. It means that the reservable bandwidth of all of the links along computed path must be equal to or greater than the bandwidth constraint value and the delay of the path must be less than or equal to the delay constraint value. In the proposed algorithm, the best path is selected based on proposed algorithm. Simulation results show that in comparison with the other methods, the proposed algorithm has a better performance.

Enhancing the competence of enterprise network using contemporary networking paradigms

Networking has traversed from days where networks were considered a background component of businesses to today’s electronic age, where networks are an imperative resource, and directly determine revenue generation for an organization. In today’s dynamic arena of networking, the crafting of networks has escalated from using just an elemental set of features, to consolidating modernistic technologies and services, in an effort to come up with state of the art networks which can meet the aim of connectivity, security, scalability, simplicity of operation, and flexible accommodation of new trends and technologies. The roots of this paper lie in the Enterprise network, and while adhering to the need of the hour in corporate sector, we propose architecture for Enterprise network, using avant-garde technologies such as Frame Relay, Port Security, Access Control Lists (Firewalling), VoIP, VPN, Ether Channel, Redistribution of Routing Protocols and ISP Redundancy. The network architecture has been designed on Cisco’s network simulation software: Cisco Packet Tracer. The principle behind the proposed network architecture can be applied in designing the networks of a host of other campuses.

Enhanced MENTOR Algorithm with ECMP Routing Enable

MENTOR (Mesh Network Topological Optimization and Routing) is an efficient heuristic design algorithm network that assigns traffic flow while selecting links to be installed. MENTOR is suitable to design networks categorized as virtual circuit packet switching such as Frame Relay, ATM and MPLS networks. However, MENTOR cannot be directly applied to datagram packet switching networks such as purely IP router network. This is because the traffic flows determined by original MENTOR are not always the shortest path routing based on IP link weight assignment. To solve this problem, Cahn proposed a modified version of MENTOR called MENTOR-II in which appropriate link weights are assigned to the installed links such that the traffic always route on the path with minimum distance. However, it should be noted that the traffic flows assigned by MENTOR-II are limited to a single path routing. This study proposed a new modified version of MENTOR called Enhance-MENTOR, or EMENTOR, which is able to assign traffic with the Equal Cost Multi-Path (ECMP) routing. Three options of E-MENTOR are considered, i.e. E-MENTOR with single path routing only, E-MENTOR with ECMP routing only and E-MENTOR that consider ECMP routing if benefit. The three options of E-MENTOR are evaluated in term of installation cost, routing cost and reliability for 729 network design conditions. The design results are compared with those of original MENTOR and MENTOR-II.

Simulation of IEEE 802.16j Mobile WiMAX Relay Network to Determine the Most Efficient Zone to Deploy Relay Station

An IEEE 802.16j mobile WiMAX relay network is a next-generation mobile wireless broadband network that uses adaptive modulation coding. When a mobile station is shadowed by a building and thus has a bad-quality channel to the base station, such a relay design can help it achieve a higher throughput from/to the base station. It's not known what modulation zone QPSK½, QPSK¼ or 16QAM½ it should be from base station to relay station to achieve better throughput. Simulation was made with NCTUns. This paper analyzes which modulation zone is most efficient for relay stations to be deployed to achieve maximum network throughput. The number of subscriber stations impact to the network throughput with slot load in one frame and optimal relay stations number connected to one base station. Ill. 7, bibl. 10, tabl. 3 (in English; abstracts in English and Lithuanian).http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.eee.112.6.451

Vocal tecnology: A normalization approach

From the 1990s onwards the use of digital technology for voice and image transmission (GSM mobile telephones, satellite transmissions and Frame Relay and ATM networks) has brought about the convergence of information technology and telecommunications, leading to the birth of the ICT (Information & Communication Technologies) sector. Currently, internal telephone networks, LANs, internet connections and geographical data transmission networks are being unified in most organizations of a certain size .