Frame Generation Research Articles

Posner, Blackstone, and Prior Restraints on Speech

Judge Richard Posner recently asserted that the original understanding of the free speech clause of the First Amendment was to prohibit “censorship” – meaning prior restraints – but not subsequent punishments. Posner was following in the footsteps of many other eminent jurists including Justice Holmes, Joseph Story, James Wilson, and ultimately William Blackstone’s Commentaries on the Laws of England.The problem is, this claim is simply wrong. Firstly, it misquotes Blackstone. Blackstone said that the liberty of the press meant only freedom from prior restraints; he never discussed speech. When one does examine the Speech Clause, it becomes quite clear that its protections cannot be limited to freedom for prior restraints. Most importantly, this is because during the Framing era, when speech meant in-person, oral communication, no system of prior restraints on speech was remotely possible or ever envisioned. So, if the Speech Clause only bans prior restraints, it bans nothing. A broader reading of the Speech Clause is also supported by its (admittedly sketchy) history, and by an examination of the political theory underlying the American Revolution. Indeed, not only is the Speech Clause not limited to banning prior restraints, a close examination of the historical evidence strongly suggests – though this issue cannot be definitively resolved – that a substantial portion of the Framing generation probably read the Press Clause more broadly.What lessons can be learned from this? The first is a need for great caution in “translating” Framing era understandings into modern times, with our very different technological and cultural context. Second, when seeking “original understandings” of the Constitution, it is important to be aware that sometimes, no consensus existed. Indeed, the Framers may have given no consideration at all to specific issues. This indicates limits on the usefulness of the entire Originalist enterprise.

Advanced multi-step security scheme using PCA for RFID system and its FPGA implementation

Security of stored data within a RFID tag and the data transmission process is important to both the designer and the user. The application of RFID in various domains is increasing owing to its ease of use, flexibility, low cost and enormous advantages of quick accessing and data transfer technology. Those deployments have a risk of unauthorised access to sensitive biometric or financial information through the tag communication. In this paper, programmable cellular automata (PCA) have been used to achieve a multi-step security for an RFID system. The proposed scheme has high level of security, as it provides step by step encryption with different keys and PCA rules for each part. The complexity of the circuit is reduced significantly by reducing the hardware size and power dissipation to a minimum level. The processor for reader and tag frame generator has been developed and implemented using Xilinx ISE14.3 simulation tools and Kintex™-7 FPGA board.

Development of the VMS Emulator System

A variable message signs is an electronic traffic sign often used on roadways to give travelers information about special events. However, a variable message signs has the different sizes and a specific type according to the city scene and it has to be displayed by different message on the display panels in real-time. And the variable message signs providers must produce the different products each order. In addition that, they should test and check the correct operation to each variable message signs product using different message frame. That is very time and workers consuming and automatic variable message frame generator system for variable message signs is necessary. In this paper, we design and implement an emulator system for variable message signs. The exact message size is decided when the message is generated. And the variable message generator can decide the exact message size using the difference between a given data size and a field of the data size. The system can be set several parameters easily on a window dialog which are necessary parameters for generating the variable message frame.

Hardware-based smart camera for recovering high dynamic range video from multiple exposures

In many applications such as video surveillance or defect detection, the perception of information related to a scene is limited in areas with strong contrasts. The high dynamic range (HDR) capture technique can deal with these limitations. The proposed method has the advantage of automatically selecting multiple exposure times to make outputs more visible than fixed exposure ones. A real-time hardware implementation of the HDR technique that shows more details both in dark and bright areas of a scene is an important line of research. For this purpose, we built a dedicated smart camera that performs both capturing and HDR video processing from three exposures. What is new in our work is shown through the following points: HDR video capture through multiple exposure control, HDR memory management, HDR frame generation, and rep- resentation under a hardware context. Our camera achieves a real-time HDR video output at 60 fps at 1.3 mega- pixels and demonstrates the efficiency of our technique through an experimental result. Applications of this HDR smart camera include the movie industry, the mass-consumer market, military, automotive industry, and sur- veillance

An algebraic perspective on multivariate tight wavelet frames. II

Continuing our recent work in [5] we study polynomial masks of multivariate tight wavelet frames from two additional and complementary points of view: convexity and system theory. We consider such polynomial masks that are derived by means of the unitary extension principle from a single polynomial. We show that the set of such polynomials is convex and reveal its extremal points as polynomials that satisfy the quadrature mirror filter condition. Multiplicative structure of this polynomial set allows us to improve the known upper bounds on the number of frame generators derived from box splines. Moreover, in the univariate and bivariate settings, the polynomial masks of a tight wavelet frame can be interpreted as the transfer function of a conservative multivariate linear system. Recent advances in system theory enable us to develop a more effective method for tight frame constructions. Employing an example by S.W. Drury, we show that for dimension greater than 2 such transfer function representations of the corresponding polynomial masks do not always exist. However, for all wavelet masks derived from multivariate polynomials with non-negative coefficients, we determine explicit transfer function representations. We illustrate our results with several examples.

정보 서비스 장치 테스트를 위한 메시지 프레임 자동 생성 기법

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) are advanced applications which, without embodying intelligence as such, aim to provide innovative services relating to different modes of transport and traffic management and enable various users to be better informed and make safer, more coordinated, and `smarter` use of transport networks. However, ITS has the different size and shapes according to the city environment policy to adjust the city scene and it has to be displayed by different message on the information display device in real-time. And the information service providers must make the information display system which has the different information and data each time. That is very time and workers consuming and auto message frame generation system is necessary. In this paper, we design and develop the message frame generation system which can set several parameters easily for the generation of the message frame automatically on the windows environment and we do not need to go the field to get the test data.

Bandlimited spaces on some 2-step nilpotent Lie groups with one Parseval frame generator

Let N be a step two connected and simply connected non commutative nilpotent Lie group which is square-integrable modulo the center. Let Z be the center of N. Assume that N = P ⋊M such that P, and M are simply connected, connected abelian Lie groups, M acts non-trivially on P by automorphisms and dimP/Z = dimM. We study band-limited subspaces of L 2 (N) which admit Parseval frames generated by discrete translates of a single function. We also find characteristics of band-limited subspaces of L 2 (N) which do not admit a single Parseval frame. We also provide some conditions under which continuous wavelets transforms related to the left regular representation admit discretization, by some discrete set ⊂ N. Finally, we show some explicit examples in the last section.

A real-time interaction strategy for virtual maintenance based on motion capture

This paper presents a real-time interaction strategy for virtual maintenance based on motion capture system. The strategy has integrated the real-time control function of motion capture systems and reusable function of motion capture data to solve the limited captured-domain problem in the motion capture system. The main techniques for this cross boundary research include maintenance feature matrix calculation, collision detection, interpolation algorithm, oriented switch, data glove and path planning, which have overcome a number of critical issues, such as data storage, automotive generation of transition frames, transformation of operation location and shifting of control approaches. Further the research has implemented the real-time interaction control of large-domain virtual maintenance operation.

Linear combinations of frame generators in systems of translates

A finitely generated shift invariant space V is a closed subspace of L2(Rd) that can be generated by the integer translates of a finite number of functions. A set of frame generators for V is a set of functions whose integer translates form a frame for V. In this note we give necessary and sufficient conditions in order that a minimal set of frame generators can be obtained by taking linear combinations of the given frame generators. Surprisingly the results are very different from the recently studied case when the property to be a frame is not required.

An improved side information generation for distributed video coding

This paper presents a side information (SI) scheme for distributed video coding based on multilayer perceptron. The suggested scheme predicts a Wyner–Ziv (WZ) frame from two decoded key frames. The network is trained offline using patterns from different standard video sequences with varied motion characteristics to achieve generalization. The proposed scheme is simulated along with other standard video coding schemes. Performance comparisons have been made with respect to training convergence, rate distortion (RD), peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), number of requests per SI frame, decoding time requirement, etc. In general, it is observed that the proposed scheme has a superior SI frame generation capability as compared to its competent schemes.

Frames for decomposition spaces generated by a single function

In this paper we present a construction of frames generated by a single band-limited function for decomposition smoothness spaces on \(\mathbb R ^d\) of modulation and Triebel–Lizorkin type. A perturbation argument is then used to construct compactly supported frame generators.

Design and Experimental Study of Swing Arm Vortex-Induced Vibration Generating Device

In order to expand the use of water flow, this paper presents a generating device using the vortex-induced vibration to gather energy from the low speed water flow. The device consists four parts: bearing frame, transmission and power generation system, vibration system and the measuring system. A prototype was made according to the design scheme, and finished the experimental test in a circulating water channel. The experiment showed that: the vibration body could get higher amplitude to drive the generator by controlling its stiffness coefficient; the unidirectional rotation transformed from the vortex-induced vibration reciprocating motion fluctuate obviously, which can be transferred into smooth rotation by the energy storage flywheel to drive the generator. The design and study of the swing arm vortex-induced vibration generating device provided a new idea for gathering energy from low-speed water flow, it would also provide a reference for the theoretical study and engineering applications of using vortex-induced vibration for generating.

An Adaptive Phase Tracking Scheme of OFDM Wireless Communication System

This paper proposes a new phase tracking algorithm for the 802.11a system. Since this system illuminates the basic structure of 802.11a system, and introduces the OFDM frame generation principle based the transmitter, phase error estimation and channel estimation. On the basis of this, this paper presents a phase tracking scheme based on adaptive Kalman filter, and then simulates the process based on 802.11a system. The result indicates that the BER has been improved because of this adaptive phase tracking scheme.

Video coding with dynamic background

Motion estimation (ME) and motion compensation (MC) using variable block size, sub-pixel search, and multiple reference frames (MRFs) are the major reasons for improved coding performance of the H.264 video coding standard over other contemporary coding standards. The concept of MRFs is suitable for repetitive motion, uncovered background, non-integer pixel displacement, lighting change, etc. The requirement of index codes of the reference frames, computational time in ME & MC, and memory buffer for coded frames limits the number of reference frames used in practical applications. In typical video sequences, the previous frame is used as a reference frame with 68–92% of cases. In this article, we propose a new video coding method using a reference frame [i.e., the most common frame in scene (McFIS)] generated by dynamic background modeling. McFIS is more effective in terms of rate-distortion and computational time performance compared to the MRFs techniques. It has also inherent capability of scene change detection (SCD) for adaptive group of picture (GOP) size determination. As a result, we integrate SCD (for GOP determination) with reference frame generation. The experimental results show that the proposed coding scheme outperforms the H.264 video coding with five reference frames and the two relevant state-of-the-art algorithms by 0.5–2.0 dB with less computational time.

Robust Video Transmission over Wireless Networks Using Cross Layer Approach

Video coding is controlled by coding algorithms and limited in a frame or group of frames within a sequence, without considering channel status condition. Besides the conventional coding algorithm, we need to develop methods to take care of resource allocation in cooperative wireless a sensor networks (CWSNs). The most challenging part of the CWSNs is the quality of service i.e. guaranteed multimedia content delivery. This paper mainly focuses on the generation of various frames from the video stream and their robust transmission over wireless network using cross- layer approach. 

Operator-valued frame generators for group-like unitary systems

In this paper, we investigate operator-valued frames with the structure of group-like unitary system. We show the commutant of the group-like unitary system can be characterized in terms of analysis operators associated with all the operator-valued Bessel generators and give some sufficient and necessary conditions to describe when an operator-valued frame generator admits a Parseval dual.

WIRELESS HEADSET AND METHOD FOR ROBUST VOICE DATA COMMUNICATION

A wireless device for use with speech recognition applications comprises a frame generator for generating successive frames from digitized original audio signals, the frames representing portions of the digitized audio signals. An autocorrelation circuit generates a set of coefficients for each frame, the coefficient set being reflective of spectral characteristics of the audio signal portion represented by the frame. In one embodiment, the autocorrelation coefficients may be used to predict the original audio signal to be subtracted from the original audio signals and to generate residual signals A Bluetooth transceiver is configured for transmitting the set of coefficients and/or residual signals as data to another device, which utilizes the coefficients for speech applications.

Joint optimization of continuity and quality for streaming video

This paper aims to reduce the amount of prebuffering required to ensure a maximum video continuity in streaming. Current approaches do this by slowing the playout frame rate of the decoder, this is known as adaptive media playout (AMP). However, doing this introduces playout distortion to the viewers as the video is played slower than its natural playout rate. We approach this by proposing a frame rate control scheme that jointly adjusts the encoder frame generation rate of the encoder and the playout frame rate of the decoder. In addition to using AMP to improve video continuity, we also allow the encoder to increase the encoder frame generation rate. This means the encoder will be sending more frames to the decoder to quickly increase the number of frames available at the playback buffer, thus lowering the chance of buffer underflow which causes discontinuity in video playback. At the same time, the increase in the number of frames at the playback buffer may mean that the decoder does not need to use AMP to delay the playback, thus lowering the playback distortion. However, the increase in encoder frame generation rate comes at a price because frame quality will need to decrease in order to meet the constraint on available network bandwidth. This implies that the scheme needs to find the optimal trade-off between frame quality, playout distortion and video continuity. To do that, we characterize the frame rate control problem using Lyapunov optimization. We then systematically derive the optimization policies. We also show that these policies can be decoupled into separate encoder and decoder optimization policies, thus allowing for a distributed implementation. Simulation results show significant reductions in the prebuffering requirements over a scheme that perform no frame rate control and lower playout distortions compared to the AMP schemes, while exhibiting a modest drop in frame quality.

A Frame Rate Optimization Framework for Improving Continuity in Video Streaming

This paper aims to reduce the prebuffering requirements, while maintaining continuity, for video streaming. Current approaches do this by making use of adaptive media playout (AMP) to reduce the playout rate. However, this introduces playout distortion to the viewers and increases the viewing latency. We approach this by proposing a frame rate optimization framework that adjusts both the encoder frame generation rate and the decoder playout frame rate. Firstly, we model this problem as the joint adjustment of the encoder frame generation interval and the decoder playout frame interval. This model is used with a discontinuity penalty virtual buffer to track the accumulated difference between the receiving frame interval and the playout frame interval. We then apply Lyapunov optimization to the model to systematically derive a pair of decoupled optimization policies. We show that the occupancy of the discontinuity penalty virtual buffer is correlated to the video discontinuity and that this framework produces a very low playout distortion in addition to a significant reduction in the prebuffering requirements compared to existing approaches. Secondly, we introduced a delay constraint into the framework by using a delay accumulator virtual buffer. Simulation results show that the delay constrained framework provides a superior tradeoff between the video quality and the delay introduced compared to the existing approach. Finally, we analyzed the impact of delayed feedback between the receiver and the sender on the optimization policies. We show that the delayed feedbacks have a minimal impact on the optimization policies.

Particle Filtering Based Estimation of Consistent Motion and Disparity With Reduced Search Points

A particle filtering based block-wise estimation method for estimation of motion in a video sequence and joint estimation of disparity and motion in a stereo video sequence is proposed. Parameters of motion and disparity of a block in a sequence are defined as a state, and evolution of the state with respect to the block index is tracked with particle filtering. The state is assumed to be dependent on the states of neighboring blocks. Estimated motion and disparity fields are consistent and suitable for intermediate frame or view generation. The particle filter provides a method to effectively sample the search space. The particles are concentrated in regions where the probability density function for the state has large values. Hence, the locations of the particles are good candidates for search points of a fast search method. The proposed method can estimate motion and disparity with a fraction of search points necessary for conventional estimation methods.