Energy Of Fragments Research Articles

Operational considerations for approximating molecular assembly by Fourier transform mass spectrometry

Some of the most common life detection techniques for planetary exploration focus on organic molecule characterization, but life on other planets may not chemically resemble that found on Earth. Therefore, an agnostic detection system of signs of life (biosignatures) is essential. Assembly Theory (AT) is a conceptual tool for understanding evolution and object formation that has been useful in developing an approach to quantify molecular complexity via the Molecular Assembly index, which when combined with abundance, allows the total assembly number of a sample to be calculated. Because AT makes no assumptions about the chemistry of life, it is an agnostic tool that identifies molecular structures that are probabilistically more likely to have arisen via selection and therefore biological processes. AT uses graph theory to quantify molecular complexity by finding the shortest sequence of joining operations (e.g., chemical bonds) required to build a compound from a set of starting materials allowing recursive reuse of units or fragments. For molecules, this number of steps is the MA value. We explore the use of Fourier transform (i.e., Orbitrap) mass spectrometry for approximating MA by quantifying how a molecule breaks apart into fragments. We analyze amino acid and nucleoside standards individually and as mixtures, as well as amino acids from naturally occurring biological and meteoritic sources. Aside from sample type, we evaluate the effect of analyte concentration and fragmentation energies on the generated MA value. Additionally, an older Orbitrap model similar to flight prototype instrumentation, was tested. The raw mass spectrometry data was compared with two different MA processing algorithms - one that uses the parent molecule spectrum and molecular weight (recursive) and one that does not (non-recursive). Concentration, fragmentation energy, and sample type all influence the raw mass spectra. However, the recursive algorithm reports MA estimates that are more consistent across sample types, concentrations, and fragmentation energies. We discuss instrument requirements for approximating MA that can be applied to future flight and sample return missions.

Impact Resistance of Aluminum Foam Composites with Filler and Coating Materials

The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact resistance of aluminum foam composites containing fillers and coatings and to investigate the effect of different thickness ratios of the composites on this capability. We prepared composites using aluminum foam and polyurea and performed impact tests and numerical simulations. A comparison of the results shows that the Abaqus simulation results are in general agreement with the test results. The results show that the polyurea filler material and polyurea coating can significantly improve the impact resistance of the aluminum foam, and the best impact resistance of the aluminum foam composite with polyurea coating on the back. An extended study of the composites was carried out using a numerical model validated by the test results. For the energy absorption effect of the aluminum foam composites in the impact resistance process, there is an optimum value for the thickness ratio of the aluminum foam/polyurea composite, which is 3:1. The remaining kinetic energy of cylindrical fragments in the 3-1-1-2 composite material decreased by 13.26%, in the 4-1-1-2 composite material decreased by 11.91%, in the 2-1-1-2 composite material decreased by 11.78%, and in the 1-1-1-2 composite material increased by 2.7% when compared to the remaining kinetic energy of cylindrical fragments in the control group. The energy absorption efficiency of the aluminum foam composite increases as the residual kinetic energy of the cylindrical fragments decreases. The 3-1-1-2 composite can significantly improve the energy absorption effect, which can be used as a reference for the design of impact-resistant composites in the future.

Evaluating Electronic Properties of Self‐Assembled Indium Phosphide Nanomaterials as High‐Efficient Solar Cell

ABSTRACTGeometries and electronic properties associated with relative stabilities and energy gaps of porous (InP)12n (n = 1–12) nanoclusters (NCs) (nanowires and nanosheets) are systemically studied by density functional method. The relative stabilities of (InP)12n NCs through the calculated fragmentation energies and cluster‐binding energies are determined and discussed. Interestingly, the calculated energy gaps of (InP)12n nanowires and nanosheets are localized at regions of visible light energy ranges. (InP)12n are relatively wide‐band semiconductor solar energy nanomaterial. The calculated density of states reveals large‐sized porous (InP)12n nanosheets and nanowires with narrow pore size distribution and slight thickness and a large surface area manifest ultrahigh specific capacitance of trapping solar light energies and high light‐to‐electricity conversion efficiencies in solar energy absorption or conversion or photovoltaicsm. Particularly, (InP)12n NCs maintain their elemental properties of individual (InP)12 clusters in the energy gaps of (InP)12n (n > 4). NCs are almost independent of variable sizes. Specifically, the size‐dependent charge transfers of In atoms in (InP)12n NCs exhibit that ionic and covalent bonding exist in (InP)12n NCs and can stabilize (InP)12n NCs. Comparison with experiment results available is made.

Influence of explosive type and constant γ in Mott’s stochastic model on terminal-ballistics parameters of high-explosive warheads using numerical simulations

The research examined the use of numerical simulations for high-explosive (HE) munitions. Lagrange and Euler solvers from Ansys Autodyn, whose brief theoretical synopsis is given, were utilized. Numerical program modeling of materials under dynamic loads (explosives and solid bodies) is also explained. The study also provides a brief summary of relevant research works that address numerical simulations of the fragmentation of HE projectiles (warheads). First, using data from other authors, the numerical model in this paper was effectively validated. The original research in the publication included an evaluation of the influence of explosive type on mass distribution, as well as velocity and the kinetic energy of fragments on cylindrical warheads, along with some recommendations and findings. Results show that ordered by values of initial fragment velocity are explosives: Trinitrotoluen (TNT), H6, Comp. B, Octol, PBX-9404-3, and LX-10-1. Explosives LX-10-1 and PBX-9404-3 showed similar performance because both explosives are HMX-based mixtures, with LX-10-1 having 0.5% more Octogen (HMX). The greatest (fastest) expansion of fragments (for the given time frame of 150 µs) is present in the most potent explosives (LX-10-1 and PBX-9404-3) since they have the largest detonation velocities. In the configurations with stronger explosives (Octol, LX-10-1, PBX-9404-3), the front and rear cover of the cylinder is more fragmented than in the case of weaker explosives. The highest number of fragments is obtained with PBX-9404-3 explosive, 142% higher than using TNT charge. Also, as part of the original research in the paper, an assessment of the influence of the constant γ in Mott’s stochastic fragmentation model on the mass distribution of fragments and their kinetic energy was made. Results indicate that constant γ has the greatest influence on the number of very small fragments, which can be used when calibrating this constant with experimental data. The masses of fragments are relatively uniform (for all γ values) up to the mass group of 50–100 g, above which the most massive fragments are obtained when γ = 5. Most of the fragments have relatively high energy where that is, fragments of mass 0.5–2 g have an average kinetic energy of 470–650 J, while fragments of masses 50–100 g have an average kinetic energy of 50–85 kJ. Described numerical simulations are a valuable tool for HE warhead designers, as they can minimize the time and expense associated with optimizing HE munition design and effectiveness evaluation when used in conjunction with available analytical techniques and experimentation procedures.

Quantum Molecular Charge-Transfer Model for Multistep Auger-Meitner Decay Cascade Dynamics.

The fragmentation of molecular cations following inner-shell decay processes in molecules containing heavy elements underpins the X-ray damage effects observed in X-ray scattering measurements of biological and chemical materials, as well as in medical applications involving Auger electron-emitting radionuclides. Traditionally, these processes are modeled using simulations that describe the electronic structure at an atomic level, thereby omitting molecular bonding effects. This work addresses the gap by introducing a novel approach that couples Auger-Meitner decay to nuclear dynamics across multiple decay steps, by developing a decay spawning dynamics algorithm and applying it to potential energy surfaces characterized with ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. We showcase the approach on a model decay cascade following K-shell ionization of IBr and subsequent Kβ fluorescence decay. We examine two competing channels that undergo two decay steps, resulting in ion pairs with a total 3+ charge state. This approach provides a continuous description of the electron transfer dynamics occurring during the multistep decay cascade and molecular fragmentation, revealing the combined inner-shell decay and charge transfer time scale to be approximately 75 fs. Our computed kinetic energies of ion fragments show good agreement with experimental data.

Numerical Analysis of Debris Cloud Formation in UHMWPE Wavy Plates during Hypervelocity Impact

This paper presents and analyses the numerical results of hypervelocity impact against ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) plates with four different surface wave profiles. UHMWPE wavy plates (WP) are intended to be used in Whipple Shield bumper plate, which is of paramount importance for space vehicles against micro-meteorite and orbital debris (MMOD) impact protection. Numerical work was carried out as a hybrid combination of smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) and finite element modelling (FEM). Circular plates were subjected to hypervelocity impact of a spherical aluminium projectile travelling at 3000 m/s. The outcomes of the simulations were analysed in terms of debris cloud generation, projectile fragmentation, and impact energy dissipation performance of wavy plates, and compared with a conventional flat counterpart. Results of this study indicate that surface wave profile has a clear positive influence in terms of hypervelocity impact protection performance.

Kohn-Sham fragment energy decomposition analysis.

We introduce the concept of Kohn-Sham fragment localized molecular orbitals (KS-FLMOs), which are Kohn-Sham molecular orbitals (MOs) localized in specific fragments constituting a generic molecular system. In detail, we minimize the local electronic energies of various fragments, while maximizing the repulsion between them, resulting in the effective localization of the MOs. We use the developed KS-FLMOs to propose a novel energy decomposition analysis, which we name Kohn-Sham fragment energy decomposition analysis, which allows for rationalizing the main non-covalent interactions occurring in interacting systems both in vacuo and in solution, providing physical insights into non-covalent interactions. The method is validated against state-of-the-art energy decomposition analysis techniques and with high-level calculations.

Effects of structural configuration on perforation/spalling damage and secondary fragment velocity of reinforced concrete slabs subjected to close-in explosion

Reinforced concrete (RC) slabs are vulnerable to localized damage from close-in TNT explosions, suffering perforation and extensive spalling damages that generate high-velocity secondary fragments posing severe risks to nearby facilities and personnel. Current numerical methods such as the Finite Element Method (FEM) face challenges in accurately predicting fragmentation due to mesh distortion caused by large deformations and discontinuities, underscoring the need for enhanced modelling techniques. As a result, although numerous studies have numerically investigated how structural configurations influence RC slab damage under blast loads, the issue of mesh distortion and element erosion in FEM has led to the inability in reliably predicting the associated threats from high-velocity fragments. This study numerically investigates the influences of structural configuration (e.g., concrete strength, reinforcement ratio and layout, dimensions of slabs, and concrete cover depth) on the perforation/spalling area and fragment ejecting velocity of one-way RC slabs subjected to close-in explosions through an ALE-FEM-SPH numerical model, which has been demonstrated effective and reliable in the authors’ previous studies. The results indicate that concrete strength and slab thickness most significantly affect both the damage and fragment characteristics, while the slab's width-to-height ratio, reinforcement ratio, and layout, have less influence, particularly on fragment velocity. Empirical equations derived from extensive numerical data are provided to help engineers and security personnel quickly evaluate the blast effects on RC slabs. The accuracy and robustness of the proposed formulae, which can be straightforwardly used to predict blast fragments of reinforced concrete slabs, have been statistically evaluated and the proposed formulae demonstrate satisfactory precision, with less than 20 % error in estimating damage area, maximum fragment velocity, and total kinetic energy of fragments.

Unveiling the effects of thallium and bismuth p-n doping on germanium-based clusters (n5 to n12) for applications in semiconductor materials

We report a computational investigation utilizing density functional theory (DFT) concerning the pure Gen, as well as their doped analogues (BiGen-1, TlGen-1) and p-n doped BiTlGen-2 clusters with n ranging from 5 to 12. To get a deeper insight in their properties, we focus on the size dependency of these Gen, BiGen-1, TlGen-1, and BiTlGen-2 clusters as well as their shape, relative stabilities, and thermochemical characteristics including binding energy, fragmentation energy, second-order energy difference, and HOMO-LUMO energy gaps. The systematic observations from the data of binding energies indicate that BiGen-1, TlGen-1 and BiTlGen-2 cluster have more structural and thermodynamic stability when compared with the pure Gen clusters. To validate the electronic characteristics of these clusters, additional energy gap-related parameters such as chemical hardness, vertical ionization potentials (VIP), and vertical electron affinities (VEA) are also computed. The doping seems to stabilize the Gen clusters and the highest stability has been achieved for BiGe7, TlGe9, and BiTlGe7 clusters as suggested by the combined effect of all these parameters.

The strength of outgassed porous dust aggregates

Context. Outgassing of dust-ice aggregates plays an important role on the surfaces of cometary nuclei as well as for snow-line crossings in protoplanetary disks. Aims. To assess the stability of desiccated dust aggregates, we measured the tensile strength of silica dust samples over a wide range of volume filling factors. Methods. We produced these silica dust samples over a wide range of volume filling factors by gently evaporating dust-ice mixtures with various dust-to-ice mass ratios under vacuum conditions. The tensile strengths of these samples were then measured using the standardized Brazilian disk test. Experiments were performed in a vacuum and at room temperature but were also compared to measurements in air at room temperature and in a vacuum at elevated temperatures. Results. For spherical amorphous silica dust, we find no influence of the environmental conditions (air, vacuum, or heating) on the measured tensile strength. However, for angular crystalline silica dust we see a strong increase in tensile strength in a vacuum compared to air and an even higher increase when the samples are heated in a vacuum. For the spherical silica dust samples, we find a characteristic increase in the tensile strength with decreasing particle size. The tensile strength of samples with identical particle sizes increases strongly with an increasing volume filling factor. Extrapolation of our data to a volume filling factor of 0.1 (90% porosity) shows that a tensile strength as low as 1 Pa can be reached. Conclusions. Numerical simulations show that evaporating water ice in the subsurface layers of comets can reach gas pressures of ~1 Pa. Thus, a desiccated dust layer with a 10% volume filling factor should be detachable and released into the cometary coma. Using a relation between the tensile strength and the critical fragmentation energy, we predict the break-up speed of dust aggregates in mutual collisions as a function of the volume filling factor. Furthermore, we discuss the susceptibility of the aggregates to ram pressure. These values are relevant for protoplanetary disk research and for meteoroids entering planetary atmospheres.

Structure and fragmentation of doubly ionized HNCS.

Double ionization spectra of isothiocyanic acid (HNCS) have been measured using multi-electron and multi-ion coincidence techniques combined with high-level theoretical calculations. The adiabatic double ionization energy of HNCS is found at 27.1 ± 0.1eV and is associated with the formation of the X 3A″ ground state of HNCS2+. The characteristics of different dissociation channels are examined and compared to the results of electronic structure calculations obtained by systematically elongating the three bonds H-NCS, HN-CS, and HNC-S. For instance, the adiabatic double ionization energy of the NCS fragment is deduced to be 30.95 ± 0.5eV. In addition, the C+ and NS+ dissociation channels are of particular interest, possibly indicating the involvement of a structural rearrangement process upon doubly ionizing HNCS.

Exploring the Impact of Elements on the Reactivity of a Straightforward Procedure for Generating Vinyl-Carbazole Derivatives via a Frustrated Lewis Pair Mechanism.

The effect of chemical element on the reactivity for carbazolation reaction of phenylacetylene utilizing G13(C6F5)3 (Lewis acid) and G15-carbazole (Lewis base) was theoretically investigated using density functional theory (M06-2X-D3/def2-TZVP), where G13 represents Group 13 elements and G15 represents Group 15 elements. Through activation strain model (ASM) analysis, it is apparent that the reactivity of the entire carbazolation reaction is chiefly governed by the structural strain energy of the alkyne fragment. In other words, if G13(C6F5)3 or G15-carbazole features an atomic radius that is either too small (e.g., B atom) or too large (e.g., Tl or Bi atom), it results in inadequate orbital overlap between the reactants due to the impact of steric effects. This, in turn, results in an elevation of the activation energy for such reactions, thereby impeding the alkyne from undergoing the carbazole catalytic reaction. In light of the above analyses, our theoretical findings suggest that, except for Tl(C6F5)3, the other four Lewis acid catalysts (B(C6F5)3, Al(C6F5)3, Ga((C6F5)3, and In((C6F5)3) demonstrate effectiveness in catalyzing the carbazolation reaction of alkyne alongside with N-carbazole. Additionally, it is anticipated that, among the five categories of G15-carbazole molecules studied, only N-carbazole can participate in the carbazolation reaction with alkyne catalyzed by B(C6F5)3, considering both kinetic and thermodynamic factors at room temperature. Our theoretical investigations, as outlined in this study, indicate that the carbazolation reaction of the alkyne, catalyzed by G13(C6F5)3 and G15-carbazole, follows Hammond's postulate. To put it more plainly, when the transition state of the chemical reaction occurs earlier, it results in a decrease in activation energy.

Estimating angular momenta of fission fragments from isomeric yield ratios using TALYS

Angular momenta of fission fragments considerably higher than that of the fissioning nucleus have been observed in many experiments, raising the question of how these high angular momenta are generated. Wilson have proposed a model for the angular momentum as a function of the mass of fission products based on the assumption that the angular momentum is generated from the collective motion of nucleons in the ruptured neck of the fissioning system. This assumption has caused a lot of debate in the community. To estimate the angular momenta of fission fragments based on the observed isomeric yield ratios in 25-MeV proton-induced fission of U238. A surrogate model of the fission code general description of fission observables (GEF) has been developed to generate properties of primary fission fragments. Based on the excitation energy and angular momentum of fission fragments from GEF, an energy-versus-angular-momentum matrix is reconstructed using a set of parameters. With such matrices as input, the reaction code TALYS is used to calculate the deexcitation of the fission fragments, including the population of the isomers, from which the isomeric yield ratios are obtained. By varying one of the parameters, the root-mean-square angular momentum (Jrms), which determines the angular momentum distribution of the matrix, Jrms-dependent isomeric yield ratios are obtained. Considering all primary fission fragments contributing to the isomeric yield ratio for a given fission product, the average angular momentum of those fragments is estimated. Data of 31 isomeric yield ratios in 25-MeV proton-induced fission of U238 were analyzed. From the analysis, the average Jrms, equivalent to average angular momentum Jav, with uncertainties are obtained for 24 fission products, while in seven cases no conclusive result for the angular momentum could be obtained. Furthermore, considering the neutron emissions of the primary fission fragments, the average angular momentum as a function of the average mass number of the primary fission fragment was estimated. A mass dependency of the average angular momentum is observed in the proton-induced fission of U238. Moreover, the average angular momenta for mass numbers larger than 131 could be fairly well described by the parametrization proposed by Wilson However, the average angular momenta of Sn130 and Te131 cannot be described by Wilson's model, which suggests a different lower limit for the validation of the parametrization in the model. In general, higher average angular momenta for A≥132 are observed in the present work compared to those from Wilson This is likely due to the higher excitation energy of the fissioning nuclei in this work. Furthermore, the first systematic observation of the average angular momenta of fission products in the symmetric mass region is presented. In this region, a decreasing trend with mass number is observed, which cannot be explained by the proposal in Wilson's paper. Thus, a different mechanism is needed to explain this observation.Published by the American Physical Society2024

Experimental Study for the Matching of Explosives and Rocks Based on Rock Hydrophysical Properties

The study of the hydrophysical properties of rocks is indispensable for the development of hydraulic engineering, especially for blasting operations in water. Reasonable matching between explosives and rocks increases the utilization of explosive energy and improves the blasting performances. Based on the energy law in the rock blasting process, the matching relationship between explosives and rock is studied by combining experimental and theoretical methods for the hydrophysical properties of the rock itself. Firstly, the theoretical solutions for crushing-zone energy, fragmentation energy and fragment-throwing energy are derived. Subsequently, concrete blocks are prepared with four types of cement–sand ratios, and four types of emulsion explosives are used to carry out single-hole blasting tests in which a high-speed camera is used to capture the trajectory of the blasting fragments that are later collected. Finally, the crushing energy, fracturing energy and fragment-throwing energy are calculated according to the test results and the basic parameters of the used explosives and concrete models. The results show that the size and distribution pattern of blasting blocks are significantly affected by the hydrophysical properties of concrete and explosive properties; the higher the energy consumption in the rupture zone, the smaller the size of the fragments and the more uniform the distribution. Moreover, the median utilization efficiency of explosive energy on rock breaking is 26.4%, the energy consumption in the crushing zone is approximately 8.4%, that in the rupture zone is approximately 10.9%, and that in the throwing energy of fragments accounts for approximately 7.1%. It is also found that the traditional wave impedance matching theory fails to obtain the best explosive energy utilization. On the contrary, the concrete specimen had the best fracturing effect and the highest energy utilization of 30.77% when the impedance ratio of concrete to explosives is 1.479.

Identifying isomers in Chinese traditional medicine via density functional theory and ion fragmentation simulation software QCxMS

In the realm of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), distinguishing among isomers poses a significant challenge due to the minimal spectral differences that often arise from their subtle structural differences. This makes the accurate identification of these compounds through solely experimental spectra a daunting task. Computational chemistry has emerged as a pivotal tool in bridging the gap between experimental observations and theoretical understanding. This study used the MS fragmentation simulation software, QCxMS, to model the spectra of five groups of isomers, encompassing 11 compounds, found in the traditional Chinese medicine, Zhishi Xiebai Guizhi Decoction. By comparing the spectra predicted through computational methods with those derived from Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) experiments, it was observed that, following the optimization of simulation parameters, QCxMS was capable of generating reliable spectra for all examined compounds. Notably, the data calculated under both GFN1-xTB and GFN2-xTB levels exhibited no significant discrepancies. Further analysis enabled the identification of the principal fragments of the 11 compounds from the theoretical data, facilitating the deduction of their fragmentation pathways. The Density Functional Theory (DFT) method was subsequently applied to compute the primary fragmentation energies of these compounds. The findings revealed a congruence between the energy data calculated using both thermodynamic and kinetic approaches and the observed fragment abundance of the isomers. This alignment providing a more precise theoretical framework for understanding the mechanisms underlying the generation of fragment ion differences among isomers.

Experimentally Determined Diagnostic Ions for Identification of Peptide Glycotopes.

The analysis of the structures of glycans present on glycoproteins is an essential component for determining glycoprotein function; however, detailed glycan structural assignment on glycopeptides from proteomics mass spectrometric data remains challenging. Glycoproteomic analysis by mass spectrometry currently can provide significant, yet incomplete, information about the glycans present, including the glycan monosaccharide composition and in some circumstances the site(s) of glycosylation. Advancements in mass spectrometric resolution, using high-mass accuracy instrumentation and tailored MS/MS fragmentation parameters, coupled with a dedicated definition of diagnostic fragmentation ions have enabled the determination of some glycan structural features, or glycotopes, expressed on glycopeptides. Here we present a collation of diagnostic glycan fragments produced by traditional positive-ion-mode reversed-phase LC-ESI MS/MS proteomic workflows and describe the specific fragmentation energy settings required to identify specific glycotopes presented on N- or O-linked glycopeptides in a typical proteomics MS/MS experiment.

Indirect evaluation of the influence of rock boulders in blasting to the geohazard: Unearthing geologic insights fused with tree seed based LSTM algorithm

Effective control of blasting outcomes depends on a thorough understanding of rock geology and the integration of geological characteristics with blast design parameters. This study underscores the importance of adapting blast design parameters to geological conditions to optimize the utilization of explosive energy for rock fragmentation. To achieve this, data on fifty geo-blast design parameters were collected and used to train machine learning algorithms. The objective was to develop predictive models for estimating the blast oversize percentage, incorporating seven controlled components and one uncontrollable index. The study employed a combination of hybrid long-short-term memory (LSTM), support vector regression, and random forest algorithms. Among these, the LSTM model enhanced with the tree seed algorithm (LSTM-TSA) demonstrated the highest prediction accuracy when handling large datasets. The LSTM-TSA soft computing model was specifically leveraged to optimize various blast parameters such as burden, spacing, stemming length, drill hole length, charge length, powder factor, and joint set number. The estimated percentage oversize values for these parameters were determined as 0.7 ​m, 0.9 ​m, 0.65 ​m, 1.4 ​m, 0.7 ​m, 1.03 ​kg/m3, 35%, and 2, respectively. Application of the LSTM-TSA model resulted in a significant 28.1% increase in the crusher's production rate, showcasing its effectiveness in improving blasting operations.

Impact-induced energy release characteristics of Ti-Zr-Hf-Ta high-entropy alloys by using a temperature-pressure synchronous measurement method

Energetic structural materials (ESMs) are a new type of materials with structural strength and reactivity, and their impact-induced energy release characteristics are greatly influenced by the fragmentation behavior. In this study, the dynamic fragmentation behavior and energy release characteristics of Ti-Zr-Hf-Ta high-entropy alloys (HEAs) with different precipitate content were investigated based on split Hopkinson pressure bars (SHPB) tests. To quantitatively evaluate the reactivity of ESMs, a temperature-pressure synchronous measurement method combined with a modified calculation model for quasi-sealed chamber was proposed. The results showed that the precipitates were distributed at the grain boundaries. As the precipitate content increased, the quasi-static yield strengths increased from 1004 to 1132 MPa, the dynamic yield strengths increased from 1672 to 1874 MPa, while the fracture strains decreased from 0.47 to 0.29, and correspondingly, the released energy increased from 14±2–511±154 J/g. The results demonstrated that the impact-induced energy release characteristics of the materials are closely related to the fracture strain. It can be confirmed that the alloys with lower plasticity are more likely to fracture under impact conditions, and the combustion reaction will be more violent, which is well consistent with the measurement of the energy-release amounts. High-speed infrared temperature measurement and microstructural photography also provided the underlying mechanism: the fragment size of low plasticity materials is smaller and the local hot spots are more dispersed, both of which are conducive to the combustion reaction. By using this method, the relationship among mechanical properties, fragmentation behavior, and energy release characteristics can be established, and the results will provide new insights into the development of ESMs with superior energy release under impact loading and applicable mechanical properties for potential applications.

Calculation of the energy dependence of fission fragments yields and kinetic energy distributions for neutron-induced 235U fission* *Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (12075105), the NSFC-Nuclear Technology Innovation Joint Fund (U2167203), the Major Science and Technology Projects of Gansu Province (22ZD6GB020), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China (lzujbky-2022-ey14, lzujbky-2022- kb07)

Fission fragments yields and average total kinetic energy are fundamental nuclear data for nuclear energy applications and the study of nuclear devices. Certain fission products, such as 95Zr, 99Mo, 140Ba, 144Ce, and 147Nd, serve as burnup monitors, assessing the number of fissions induced by neutrons on 235U. However, current experimental data for these fission products worldwide are inconsistent, introducing significant uncertainty into related scientific research. In this study, we employed the Potential-driving Model to calculate the independent yields of 235U and evaluate its advantages in such calculations. Additionally, we investigated the energy dependence of independent yields to select important products. Furthermore, we calculated the cumulative yields of 95Zr, 99Mo, 140Ba, 144Ce, and 147Nd, and compared them with existing literature data to explore the energy dependence of fission products for 235U. Given the lack of fission product yield data above 14.8 MeV, we extended our calculated incident neutron energy to 20 MeV, aiming to support future scientific research. The Geant4 physical model does not consider the influence of incident neutron energy on the average total kinetic energy of fission fragments; thus, we introduced the excitation function of the total kinetic energy of fission fragments recommended by Madland et al., which effectively describes the experimental data of the average total kinetic energy of fragments formed in 235U fission. In this paper, we comprehensively discuss the energy dependence of fission product yields and average total kinetic energy.

Numerical simulation on the bomb case effects of non‐ideal aluminized explosive

AbstractThe detonation process of non‐ideal explosives is influenced by the casing of the bomb. Non‐ideal charges in the process of the explosion of live ammunition energy output mechanism and distribution ratio, the impact of the case on the explosion flow field, and other issues cannot be obtained through the existing theoretical analysis and testing techniques to obtain specific values. This paper establishes a “detonation+afterburning” energy output model to characterize the energy release characteristics of non‐ideal charges, using step‐by‐step numerical simulation of the near and middle, and far fields of the explosion, and verify simulation results through experiments, quantitative analysis the case of a type of earth penetrator on the normal particle size (4 μm) and two times the normal particle size (8 μm) of non‐ideal charges of aluminum powder explosion process. The results indicate that the presence of the casing enhances the energy output of aluminum powder with 4 μm by ≈5 %. When the particle size of aluminum powder is doubled, the maximum reaction rate and the peak of the shock wave are merely around 35 % and 75 %, respectively, compared to those of normal particle size. The detonation products, case fragments, and air constitute 49 %, 48 %, and 3 % of the overall explosion energy, respectively. The proportional equation of the conversion between the chemical energy of the explosion and the kinetic energy of the case fragments is obtained. These conclusions can provide data support for the design of non‐ideal charge warheads, lethality assessment, and establishment of engineering protection standards.