Fragment Of Region Research Articles

Dynamic Tensile Extrusion Behavior of Fine-Grained Copper Fabricated by Powder Injection Molding

The dynamic tensile extrusion (DTE) behavior and microstructural evolution of fine-grained (FG, ~1 μm < d < ~10 μm) Cu fabricated by powder injection molding (PIM) were investigated. The FGM Cu was fabricated by PIM with commercial micro-sized Cu powder sintering at 850 °C for 2 h, while the FGH Cu was developed by the hot isostatic pressing (HIP) of the FGM at 780 °C for 2 h under a pressure of 1000 bar. In order to compare the DTE behavior of the FG Cu manufactured using different methods, the ultrafine-grained-B (UFG, d < ~1 μm) Cu was developed by performing 16 passes of equal-channel angular pressing with route Bc, and the FG-150 Cu was fabricated by annealing the UFG-B Cu bar at 150 °C for 1 h. The DTE tests were performed with identical flyer velocities using an all-vacuum gas gun. The fragments and remnants were carefully recovered after the DTE tests and examined by electron backscattered diffraction measurement and a micro-Vickers hardness test. A strong dual <001> + <111> texture was developed during the DTE for both FGM and FGH Cu. In contrast to the outcome of the UFG-B and FG-150, little evidence of dynamic recrystallization taking place during the DTE in the FGM and FGH was found during analysis of the grain morphology and grain orientation spread. Premature failure based on void coalescence was induced at the vertex region of the FGM fragments due to pre-existing pores. The HIP treatment on the FGM Cu increased the relative density by reducing the pre-existing pores and, as a result, increased the DTE ductility of the FGH Cu.

Effects of different energy diets on DNA methylation and mRNA expression in follicle stimulating hormone receptor gene promoter region of Duolang sheep during estrus.

The aim of this study was to study the relationship between the methylation level of the promoter region of follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) gene and the mRNA expression of Duolang sheep fed different energy diets. In this study, polyembryo estrus Duolang sheep under different energy levels were selected as the experimental subjects. Dietary nutrient level reference (NY/T 816-2004), medium energy level was 10.88MJ/day, high and low energy groups were increased and decreased by 15% on the basis of medium energy level, respectively 12.51MJ/day, 9.25MJ/day. Through RNA and DNA extraction, qPCR, bisulfitegenomicse-quencing PCR (BSP), sequence matching and other analysis of ovarian tissue of Duolang sheep. The difference of DNA methylation level and mRNA expression of FSHR gene during estrus in Duolang sheep fed with different energy diets was detected. The results showed the expression level of FSHR in high energy group was significantly higher than that in low energy group (P < 0.01), the expression level of FSHR in high energy group was significantly higher than that in medium energy group (P < 0.05), and the expression level of FSHR in medium energy group was significantly higher than that in low energy group (P < 0.05). In the target fragment of the promoter region of the FSHR gene, the methylation rate was 25% in the high energy group, 50% in the normal group, and 75% in the low energy group. This study revealed that different dietary energy levels had certain effects on the FSHR gene DNA methylation level and mRNA expression, and the expression level was negatively correlated with methylation level.

Electron density of a benzoylated tetrafructopyranose

Abstract The electron density distribution (EDD) of a tetrasaccharide composed of four benzoylated fructopyranosyl units was obtained by refinement with scattering factors from the invariom library. X-ray diffraction data was downloaded from the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD). Bond topological and atomic properties were obtained by application of Bader’s QTAIM formalism. From a large number of 105 C–C bonds in the molecule average bond orders for 33 single and 72 aromatic bonds were calculated yielding values of 1.33 and 1.61. Molecular Hirshfeld and electrostatic potential (ESP) surfaces show that only weak non-covalent interactions exist. The phenyl rings of the benzoyl fragments in the outer regions of the molecule generate a positive ESP shell with repulsive properties between adjacent molecules. Weak surface interactions result in a rather unusual low density around 1.3 g cm−3, which is understandable when compared to other carbohydrates where strong O–H⋯O hydrogen bonds allow a 20% more dense packing with densities &gt;1.5 g cm−3 as determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction.

Is an Anatomical Suprapectineal Quadrilateral Surface Plate Superior to Previous Fixation Methods for Anterior Column-Posterior Hemitransverse Acetabular Fractures Typical in the Elderly?: A Biomechanical Study.

This study aimed to compare the mechanical characteristics of four fixation methods including an anatomical suprapectineal quadrilateral surface (QLS) plate in hemipelvic models of anterior column-posterior hemitransverse acetabular fractures typical in elderly patients. In total, 24 composite hemipelvic models were used and allocated to four groups: group 1, pre-contoured anatomical suprapectineal QLS plate; group 2, suprapectineal reconstruction plate with two periarticular long screws; group 3, suprapectineal reconstruction plate with a buttress reconstruction plate; group 4, suprapectineal reconstruction plate with a buttress T-plate. Axial structural stiffness and displacement of each column fragment in four different fixation constructs were compared. Multiple group comparisons of axial structural stiffness demonstrated significant difference (p = 0.001). Although there was no significant difference between groups 1 and 2 (p = 0.699), group 1 showed greater stiffness than groups 3 and 4 (p = 0.002 and 0.002, respectively). Group 1 showed less displacement in the anterior region of the anterior fragment than group 4 (p = 0.009) and in the posterior region than groups 3 and 4 (p = 0.015 and p = 0.015, respectively). However, group 1 demonstrated greater displacement than group 2 in the posterior region of the posterior fragment (p = 0.004), while showing similar displacement to groups 3 and 4. The anatomical suprapectineal QLS plate provided the mechanical stability comparable or superior to other existing fixations in osteoporotic models of anterior column-posterior hemitransverse acetabular fractures typical in the elderly. However, additional plate modification would be needed for better stability and outcomes.

Molecular detection of aster yellows phytoplasmas in ashwagandha plants in South India

Ashwagandha is a native medicinal plant of Indian sub-continent grown in different parts of the world for its medicinal value. The little leaf symptoms were observed in ashwagandha plants in Tamil Nadu, India. The nested PCR with the primer pair fU5/rU3, amplified 890 bp fragment of the 16S rRNA region of phytoplasma from five symptomatic leaf samples of ashwagandha plants. The nucleotide sequence analysis of 16S rRNA region revealed that the sequences of the five samples were identical and confirmed 99% nucleotide sequence identity with 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’. This result indicate the presence of aster yellows phytoplasmas in this plants from South India.

Genetic diversity of the Cameroon Western Highlands’ Djallonke sheep assessed by Mitochondrial d-loop

Indigenous livestock resources are strategic in the socio-economic of rural agricultural systems to ensure food and nutritional security in resource-poor countries. In Cameroon, small ruminant farming significantly contributes to food security and income generation. Given its great ecological variety, Cameroon hosts a large genetic diversity of sheep, but the knowledge on these is scanty. In order to contribute to a better understanding of the genetic diversity of Cameroon's Ovine genetic resources for their better use and conservation, an analysis of the Djallonke sheep genetic diversity based on the D loop of the ovine mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was performed on the highlands of West Cameroon Djallonke breed. To achieve this, analyses of 16 sequences of a 989bp fragment of the mtDNA D-loop region from the population were conducted in conjunction with previously published sequences from African, European, Japanese and Chinese ovine genotypes. Fourteen haplotypes were observed with a high mean haplotype diversity of 1.0000±0.027, nucleotide diversity (π) of order of 0.11082±0.062. The average nucleotide difference between sequences taken two by two was 62.945. Population specific FST indices showed a negative and significant result for the whole data set. The phylogenetic tree indicates that the mitochondrial lineages of these sheep breeds originated from a common source, the Haplogroup B. This confirms the hypothesis that the domestication of African sheep was carried out in successive waves from Asia. The results of this study contribute to the knowledge of Cameroon sheep breeds and the plan conservation programs on Djallonke sheep.

Abstract P001: The gut microbiome-prostate tumor crosstalk is modulated by dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids

Abstract Introduction and Objective: Recently, gut microbiota emerged as an important factor for success of immunity-based cancer treatments. However, its steady-state interaction and contribution to developing tumors is largely unexplored in non-intestinal cancers. Our objective was to investigate the connection between prostate tumor and the gut microbiota independently of cancer therapies. Methods: Human fecal samples were obtained from men participating into a phase IIb double-blind randomized controlled trial testing 3g/day of monoglyceride-eicosapentaenoic acid (MAG-EPA) versus placebo for a 4-10 week period before their radical prostatectomy (NCT02333435). A second set of samples were from men taking the same intervention of MAG-EPA or placebo after a PSA increase following their radical prostatectomy (NCT03753334). Short chain fatty acids (SCFA) analysis of patient stool samples between baseline and surgery was performed by gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detection. 16srRNA libraries were amplified by targeting a fragment of the V3-V4 hypervariable region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. High-throughput sequencing of the bar-coded amplicons was performed on a MiSeq apparatus and the bioinformatics analysis was conducted using Mothur pipeline. In addition to human fecal samples, fully immunocompetent C57BL/6 mice were injected subcutaneously with TRAMP-C2 or PTEN−/− or PTEN−/− RB1−/− mouse prostate cancer cells to measure changes in the gut microbiota during tumor growth. We also recapitulated the MAG-EPA intervention in our TRAMP-C2 mice model and fed by gavage four different fatty acids (omega-9 (high oleic sunflower oil), omega-6 (MAG-arachidonic acid) and two omega-3 (MAG-docosahexaenoic and MAG-EPA). Results: In human fecal samples from prostate cancer patients, we observed a reduced gut microbiota diversity correlating with tumor stage. We also found that tumor growth was sufficient to modulate the microbiota in three independent prostate cancer syngeneic mouse models. We showed that transplanted human gut flora was sufficient to modulate ectopic prostate tumor growth, supporting the causal impact of gut microbiota for prostate cancer. The analysis of SCFA in patient stool samples between baseline and surgery showed that MAG-EPA prebiotic intervention was associated with a decrease of fecal butyric acid levels in prostate cancer patients with downgrade at surgery. We finally investigated this gut-tumor connection using purified polyunsaturated fatty acids prebiotics in patients and mice. We observed a reduction in the levels of Ruminococcaceae following dietary omega-3 supplementation that correlated with prostate cancer downgrade in patients and reduced tumor growth in mice. Conclusion: Overall our findings suggest that diet-actionable components of the gut microbiome can regulate prostate cancer growth. Citation Format: Jalal Laaraj, Gabriel Lachance, Nikunj Gevariya, Thibaut Varin, Andrei Feldiorean, Fanny Gaignier, Isabelle Boudreau Julien, Hui Wen Xu, Tarek Hallal, Jean-François Pelletier, Sidki Bouslama, Nadia Boufaied, Nicolas Derome, Yves Fradet, Leigh Ellis, Ciriaco A. Piccirillo, Frédéric Raymond, David P. Labbé, Alain Bergeron, André Marette, Karine Robitaille, Vincent Fradet. The gut microbiome-prostate tumor crosstalk is modulated by dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids [abstract]. In: Abstracts: AACR Virtual Special Conference: Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy; 2021 Oct 5-6. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2022;10(1 Suppl):Abstract nr P001.

Carbon stocks in a highly fragmented landscape with seasonally dry tropical forest in the Neotropics

Global modeling of carbon storage and sequestration often mischaracterizes unique ecosystems such as the seasonally dry tropical forest of the central region of the Gulf of Mexico, because species diversity is usually underestimated, as is their carbon content. In this study, aboveground and soil carbon stocks were estimated to determine the climate mitigation potential of this highly degraded landscape (<25% of forest cover). Tree species in the study area had carbon content values that were 30%–40% higher than the standard value proposed by the IPCC (i.e., 50%). Tropical oak forest in the region, despite its restricted distribution and low species richness, accounted for the highest mean carbon stocks per unit area. The main factors driving spatial variability in carbon stocks were: maximum precipitation, soil organic matter, clay and silt content. No strong relationship was found between aboveground carbon stocks and soil organic carbon in the study area. Quantification of carbon stocks is an important consideration in the assessment of the conservation value of remnants of native vegetation in human-modified landscapes. This study demonstrates the importance of the highly fragmented tropical dry regions of the Neotropics in maintaining landscape functionality and providing key ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration. Our results also highlight how crucial field-based studies are for strengthening the accuracy of global models. Furthermore, this approach reveals the real contribution of ecosystems that are not commonly taken into account in the mitigation of climate change effects.

К проблеме совершенствования международного сотрудничества в сфере противодействия киберпреступности

The problem of functioning of the mechanism of international cooperation in the field of countering cybercrime is investigated. The concept and main features of cybercrime, the system of international organizations implementing policy and regulatory regulation in the field of combating cybercrime are defined. The fundamental international legal acts defining the interaction of the Russian Federation with foreign states in the field of prevention, detection, disclosure and investigation of cybercrimes are highlighted. The authors conclude about the regional nature, fragmentation and inefficiency of the existing legal framework for international cooperation in countering cybercrime. Proposals are made to improve international criminal law in this area and to improve the quality of international cooperation in preventing, combating and minimizing (eliminating) the consequences of cybercrime.

Expression of Single-Domain Soluble and Disulfide-Folded PfEMP1 Antigens in the Escherichia coli SHuffle Expression System.

The genome of Plasmodium falciparum has an A/T content of around 81%. This, together with a high cysteine content and the high molecular weight of several proteins, make the expression of recombinant parasite proteins in heterologous systems challenging. P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1) is a family of proteins composed of several Duffy-binding like (DBL) and cysteine-rich inter-domain region (CIDR) domains involved in cytoadhesion to human host receptors and development of severe malaria. Expression of correctly folded single- and multiple-domain PfEMP1 fragment regions containing cysteines forming disulfide bonds, remains particularly difficult. Nevertheless, expression of single DBL and CIDR domains has been successful and this protocol describes the expression and purification of single-domain soluble PfEMP1 fragments using the Escherichia coli SHuffle expression system.

ASEAN’s Factory Economy in the Fourth Industrial Revolution Era

East Asia is the most dynamic region showing high economic growth in the last decades. This is attributed to the “Factory Asia”, which refers to regional fragmentation of production. In this case, technologically advanced countries, also called headquarter economies, hollow out the most labour-intensive production stage to the ASEAN countries and make it a “factory economy” producing parts and components. Technological developments in the fourth industrial revolution era have introduced labour-saving technologies in the manufacturing sector. As a result, low wages have become a less important determinant of competitiveness, which is predicted to end “factory Asia.” This study examines whether the adoption of Industry 4.0 in manufacturing is detrimental to the factory economy. It investigates intra-ASEAN regional relations and their relationship with headquarter economies, including the USA, Japan, China, and Korea (ASEAN + 1). Utilising the Regional Trade Introversion Index (RTII) analysis tool, the study examines the interdependency between the ASEAN countries and the headquarter economies. The vertical intra-industry trade approach was used to assess the quality of ASEAN’s exports to the headquarter economies. The results showed that ASEAN’s factory economy was not disrupted by the adoption of Industry 4.0 in the manufacturing sector. With a high intra-industry trade index and the positive intra-ASEAN RTII, the ASEAN trade block strengthens. Exports of higher quality products from ASEAN countries to the headquarter economies, especially China and Korea, have consistently increased. Furthermore, geography is important in network production fragmentation and there is a differentiation among the headquarters and the factory economy.

New haplotypes found in stranded long‐finned pilot whales (Globicephala melas) in the eastern North Atlantic and adjacent waters

AbstractLong‐finned pilot whale (Globicephala melas) mitochondrial (mtDNA) genetic diversity is considered low, especially in the North Atlantic, where only seven haplotypes have been recorded in previous studies using a 345 bp control region fragment. Such studies have not included samples from Ireland or the Netherlands. In this study we analyzed a longer sequence of the mtDNA control region (631 bp) from individuals stranded around Ireland, Scotland, and the Netherlands between 1995 and 2019 (n = 180). Nine haplotypes were identified, of which five were newly described (haplotype diversity h = 0.511). Pairwise tests revealed significant differentiation between the Irish and Scottish samples. Potential confounding factors are discussed but given that failure to recognize population structure may compromise conservation efforts, the findings show the need for further investigation using nuclear markers. Six mass stranding events were included, of which one event reported two haplotypes among individuals confirming a mixing of matrilineal groups. Although the permanence of this combination cannot be determined, this is the first record of such an occurrence within the North Atlantic. This study shows that stranding sample databases are a useful resource for genetic studies and provides new insights into genetic diversity of long‐finned pilot whales in the eastern North Atlantic and adjacent waters.

Molecular ecology of the fiddler crab Austruca perplexa (H. Milne Edwards, 1852): genetic divergence along a major biogeographical barrier, Wallace’s Line

Abstract Genetic diversity and population structure in the fiddler crab Austruca perplexa were investigated to acquire a better understanding of the evolutionary history of the species. Nucleotide sequence analysis was performed from a polymerase chain reaction-amplified fragment of the mitochondrial DNA control region. A 691 bp nucleotide sequence was obtained from 618 specimens collected from 13 sites across Japan, Taiwan, the Philippines, Indonesia and Australia. Haplotype diversity ranged from 0.8 to 0.99, and nucleotide diversity values were lower (range, 0.30–1.9%) than those reported previously for other crustacean taxa. Gene flow was evident within populations in Japan and western Indonesia, but absent among all other populations, including eastern Indonesia. This pattern conforms to the one observed in many other marine taxa across the major biogeographical region referred to as Wallacea. The population pairwise fixation index (FST) and FSTP-values were high and significant among many sites, implying that gene flow is restricted among most of the geographical regions sampled here. We hypothesize that physical oceanic barriers coupled with a short pelagic larval duration are responsible for creating the patterns we found. Strong evidence for population structure in a species that has relatively high dispersal potential, resulting in among-population differentiation, is a potential driver of evolutionary novelty. Our results provide a foundation for developing better conservation strategies for this widespread intertidal species.

Reconnection of fragmented parts of coronary arteries using local geometric features in X-ray angiography images

The segmentation of coronary arteries in X-ray images is essential for image-based guiding procedures and the diagnosis of cardiovascular disease. However, owing to the complex and thin structures of the coronary arteries, it is challenging to accurately segment arteries in X-ray images using only a single neural network model. Consequently, coronary artery images obtained by segmentation with a single model are often fragmented, with parts of the arteries missing. Sophisticated post-processing is then required to identify and reconnect the fragmented regions. In this paper, we propose a method to reconstruct the missing regions of coronary arteries using X-ray angiography images. Method: We apply an independent convolutional neural network model considering local details, as well as a local geometric prior, for reconnecting the disconnected fragments. We implemented and compared the proposed method with several convolutional neural networks with customized encoding backbones as baseline models. Results: When integrated with our method, existing models improved considerably in terms of similarity with ground truth, with a mean increase of 0.330 of the Dice similarity coefficient in local regions of disconnected arteries. The method is efficient and is able to recover missing fragments in a short number of iterations. Conclusion and Significance: Owing to the restoration of missing fragments of coronary arteries, the proposed method enables a significant enhancement of clinical impact. The method is general and can simply be integrated into other existing methods for coronary artery segmentation.

Demographic history and genetic diversity of wild African harlequin quail (Coturnix delegorguei delegorguei) populations of Kenya.

Hunting wild African harlequin quails (Coturnix delegorguei delegorguei) using traditional methods in Western Kenya has been ongoing for generations, yet their genetic diversity and evolutionary history are largely unknown. In this study, the genetic variation and demographic history of wild African harlequin quails were assessed using a 347bp mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region fragment and 119,339 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from genotyping‐by‐sequencing (GBS) data. Genetic diversity analyses revealed that the genetic variation in wild African harlequin quails was predominantly among individuals than populations. Demographic analyses indicated a signal of rapid demographic expansion, and the estimated time since population expansion was found to be 150,000–350,000 years ago, corresponding to around the Pliocene–Pleistocene boundary. A gradual decline in their effective population size was also observed, which raised concerns about their conservation status. These results provide the first account of the genetic diversity of wild African harlequin quails of Siaya, thereby creating a helpful foundation in their biodiversity conservation.

Tourism knowledge: its creation and dissemination by region

ABSTRACT This study investigates regional similarities and differences in the tourism research knowledge domain, based on two decades of publications. The authors analysed co-citations in the reference lists of full-length articles published in Annals of Tourism Research (1998–2017) in relation to four regions: North America, Europe, Asia, and the Pacific and Oceania. The findings reveal a degree of regional fragmentation in the tourism research knowledge domain. Several wide discourses characterize the scope of tourism knowledge: authenticity and the tourist experience, backpacker tourism, consumer behaviour, destination life cycle, tourism impacts and resident attitudes, paradigms, performance approach, and volunteer tourism. The authors document the contribution of each region to these discourses. Implications of regional distinctions are discussed along with future research opportunities.

High genetic diversity detected in the mitochondrial Control Region of the Serra Spanish Mackerel, Scomberomorus brasiliensis (Collette, Russo & Zavala, 1978) along the Brazilian coast

The Serra Spanish mackerel, Scomberomorus brasiliensis, is one of the most important fishery resources in the western tropical Atlantic, including northern and eastern Brazil. Despite its economic importance, few genetic markers have been sequenced in this species, and little is known of its population genetics. The present study evaluated the genetic variability of 110 individuals, representing three distinct Brazilian populations (Macapá, Fortaleza and Paranaguá), based on a segment of the mitochondrial Control Region. The sequences revealed high levels of genetic diversity, and suggested marked connectivity among the studied populations. A variable repeat was also found in the 3’ portion of the studied Control Region fragment, which may prove useful as a marker in future genetic population studies of S. brasiliensis.

Rapid 16S rDNA electrochemical sensor for detection of bacteria based on the integration of target-triggered hairpin self-assembly and tripedal DNA walker amplification

Diseases caused by bacteria pose great challenges to human health. The key to reduce disease transmission and mortality is to develop accurate and rapid methods for the detection and identification of bacteria. Herein, a rapid bacteria 16S rDNA electrochemical sensor based on target-triggered hairpin self-assembly and tripedal DNA walker (TD walker) amplification strategy was constructed. Specific variable region of 16S rDNA fragment of bacteria was used as biomarker. The target-triggered hairpin self-assembly strategy was used to prepare a TD walker. The hairpin DNA probes labeled with ferrocene (Fc) were designed and modified on surface of electrode. The “legs” of TD walker hybridized with three hairpin probes and opened their hairpin structures. Exo III enzyme recognised hybrid duplexes and selectively digest hairpin probes. The “legs” of TD walker was released and hybridized with the other three hairpin probes. In this way, the enzyme drived the walkers to walk along electrode interface, until hairpin DNA probes were all removed from the electrode, the Fc was far away from electrode interface. A significantly current reduction signal was obtained and bacteria were detected by recording this response. This strategy was low-cost and scalable, it could continuously recycle low-concentration targets, thus enhanced the detection sensitivity. As the proof-of-concept work, the electrochemical sensor was utilized as detector. The limit of detection (LOD) of detecting Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) was 20 CFU mL−1 and detection time was less than 3 h. It was expected to be widely used in clinical early diagnosis.

All-d-Enantiomeric Peptide D3 Designed for Alzheimer's Disease Treatment Dynamically Interacts with Membrane-Bound Amyloid-β Precursors.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a severe neurodegenerative pathology with no effective treatment known. Toxic amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) oligomers play a crucial role in AD pathogenesis. All-d-Enantiomeric peptide D3 and its derivatives were developed to disassemble and destroy cytotoxic Aβ aggregates. One of the D3-like compounds is approaching phase II clinical trials; however, high-resolution details of its disease-preventing or pharmacological actions are not completely clear. We demonstrate that peptide D3 stabilizing Aβ monomer dynamically interacts with the extracellular juxtamembrane region of a membrane-bound fragment of an amyloid precursor protein containing the Aβ sequence. MD simulations based on NMR measurement results suggest that D3 targets the amyloidogenic region, not compromising its α-helicity and preventing intermolecular hydrogen bonding, thus creating prerequisites for inhibition of early steps of Aβ conversion into β-conformation and its toxic oligomerization. An enhanced understanding of the D3 action molecular mechanism facilitates development of effective AD treatment and prevention strategies.

Modified Therapeutic Antibodies: Improving Efficacy

Abstract The prosperity of the biotherapeutics market reflects the feasibility and effectiveness of therapeutic antibodies for the treatment of cancers, inflammatory disorders, and refractory infections. As drawbacks emerge in clinical trials and practice, such as impeded binding, reduced effector functions, and frequent adverse reactions, modifications of therapeutic antibodies are unprecedently burgeoning in research and development (RD ② fragment of crystallizable domain (Fc) amino acid alterations; ③ cross-isotype or cross-subclass exchanges; ④ antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs); ⑤ single chain of variable region fragment (scFv) for chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells; and ⑥ bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) in order to promote binding affinity, half-life in circulation, effectiveness toward target cells and, ultimately, to achieve overall improved efficacy. While many achievements have been made around the world in the past decades, China has been playing an active role in this realm, with its great demand for biotherapeutics with R&D potential. This review recapitulates the international progress that has been achieved with modified therapeutic antibodies, and then focuses on that of China in an independent section.