Identical Fragments Research Articles

Polarization Without Poles: Machiavellian Conflicts and the Philippines’ Lost Decade of Democracy, 2000–2010

The Philippines’ long democratic experience has been remarkably free of deeply politicized cleavages. Roman Catholicism as a hegemonic religion prevents religious polarization, ethnic identity fragmentation limits ethnic polarization, and weak parties forestall ideological or class polarization. Nevertheless, the country suffered a crisis of polarization during the short-lived Estrada presidency (1998–2001) and that of his successor, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (2001–2010). The severe conflict was a product of power maneuvers by anti-Estrada forces, followed by anti-Arroyo actors returning the favor, given her gross abuses of power. Echoing Machiavelli’s famous distinction, the conflict pitted Estrada’s popoli (the many) against Arroyo’s oligarchic grandi (the few). This Machiavellian conflict ended with an oligarchic reassertion of Madisonian democratic rule through the electoral victory of Benigno Simeon Aquino III in 2010. We conclude the article by considering whether the populist challenge of current president Rodrigo Duterte (2016– ) might spark a similarly destabilizing conflict in the years to come.

The 2005th Amman Message: Significant Reference for Nusantara Ulama to Enlarge the Existing Indonesian Plurality

The Amman Message signed by 500 Ulama from Moslem countries, both Shia and Sunni, on the 27th of Ramadan 1425 H or 9 November 2004 in Amman, Jordan. This declaration is a reaction to the widespread fragmentation and decentralization of Muslim identity. The Amman Message positioning Islamic valued vis-a-vis the dynamic modern world. The method used in this research was tracing the content of the book of Risalat Amman (Amman Message), especially to the Ulama consensus related to the topic of pluralism. As an Islamic scholars consensus from all over the world, the Amman Message discussed and decided some opinions on plurality. This article would parse the significance of this message and its contribution to the Indonesian Islamic scholars’ perspective in perceiving the plurality existing in Indonesia modern world, within the Indonesian Islam and in context Indonesia cross religion discourse and dialogue intra-religion concept.

Plasticity in gene expression and fatty acid profiles of Acropora tenuis reciprocally transplanted between two water quality regimes in the central Great Barrier Reef, Australia

To investigate plasticity in biochemical and physiological health attributes of corals, identical colony fragments of the coral Acropora tenuis, from two inshore populations, were exposed to native and novel environmental regimes. Variation in global gene expression (GE) and lipid and fatty acid (FA) composition of surviving colony fragments were quantified after four months. Major FA classes, with the exception of short-chain (C18) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), decreased in concentration when coral fragments were exposed to lower water quality regardless of their source population. In contrast, a strong effect of source population was detected in the GE profiles of all coral fragments and was enriched with genes associated with translation, ribosome biogenesis and ribosome cellular components. One cluster of co-expressed genes positively correlated with multiple individual FA and included genes involved in developmental processes and cellular pathways. This study demonstrates the strong influence of a source effect defining gene expression relating to basic biological functions, including biosynthetic processing, translation and ribosome biogenesis. However, there is plasticity in FA composition and specific genes relating to elevated health and immunity, which can respond to changes in environmental conditions. These findings suggest hope for future corals, if we can reduce anthropogenic water quality stressors.

Experiencing regularisation in Accra, Cape Town and Rio de Janeiro

In the prolific contemporary discussions on the right to the city, little attention has been paid to the multifaceted political meaning of the reshaping of city dwellers’ rights, duties and responsibilities through regularisation processes inspired by neoliberal logics. This paper fills in this gap by engaging in an analysis of the dialectical relation between the political dimension of everyday life, urban rights, neoliberal urban policies and political emancipation. We thereby break from a radical reading of Lefebvre’s notion and from a focus on political mobilisation in order to cast a new light on the debate on the right to the city. Three regularisation policies, all linked to the affirmation of a commercial or fiscal relationship to the state are considered through a cross-case analysis: the regularisation that followed the forced displacement of street traders in central Accra; an in situ process of regularisation of street trading in a Cape Town central market; the regularisation of electricity services in the favelas of Rio de Janeiro, a policy that seeks to re-establish a commercial relationship with favela residents by redefining their rights and responsibilities as registered customers of a private electricity provider. We resort to an exploratory notion, the actual right to the city, to examine how these forms of administrative regularisation have reshaped urban life. We argue that these processes of regularisation convey de-politicisation dynamics, such as the fragmentation and individualisation of political identities, along with the possible re-politicisation of certain stakes, such as the strengthening of individual and collective political expectations toward the State. This tension is due to the ambiguous nature of the new social and spatial contract between State and citizens emerging from regularisation. Beyond the necessary analysis of political struggles against neoliberal policies, and the essential assessment of their impact on urban inequalities, we therefore call for a better consideration of the ambiguous and less visible political impact of processes of selective inclusion and recognition by the State on the way city dwellers envision their rights and duties.

Cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus from melon plants in Brazil is an interspecific recombinant.

Melon plants with severe yellowing symptoms from in Brazil were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing. Sequences homologous to the genome of the polerovirus cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus (CABYV) were frequently retrieved. Two draft CABYV genomes were assembled from two pooled melon samples that contained an identical putative recombinant fragment in the 3' region with an unknown polerovirus. The complete genomes of these isolates revealed by Sanger sequencing share 96.8% nucleotide identity, while both sequences share 73.7% nucleotide identity with a CABYV-N isolate from France. A molecular-clock analysis suggested that CABYV was introduced into Brazil ~ 68years ago.

Waiting for Me: Exploring Autoethnodrama

I In this paper, I explore autoethnodrama through the writing of a performative play text. I move between the tandem voices of my current self (30-year-old graduate student and drama teacher) and my past self (14-year-old Year 9 student) as I grapple with new theoretical ideas and academic forms of writing, as well as my place within the educational and scholarly worlds. Along with intertextual references to Waiting for Godot, my voices move between the conversational, the scholarly, the absurd and the poetic, as I try to capture a dream-like quality, perhaps reminiscent of my subconscious at a point in time. I negotiate fragments of identity and try to reconcile new theoretical concepts with practice as I attempt bring my past into the present and uncover purpose, with apologies to Beckett.

A instabilidade no universo ficcional de Essa Terra, de Antônio Torres

O artigo aborda a composição formal do romance Essa terra, de Antônio Torres, buscando evidenciar o caráter instável das categorias narrativas de tempo e espaço como reflexo da condição de desterritorialização dos personagens e de sua consequente fragmentação identitária. O estudo procura também mostrar como a pluralidade de vozes, responsável por essa relativização espaço-temporal, possibilita uma visão multifacetada da temática abordada – a migração –, concedendo um caráter aberto à obra, sem a apresentação de uma posição conclusiva sobre as questões levantadas, de modo a estimular a reflexão do leitor.

Big Tex is burning: performing iconicity by means of collaborative directing

ABSTRACTThis essay highlights the creative process of creating Big Tex is Burning, a devised and collaboratively created performance about the destruction and resurrection of Big Tex at the Texas State Fair. The essay specifically outlines our collaborative approach to directing and the devised process of textual creation and adaptation that we used to confront and investigate the iconicity of Big Tex. By means of inter-Tex-tual writing and staging techniques, we celebrate the fragmentation of Texan identity and its performativity.

Crossing-effect in non-isolated and non-symmetric systems of patches

The main result of this article is the crossing-effect between two fragments with no isolation on its sides. The crossing-effect term is given to the phenomenon of relative inversion between the minimum sizes of two patches, only varying the growth rate equally in both. This phenomenon was found from the determination of the minimal size prediction for the general case of problems with two identical patches. This prediction is presented in the explicit form, which allows to recuperate all the cases found in the literature as particular cases, namely, one isolated fragment, one single fragment communicating with its neighborhood, a system with two identical fragments isolated from the matrix but mutually communicating and a system of two identical fragments inserted in a homogeneous matrix. To find the crossing-effect, a particular case of the general solution is approached, which is a single fragment communicating with the matrix with different life difficulties on each side. To verify this statement, it is proposed an experiment, which is an adaptation of other experiments in the literature. The confirmation of the phenomenon presented in this work would be new and unexpected, on the other hand, the refutation of this phenomenon would bring worries to the minimum size models using FKPP equation.

The analytical challenges of cyclopropylfentanyl and crotonylfentanyl: An approach for toxicological analysis.

New psychoactive substances (NPS) are increasingly being seen in forensic casework globally and encompass a number of types of drugs including "designer opioids", especially fentanyl analogues, which are of particular concern due to their high potency and significant risk of toxicity. They are often sold as heroin or mixed with other illicit drugs and therefore users may be unaware they are taking such hazardous compounds. Two fentanyl analogues that have recently been detected are cyclopropylfentanyl and crotonylfentanyl. In order to accurately determine the prevalence of such compounds in clinical and forensic casework, including potential toxicity, they need to be correctly identified using definitive and defensible techniques. Cyclopropylfentanyl and crotonylfentanyl are structural isomers, and it has previously been highlighted that these 2 compounds are analytically difficult to specifically identify owing to their similarity in structure and chromatographic behaviour. To further investigate in an attempt to overcome this problem, analysis of certified reference material using high performance liquid chromatography with diode array UV detection (HPLC-DAD), liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (LC-QToF-MS) has been performed. Whilst the compounds were shown to have an identical mass-spectral fragmentation pattern, they had different UV spectra. This was coupled with a discernible difference in retention time with the HPLC conditions applied, allowing differentiation of the 2 compounds. Using this approach, cyclopropylfentanyl was positively identified and subsequently quantified in 4 fatalities with the exclusion of crotonylfentanyl.

SUPPORTED CONSTRUCTION FOR QUARRY EXCAVATOR TRAVERS

It has been established that repair of quarry excavators should be carried out directly on site. In this case, the use of jacks for weighing the rotary platform of excavators Bucyrus RH340 and Terex RH200 models for repair of running equipment is impossible because of their design features. This type of repair is suggested to be performed as an excavator based on the design developed by the authors. The installation of the excavator on the support structure is carried out by its working equipment. The supporting structure is suggested to be made in the form of two identical fragments for its unification regarding the base of excavators and the convenience of transporting to the site of work. The suugested method of fixing the excavator to the support structure prevents it from being displaced from the impact of seismic loads during blasting operations. The investigation of the stress-strain state of the supporting structure was carried out using the complex of finite-element analysis.

A FRAGMENTAÇÃO DA IDENTIDADE NO ROMANCE "OS CUS DE JUDAS"

O presente artigo busca demonstrar a fragmentação da identidade do narrador no livro Os cus de Judas escrito por António Lobo Antunes, em 1979. Para tanto, foram consideradas características do enredo, cujo foco foi a análise da personagem principal no intuito de compreender os aspectos da identidade nacional, o retrato do colonizador e a passagem dessa para uma identidade híbrida, pós-moderna. Os trabalhos de Zygmunt Bauman (2005) e Stuart Hall (2005) auxiliaram na compreensão do conceito de identidade. Quanto à colonização, optou-se pelo trabalho de Albert Memmi (2007) e no que tange aos dos elementos que constituem a narrativa as principais contribuições advém dos escritos de Antonio Candido (2002).

Study of Grooved Warhead Structure on Performance of Warhead Fragment Distribution Pattern

Fragment distribution pattern is a major factor for fragmentation warhead of medium diameter gun weapon, two different grooved warhead structures on the outer surface of warhead are proposed in this paper to improve warhead fragment distribution pattern. Experiments are performed to validate effectiveness of said efforts, and results show diamond-grooved warhead structure produces more fragment distribution density around warhead axis than parallel-grooved warhead structure, while keeping identical fragment projecting angle and dispersion angle. Finally, optimum depth on the surface of diamond-groove warhead structure is also obtained through experiments, showing impressive capability to withstand barrel gunpowder pressure more than 300 hundred million pascal per square meter.

Evaluating lipid mediator structural complexity using ion mobility spectrometry combined with mass spectrometry.

Lipid mediators (LMs) are broadly defined as a class of bioactive lipophilic molecules that regulate cell-to-cell communication events with many having a strong correlation with various human diseases and conditions. LMs are usually analyzed with LC-MS, but their numerous isomers greatly complicate the measurements with essentially identical fragmentation spectra and LC separations are not always sufficient for distinguishing the features. Results/methodology: In this work, we characterized LMs using ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) coupled with MS (IMS-MS). The collision cross-sections and m/z values from the IMS and MS analyses displayed distinct trend lines. Specifically, the structural trend lines for sodiated LMs originating from docosahexaenoic acid had the smallest collision cross-section values in relation to m/z, while those from linoleic acid had the largest. LC-IMS-MS analyses were also performed on LMs in flu infected mouse tissue samples. These multidimensional studies were able to assess known LMs while also detecting new species. Adding IMS separations to conventional LC-MS analyses show great utility for enabling better identification and characterization of LMs in complex biological samples.

Food as Power

This paper is a critical analysis through a close reading of Eden Robinson’s short story, “Traplines” that addresses the topic of Indigenous identity, particularly the identity of Indigenous youth in the wake of the parents’ generation residential school experience. Robinson’s story focusses on the life of a teenaged Indigenous boy called Will, who is exposed to family violence and substance abuse, going to school in town. I argue that the text emphasizes the colonizing nature of non-Indigenous interference in the lives of families like Will's as proof of continuing colonization. Will's English teacher and other white characters use their white privilege in and outside of places of consumption as representations of power in the text. The result of this imbalance of power is the development of a confusing fragmentation of identity in the Indigenous youth. In its discussion of Will’s confusion, the text raises questions about the nature of education.

The Relevance of Islamic Identity in Canada: Culture, Politics, and Self ed. by Nurjehan Aziz

Reviewed by: The Relevance of Islamic Identity in Canada: Culture, Politics, and Self ed. by Nurjehan Aziz Katherine Bullock (bio) Nurjehan Aziz, editor. The Relevance of Islamic Identity in Canada: Culture, Politics, and Self. Mawenzi, 2015. Pp. viii, 224. CAD $24.95. Nurjehan Aziz's edited collection of essays explores, as the title indicates, the relevance of Islamic identity in Canada. Most of the chapters reflect on how Canadian society's largely negative construction of Muslim identity impacts the contributing authors' sense of identity. The authors discuss either their personal or the Muslim community's experiences, often unpleasant, of having others pin a "Muslim" identity on them at the expense of their own sense of self. The opening chapter, "An Incompetent Muslim" by Safia Fazlul, recounts a story in which Fazlul's co-workers' reactions to her change markedly [End Page 281] after they discover she is Muslim: "Suddenly I wasn't invited as frequently to after-work get-togethers and I was made fun of in a negative connotation [sic]" (7). She writes: "Ever since 9/11, I find I've been questioned more about being a Muslim than ever before. Many of the non-Muslim Canadians who question me seem to feel entitled to my opinion about Islam and terrorism, as though I owe them an explanation for choosing a faith that is inherently 'evil,' 'violent,' and 'un-Canadian'" (6). Her story is echoed in nearly every subsequent chapter, pointing to serious but under-discussed problems in Canada's multicultural society. Bringing such voices to a general reading public, then, is an essential contribution to the Canadian literary landscape. Along with a preface by Aziz, the book contains eleven chapters and reflects on questions such as "What does it mean to be a Muslim? Is it a public or private identity, and as an identity does it make sense in a secular democracy such as Canada? What relation does it bear to historical, cultural, and ethnic identities? Is a total agnostic or an atheist a Muslim? Is a person who disavows being a Muslim still a Muslim?" (Aziz vii). The collection attempts to explore such questions through the narratives of Canadian Muslims. Four chapters are personal reflections: Fazlul's "An Incompetent Muslim," Ameen Merchant's "Identity Fragments," Asma Syed's "Who I Really Am: Communicating Islam Across Generations," and Mayank Bhatt's "Married to a Believer." Five chapters explore aspects of Muslim Canadian life from an intellectual perspective: Narenda Pachkhédé's "Mosques and the Making of Muslim Identity," which looks at the impact of mosques on urban space; Haroon Siddiqui's "Anti-Muslim Bigotry Goes Official—Canada's Newest Dark Chapter," which examines Islamophobia in Canadian politics during Prime Minister Stephen Harper's time in government; Karim H Karim's "Speaking to a Post-Secular Society: The Aga Khan's Public Discourse," which highlights how the Aga Khan has been able to use faith-based discourse effectively in the secular public arena; Zainub Verjee's "The Performing Identities of Muslims," which explores how a Muslim festival of arts and culture in a public city space can offer an alternative and "dissenting narrative" (140) to the Islamophobic narratives explored by other contributors; and Ihsaan Gardee and Amira El-Ghawaby's "The Framing of Canadian Muslims," which takes another look at Islamophobia in Canada during the Harper years. Finally, Monia Mazigh's "Reexamining Relations Between Men and Women" and Mohamed Abualy Alibhai's "The Future of Islam in North America" suggest reforms to Qur'anic interpretation that they believe will lead to more "viable" and "acceptable" (Mazigh 30) ways of life for Muslims in the twenty-first century. Their chapters explore radical interpretations of [End Page 282] the Qur'an that they propose are more suitable for a twenty-first-century Canadian context. Such diversity in voices and perspectives is both a strength and a weakness of the book. The dominant cultural narrative about what it means to be a Muslim in Canada is impacted by a distinct power imbalance: those who control the narrative tend to be white, non-Muslim Canadians. Thus, having many different Muslim voices comment on, argue for, and describe their views or academic perspectives...

Varro's Bimarcus and Encounters with the Self in Plautus's Epidicus and Amphitruo

Varro's Bimarcus and Encounters with the Self in Plautus's Epidicus and Amphitruo* T. H. M. Gellar-Goad The current scholarly communis opinio holds that the referent of the title of Varro's Bimarcus and the Menippean satire's two speakers are not (as previously believed) two different men named Marcus but rather two sides of the Varro-ego himself, arguing in an internal dialogue.1 Joel Relihan sees the split-author dialogue of Persius poem 1 as a reiteration of Bimarcus, and Kirk Freudenburg argues that Bimarcus is the inspiration both for the split persona of the satirist in Persius poem 3 and for the bewildering nested quotations of Damasippus in Horace's Sermones 2.3, while Mikhail Bakhtin presents Bimarcus as the foundation for the enduring western literary trope of the author split in two.2 I argue, in turn, that [End Page 117] Varro's schizophrenic dialogue was itself inspired by Plautine models for the two kinds of encounters with the self found in Plautus's Epidicus and Amphitruo. All three of these encounters draw attention to metatheatrical and metaliterary concerns in the texts in which they appear, and all three thematize the fragmentation of Roman identities, both citizen and enslaved, literary and social-historical. Plautus's characters Epidicus, Mercury, Sosia, and Amphitruo serve as useful models for the Varro-ego of Bimarcus. I. VARRO AND PLAUTINE COMEDY Varro's connections to comedy and to the works of Plautus are well established. Werner Krenkel discusses the prominence of comedy in the extant fragments of Varro's Saturae Menippeae (2002.1.88). T. P. Wiseman emphasizes the stagedness of the texts (2009.143, 147), and the Varro-ego himself even refers to "my theatrical style" (hic modus scenatilis) in Modius.3 While Freudenburg characterizes Varro as "Plautus's biggest fan, and his only imitator in satire" (2013.319), Frances Muecke argues (2013) that Plautus is also a fundamental influence for Varro's satiric forebear Lucilius and thus for Roman satura as a genre. And, of course, Varro was the leading Plautine scholar of his day and the ultimate arbiter of authentic and fake Plautine plays (see, e.g., Lehmann 1995). Comedic elements abound in the extant fragments of Bimarcus itself. Schizoid dialogue of the kind originating in Bimarcus is also comic, as Bakhtin notes (1984.117). The speaker in fragment 59 complains about the uninspired comedic proliferations of Quintipor Clodius compared to his own slim volume ("cum Quintipor Clodius tot comoedias sine ulla fecerit Musa, ego unum libellum non 'edolem,' ut ait Ennius?" "Even though Quintipor Clodius has made so many comedies without any inspiration, I'm not supposed to 'whittle out,' as Ennius puts it, a single pamphlet?"). Fragment 55, "chortis cocorum atque hamiotarum aucupumque" ("among the battalions of cooks and fishermen and birdhunters"), not only invokes a culinary procession common in Roman comedy but also may depend specifically on Terence's Eunuchus 256–57: "concurrunt laeti mi obuiam cuppedinarii omnes: | cetarii, lanii, coqui, fartores, piscatores," "All the fancy chefs rush happily up to me: fishmongers, butchers, cooks, [End Page 118] sausagemakers, fishermen" (so Vahlen 1858.141). The line-end of Bimarcus fragment 52 (quantum sumptifecerit) both echoes a line-end from Plautus's Casina (425: restim sumpti fecerim) and is collocated by Nonius (p. 485, line 2) with a citation of Plautus's Trinummus (249: quod facit sumpti). Alessandro Perutelli (1997.425–27) argues that Bimarcus fragment 70 ("non Hercules potest, qui Augeae egessit κόπρον," "Hercules couldn't, even though he'd dealt with Augeas's caca") uses Plautine language. Most significantly, Bimarcus fragment 51 calls up "the old man that the Latin stage has seen super-duper-mocked" ("scena quem senem Latina uidit derisissimum") in a trochaic septenarius line—the single most common verse form in Plautine comedy (so Moore 2012.172). This fragment's old man should not, I argue, be taken as a reference to the old men of mime or Atellan farce,4 but rather those of Plautus's comedies, where horny old men get their memorably mocking, low-comic comeuppance in Latin verse in, among others, the conclusions of Asinaria and Casina. II. THE TEXTS Varro's Bimarcus survives in a...

Смислова модель сучасної гендерної ідентичності: тексти і контексти

Revealing of the logic of representations in culture is the basis of the modern visual literacy formation. Doubts about the potential of visual information as a reliable source of authenticity, require inclusion of other modes of reality perception, contextual expansion of the very concept of visuality, and interaction with different discourses. The questions of how the evaluation guides of the modern era change the visual language, how its contexts and texts are formed, and, in particular, how it affects the formation of modern gender identity, are acquiring actuality. The gender issue, being a field of interdisciplinary research, most clearly presents changes in the methods of visualization and modeling of reality, therefore, serves as a representative base of the material. Visual gender images show changes in the deep layers of culture, and gender studies are transformed along with changes in cultural field and capture the very nature of cultural change. The visual representation of femininity and masculinity represented in culture is based on the metaphor of sex, appealing to archetypes, the oldest ideas of men and women. Visual representations of gender in culture show a wide range of identification practices, from artificial and distorted corporeality to the return of the "natural body". In the context of modern studies of gender visual representations, we have to identify their connection with the dynamic changes in the structure of identity (fragmentation, mimicry, drifting) and with changes in the cultural codes of corporeality. It is proved that in the conditions of destruction of representative systems it makes sense to speak not only about the specifics of femininity and masculinity, which by losing self-sufficiency are curtailed in selfie-projects, but also about the general repressed subject of culture which lies in the "scissors" of new formats of discipline power: coercion and temptation. The screen demonstrates perfect “human-thing” with a blurred gender identity (new androgen), which keeps the attention, fixes it on itself as a narcissistic selfie-project that absorbs the views of others around through different techniques. It was found that the formation of gender identity changed the nature of sample imitation (as it was before) and acquired the character of simulation, where evaluative independent attitude towards the world or a narcissistic choice in the context of a hedonistic-oriented culture is possible. This arch for samples remains at the deep level of collective symbols and archetypes, which should become the subject of further developments.

An Approach to Source Code Plagiarism Detection Based on Abstract Implementation Structure Diagram

Source-code plagiarism detection in programming, concerns the identification of source-code files that contain similar and/or identical source-code fragments. Based on the analysis of the characteristics and defects of the existing program code similarity detection system, a method of source code similarity detection based on Abstract Implementation Structure Diagram (AISD) is proposed. The source code modelling and format into an abstract implementation structure diagram, and forming structural feature strings and variable reference relationship sequences by extracting structural features and variable position features. We calculate the overall similarity by calculating structural similarity and variable similarity. The results demonstrate that the performance of the proposed AISD-based approach overcomes other approaches on the same source code datasets, and reveals promising results as an efficient and reliable approach to source-code plagiarism detection.

Code Clones: Detection and Management

In a software system, similar or identical fragments of code are known as code clones. Instead of implementing a new code from scratch, most of the developers prefer copy–paste programming in which they use existing code fragments. So, the primary reason behind code cloning isboth developers and programming languages used by them. Reusing existing software for increasing software productivity is a key element of object oriented programming which makes clone detection and management a primary concern for current industry. As a software system grows, it becomes more complex which leads to difficulty in maintaining it. The main reason behind difficulty in software maintenance is code clones which do not lead to conclusion that code clones are only harmful for software development. Code clones can be both advantageous and disastrous for software development. Therefore, clones should be analysed before refactoring or removing them. For analysing the clones properly, there is a need to study all the clone detection techniques, various types of clones and techniques to manage them.The main purpose of this paper is to gain insight in to the research available in the area of clone detection and management and identify the research gaps to work upon. It will help the researchers to get started easily with clones as they can study the basic concepts, techniques, general steps for code clone detection and management and research gaps together at one place. Also, it will help in the selection of appropriate techniques for detecting and managing clones as comparative analysis of different techniques on the basis of various parameters is also given in the paper.