Fragmentation Modes Research Articles

Features of titanium and aluminum particles combustion

The results of the study of metal particles combustion process in free fall in air are presented. Titanium particles with a size of 120-540 microns and particles-aluminum agglomerates with a size of 540-660 microns were used. The characteristic times of the beginning and the end of fragmentation, the end of combustion were found with help of video filming. The laws of particles motion, in particular, their velocity and coordinate at the moment of the beginning of fragmentation, were determined. The size of titanium particles at which the fragmentation mode changes (“star” and “spruce branch”) were estimated. Condensed combustion products of particles were selected and investigated.

Сравнение клинической эффективности гольмиевой и тулиевой уретеролитотрипсии

Introduction. Urolithiasis is one of the most common pathologies in modern urology. This disease is registered in 10% of the population and is manifested by an annual increase. Despite all the effectiveness and safety of Ho:YAG, in recent years, the thulium laser has attracted more and more interest. At the moment, in the modern literature there is not enough information about thulium and holmium ureterolithotripsy. The aim of this study is to compare the effectiveness of thulium and holmium ureterolithotripsy. Material and Methods. Since from October 2018 to October 2019 in City Centre Endoscopic Urology and New Technologies Clinical Hospital of St. Luke; St. Petersburg, 420 patients underwent contact ureterolithotripsy with using of thulium (group Б) or holmium (group А) lasers for calculi localized in the ureter. Results. Patients in group B had an advantage in terms of such indicators as the time of surgery, the time of lithotripsy in the Dusting and Fragmentation modes for ureteral calculi of any localization compared with group A. The SFR level in the two groups was relatively identical. Patients in group B had a lower rate of retropulsion during lithotripsy compared to patients in group A. And also in group B there was no migration of calculus into the renal cavity system. Conclusion. Our data indicate the same level of stone free rate when using both thulium and holmium lasers in the dusting and fragmentation modes. However, there is a higher efficiency during ureterolithotripsy using a thulium laser compared to ureterolithotripsy using a holmium laser, regardless of the lithotripsy mode.

Fragmentation of 18R LPSO phases through multi-pass equal channel angular pressing and its impact on rollability of Mg97Y2Zn1 (at%) alloy

In this study, the fragmentation process of 18R long period stacking ordered (LPSO) phase was investigated by comparing the microstructure of as-cast Mg97Y2Zn1 (at%) alloy and 32-pass equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) processed alloy. Results show that two fragmentation modes occurred either singly or in combination during ECAP, i.e., delamination of 18R phase parallel to its basal plane and rupture of 18R perpendicular to its basal plane. Due to these two modes of fragmentation, fine LPSO laths and particles, as well as tiny dynamic recrystallization (DRX) grains were generated in the ECAP alloy, which contributed to its moderate strength and good ductility. In addition, both as-cast and ECAP alloys were subjected to hot rolling to explore the differences of LPSO morphology on rollability of the alloys. The rollability of as-cast alloy was very poor because the coarse microstructure was easy to entangle dislocations and generate microcracks during rolling. However, the rollability of ECAP alloy was significantly improved owing to the additional fragmentation action of band-shaped and kinked LPSO phases, as well as dislocations pinned by LPSO particles or coordinated by more boundaries from fine LPSO particles and DRX grains. Compared with ECAP alloy, the ECAP-rolled alloy exhibited increased strength and moderate ductility with ultimate tensile strength of 384 MPa and fracture elongation of 8.1%.

NewSpace and its implications for space debris models

Until two decades ago, the dominance of the space industry by national governments shaped the key characteristics of the spacecraft population and hence the space debris models used to anticipate future orbital populations. The rise of `NewSpace’ with the growth of private sector involvement has brought innovations, disrupting the status quo and changing to the physical characteristics and mission orbits of commercial spacecraft. Analysis of shifts in mass and launch traffic for spacecraft launched between 1980 and 2019 (source: ESA's DISCOS database) suggests significant impacts for debris modelling. Results emphasised the ongoing change towards a more commercially focused space sector. 742 spacecraft were launched in the 1980s, of which 34 were labelled as commercial. By contrast, there were 1292 commercial missions out of 2325 launched in the 2010s - an increase from 4.6% to 55.6%. These increases correlate with a rise in the number of different organisations operating spacecraft and a clear trend can be seen towards smaller, lower mass spacecraft. This is likely to alter the distributions of fragments generated in collisions compared with the distributions obtained from empirical methods, such as the NASA Standard Breakup model, derived from the fragmentation of larger spacecraft in the 600-1,000 kg range. A study of observed breakup events indicates that the NASA Standard Breakup Model over-estimates the number of large debris released during fragmentations due to collisions or explosion of satellites while also under-estimating the number of small debris. It is believed that this will have a significant impact on the outcomes of simulations of the future debris environment where these fragmentation modes are expected to dominate the generation of new debris over the propulsion based explosions which have been historically prevalent.

Film fragmentation mode: The most suitable way for centrifugal granulation of large flow rate molten blast slag towards high-efficiency waste heat recovery for industrialization

In molten slag centrifugal granulation heat recovery technology, the centrifugal granulation process is crucially important to realize efficient heat recovery as well as high-quality resource utilization. Facing the actual large-scale industrial application, the film fragmentation mode is likely to be the suitable operational mode for centrifugal granulation due to its ability to handle large discharged slag flow. However, the fragmentation phenomena and mechanism in film fragmentation mode are unclear since most of the existing experiments scale is too small to reach this mode. Here, the authentic molten slag is employed as the working fluid to investigate the centrifugal granulation characteristics in film fragmentation mode. A unique perforated disintegration of extended free slag sheet in film fragmentation mode is observed, and the good granulation performance is proved through the comparison with that in ligament fragmentation mode. The effects of operating conditions and structural parameters including granulator rotating speed, molten slag mass flow rate, initial slag temperature, rotary cup diameter, and granulation chamber radius are discussed on the particle size distribution and average particle diameter. Finally, the predictive correlation of granulation performance is put forward. For the industrial applications, the rotary cup diameter is recommended between 86 mm and 126 mm, and the granulation chamber radius should be set at least larger than 1.36 m if the granulator rotating speed is designed lower than 1800 rpm.

HILIC-ESI-FTMS with All Ion Fragmentation (AIF) Scans as a Tool for Fast Lipidome Investigations.

Lipidomics suffers from the lack of fast and reproducible tools to obtain both structural information on intact phospholipids (PL) and fatty acyl chain composition. Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization coupled to an orbital-trap Fourier-transform analyzer operating using all ion fragmentation mode (HILIC-ESI-FTMS-AIF MS) is seemingly a valuable resource in this respect. Here, accurate m/z values, HILIC retention times and AIF MS scan data were combined for PL assignment in standard mixtures or real lipid extracts. AIF scans in both positive and negative ESI mode, achieved using collisional induced dissociation for fragmentation, were applied to identify both the head-group of each PL class and the fatty acyl chains, respectively. An advantage of the AIF approach was the concurrent collection of tandem MS-like data, enabling the identification of linked fatty acyl chains of precursor phospholipids through the corresponding carboxylate anions. To illustrate the ability of AIF in the field of lipidomics, two different types of real samples, i.e., the lipid extracts obtained from human plasma and dermal fibroblasts, were examined. Using AIF scans, a total of 253 intact lipid species and 18 fatty acids across 4 lipid classes were recognized in plasma samples, while FA C20:3 was confirmed as the fatty acyl chain belonging to phosphatidylinositol, PI 38:3, which was found to be down-regulated in fibroblast samples of Parkinson’s disease patients.

Effect of dynamic fragmentation on biodiversity in a heterogeneous environment

We study how the mode of dynamic habitat loss and fragmentation can impact the levels of biodiversity in an ecosystem. The problem is formulated into the framework of resource-based modelling and, opposed to previous studies relying on neutral models, here elements of niche theory are incorporated into the modeling by considering that the species are not ecologically equivalent. In our model the habitat loss is carried out by using a fractal landscape that is constructed through the use of fractional Brownian motion. Thus we can tune the roughness of the landscape by changing the Hurst exponent. We show that both the mode of habitat loss and the level of environmental heterogeneity influence the patterns of species distribution. We notice a larger impact of fragmentation on the number of species when the fragments are more compact. We observe that the relationship between biodiversity and heterogeneity is described by a one-humped function.

Fragmentation Echoes in Modern Translation Theory

The paradox of the Tower of Babel and the underlying story behind the confusion of tongues are inextricably intertwined with various linguistic differences across the world. The tool of language, regardless of whether it is a gift of God, or a purely human artifact, or whatever one may choose to believe regarding its origins, is a tool that allows us to communicate with each other, thereby opening the door for dialogue with the ‘Other.’ As the myth of Babel began influencing several scholars in the twentieth century, linguistic theories inevitably elicited great interest among many acclaimed scholars, including Franz Kafka (1883–1924), Walter Benjamin (1892–1940) and Jacques Derrida (1930–2004). To that end, the fragmented mode of languages is a fundamental principle in their discourse on the confusion of tongues. In this article, I argue that Kafka’s writing, particularly the notion of the “piecemeal construction” in “The Great Wall of China,”1 has influenced Benjamin’s theory of translation and echoed Derrida’s respective view thereof.

PD34-06 FLEXIBLE URETEROSCOPY FOR LOWER POLE RENAL STONES: NOVEL SUPERPULSE THULIUM (TM) FIBER LASER LITHOTRIPSY. FIRST CLINICAL RESULTS

You have accessJournal of UrologyStone Disease: Surgical Therapy V (PD34)1 Apr 2020PD34-06 FLEXIBLE URETEROSCOPY FOR LOWER POLE RENAL STONES: NOVEL SUPERPULSE THULIUM (TM) FIBER LASER LITHOTRIPSY. FIRST CLINICAL RESULTS Dmitry Korolev*, Roman Klimov, Dmitry Tsarichenko, Mikhail Enikeev, Alim Dymov, Stanislav Ali, Gagik Akopyan, Vladimir Lekarev, Mark Taratkin, Leonid Rapoport, Dmitry Enikeev, and Peter Glybochko Dmitry Korolev*Dmitry Korolev* More articles by this author , Roman KlimovRoman Klimov More articles by this author , Dmitry TsarichenkoDmitry Tsarichenko More articles by this author , Mikhail EnikeevMikhail Enikeev More articles by this author , Alim DymovAlim Dymov More articles by this author , Stanislav AliStanislav Ali More articles by this author , Gagik AkopyanGagik Akopyan More articles by this author , Vladimir LekarevVladimir Lekarev More articles by this author , Mark TaratkinMark Taratkin More articles by this author , Leonid RapoportLeonid Rapoport More articles by this author , Dmitry EnikeevDmitry Enikeev More articles by this author , and Peter GlybochkoPeter Glybochko More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000000905.06AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: The SuperPulse Thulium (Tm) fiber laser (wavelength of 1.94 µm) has been recently introduced as a directed-energy source for urology. Preclinical studies have shown a significant potential of the SuperPulse Tm fiber laser (SP TFL) for lithotripsy. However, clinical reports of using SP TFL to treat urolithiasis are still few and limited. Of special interest are challenging cases, e.g., lower pole stones, when extreme deflection of the instrument is required. To evaluate the effectiveness of the SuperPulse Tm fiber laser in the management of lower pole small calyceal stones during flexible ureteroscopy (F-URS). METHODS: The SuperPulse Tm fiber laser device (Urolase 2, IRE Polus, Fryazino, Russia) has been cleared for clinical use by the Ministry of Health of Russian Federation. Study protocol has been approved by the Ethical Review Committee. Between January2018 and February 2019, 130 patients with kidney stones have undergone Thulium fiber laser lithotripsy during F-URS. We retrospectively analyzed 15 of this patients with a single radiopaque lower pole calculus that were included in the present study. Stone size, stone density, lithotripsy time (from the first to last footswitch press) and “lasering” (laser emission) time were measured. The SP TFL was used for stone disintegration with different settings in dusting and fragmentation modes (0.1 – 4J, 7-300Hz, 6-40W) via a fiber with a 200-μm core diameter. Low dose CT scanning was performed on POD 90 to assess SFR. RESULTS: Stone size ranged from 4 to 17 mm and stone density varied from 350 to 1459 HU. The average lithotripsy timewas 12 min (3-30 min). The average “lasering” time was 1.3 min (0.4-2.5 min) and the mean hospital stay was 1.1 ± 0.3 days. In all cases we reached the lower pole stone containing calyx with a laser fiber. The complication rates were evaluated by using the Clavien-Dindo grading system and did not exceed GII. The overall postoperative complication rate was 26.6% (GI 20%; GII 6.6%). SFR on POD 90 was achieved in 86.6% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: F-URS with SuperPulse Tm fiber laser is safe and effective option in the management of lower pole small calyceal stones. The possibility of using small laser fibers gives better instrument deflection which make possible to reach lower pole calyceal stones even with acute lower pole infundibulopelvic angle (IPA). Source of Funding: non © 2020 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 203Issue Supplement 4April 2020Page: e713-e713 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2020 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Dmitry Korolev* More articles by this author Roman Klimov More articles by this author Dmitry Tsarichenko More articles by this author Mikhail Enikeev More articles by this author Alim Dymov More articles by this author Stanislav Ali More articles by this author Gagik Akopyan More articles by this author Vladimir Lekarev More articles by this author Mark Taratkin More articles by this author Leonid Rapoport More articles by this author Dmitry Enikeev More articles by this author Peter Glybochko More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

‘If the cap fits’? Probation staff and the changing nature of supervision in a Community Rehabilitation Company

This article explores the changing nature of supervision in a Community Rehabilitation Company (CRC) following the Transforming Rehabilitation ( TR) reforms to probation services in England and Wales. Based on an ethnographic study of an office within a privately owned CRC, it argues that TR has entrenched long-term trends towards ‘Taylorised’ probation practice. This is to say that qualitative and quantitative changes to the complexion of practitioners’ caseloads since TR reflect a decades-long devaluation of the probation service and its staff. The decision to allocate most qualified practitioners to the National Probation Service means that Case Managers (i.e. probation service officers) now supervise offenders who would historically have been supervised by Senior Case Managers (i.e. probation officers). This loss of expertise has been exacerbated by administrative staff redundancies at the office. The result is an increasingly standardised and fragmented mode of working within the CRC in which the majority of services are now delivered by the voluntary sector.

Experimental and numerical investigation on size effect on crushing behaviors of single calcareous sand particles

Single particle crushing tests were conducted to investigate the size effect on the crushing behaviors of single calcareous sand particles experimentally and numerically. The particle crushing strengths and fragmentation modes of the calcareous sand particles with six different size groups (5–17 mm) were investigated. Moreover, the numerical simulation based on discrete element method was performed to assess the progressive fracture behavior. The particle crushing strength data are found to be satisfy the Weibull’s statistics model well. The Weibull modulus decreases with the increasing particle size. Meanwhile, the scaling law between the characteristic crushing strength and the particle size is smaller than the theoretical predication by the Weibull model. As the particle size increases, the fragmentation mode changes from simultaneous splitting and successive splitting to primary splitting. Furthermore, the numerical results reveal that the fractures occur firstly in the contact area between the loading walls and the top and bottom ends of the particles, eventually forming the penetrative fracture zones along the direction of loading.

Оптимизация параметров суперимпульсного тулиевого волоконного лазера с длиной волны излучения 1,94 мкм при миниперкутанной литотрипсии

At present, minipercutaneous nephrolithotripsy is a highly effective and safe method for fragmentation of stones with sizes up to 3 cm. The use for lithotripsy of a holmium: yttrium aluminum garnet laser with wavelength 2.1 μm (Ho:YAG) is a common practice today. Of late, however, more attention is paid to a new superpulse thulium fiber laser with wavelength 1.94 μm and maximum output power 40 W. The use of a thulium laser with pulse energy 0.025–6 J and a high repetition rate (to 1600 Hz) permits to obtain (compared with a holmium laser) better results of stone dusting. Objective. Selection of the optimal modes of stone fragmentation in minipercutaneous nephrolithotripsy with the use of a superpulse thulium fiber laser with wavelength 1.94 μm and maximum output power 40 W in patients with nephrolithiasis. Patients and methods. The study included patients (n = 171), who underwent minipercutaneous nephrolithotripsy using a superpulse thulium fiber laser during the period from February 2018 to July 2019. The following parameters of laser radiation were used: pulse energy 0.1-6 J, power 6-40 W, pulse rate 30-300 Hz. The impact of modes on endoscopic visualization and retropulsion was assessed intraoperatively. Results. Statistical analysis of the specificities of the most often used modes was conducted: No 1 – «0.15 J, 200 Hz, 30 W», No 2 – «0.5 J, 30 Hz, 15 W», No 3 – «0.8 J, 31.25 Hz, 25 W», No 4 – «0.8 J, 37.5 Hz, 30 W», No 5 – «1.5 J, 15 Hz, 30 W», No 6 – «1.5 J, 26.6 Hz, 40 W», No 7 – «2 J, 15 Hz, 30 W», No 8 – «2 J, 20 Hz, 40 W», No 9 – «4 J, 10 Hz, 40 W»; their effects on retropulsion and on endoscopic visualization were studies. The stone free rate was assessed on the first post-operative day according to the findings of low-dose CT. Conclusion. Study of the modes of thulium fiber lithotripsy, assessment of retropulsion and endoscopic visualization depending on the choice of emitted radiation parameters of a thulium fiber laser make it possible to improve the outcomes of operative treatment in patients with nephrolithiasis. Key words: minipercutaneous, nephrolithotripsy, nephrolithiasis, MPNL, thulium fiber lithotripsy, retropulsion, visibility, superpulse thulium fiber laser, wavelength 1.94 μm, stone free rate

The Decline of Multilateral Cooperation: On the Rising of Fragmentation Mode for Governing Global Warming

The Decline of Multilateral Cooperation: On the Rising of Fragmentation Mode for Governing Global Warming

DrawGlycan-SNFG & gpAnnotate: Rendering glycans and annotating glycopeptide mass spectra.

This manuscript describes an open-source program, DrawGlycan-SNFG (version 2), that accepts IUPAC (International Union of Pure & Applied Chemist)-condensed inputs to render Symbol Nomenclature For Glycans (SNFG) drawings. A wide range of local and global options enable display of various glycan/peptide modifications including bond breakages, adducts, repeat structures, ambiguous identifications, etc. These facilities make DrawGlycan-SNFG ideal for integration into various glycoinformatics software, including glycomics and glycoproteomics mass spectrometry applications. As a demonstration of such usage, we incorporated DrawGlycan-SNFG into gpAnnotate, a standalone application to score and annotate individual MS/MS glycopeptide spectrum in different fragmentation modes. DrawGlycan-SNFG and gpAnnotate are platform independent. While originally coded using MATLAB, compiled packages are also provided to enable DrawGlycan-SNFG implementation in Python and Java. All programs are available from https://virtualglycome.org/drawglycan; https://virtualglycome.org/gpAnnotate. Supplementary Material are available at Bioinformatics online.

Secular Lyric: The Modernization of the Poem in Poe, Whitman, and Dickinson

Secular Lyric: The Modernization of the Poem in Poe, Whitman, and Dickinson

Inferring targeting modes of Argonaute-loaded tRNA fragments

ABSTRACT Transfer RNA fragments (tRFs) are an emerging class of small RNA molecules derived from mature or precursor tRNAs. They are found across a wide range of organisms and tissues, in small RNA fraction or loaded to Argonaute in numbers comparable to microRNAs. Their functions and mechanisms of action are largely unknown, and results obtained on individual tRFs are often hard to generalize. Here we predicted binding mechanisms and specific target interaction sites of 26 human Argonaute-loaded tRFs of different types using large-scale meta-analyses of available experimental data. Strikingly, our findings matched all interaction sites detected in a recent experimental screen, confirming the validity of our computational approach. Such sites are primarily located on the 5ʹ end of tRFs and often involve additional binding along the tRF length, similar to microRNAs. Indicative of multiple layers of regulation, diverse regulatory non-coding RNAs comprised a third of the tRF targets, with the rest being protein-coding transcripts. In the latter, coding sequence and 3ʹ UTRs were the likely primary target regions, although we observed interactions of tRFs with 5ʹ UTRs. Another novel phenomenon we report, a large number of putative interactions between tRFs and introns, is compatible with the roles of Argonaute in the nucleus. Further, observed tRF-intron binding modes suggest a mechanism of interaction of tRFs with Argonaute-dependent introns, and we predict here >20 candidate introns of this type. Taken together, these results present tRFs as regulatory molecules with a rich functional spectrum.

On the fracture mechanisms of nacre: Effects of structural orientation

The nacre of mollusk shells is distinguished by an exceptional mechanical efficiency which is derived essentially from its lamellar structure and frequently acts as a source of inspiration for the development of biomimetic materials. The structure and mechanical properties of nacre have been intensively investigated with a special focus on its toughening strategies; nevertheless, the fracture mechanisms, more specifically the critical stress/strain conditions for the failure of nacre, and the effects of structural orientation and hydration state remain largely unexplored. Here uniaxial compression tests were performed on nacre of both dry and hydrated states with different off-axis angles, i.e., the inclination of loading axis with respect to the lamellar structure, ranging from 0° to 90°. The mechanical properties and fracture characteristics of nacre and their dependences on the structural orientation and hydration state were elucidated in terms of mechanics behind failure. Quantitative relationships were established between the mechanical properties and off-axis angle based on different failure criteria. The competition between the fracture modes of fragmentation and shearing was quantified by comparing their respective driving force and resistance on the interfacial plane. This study may aid the understanding on the mechanical behavior of nacre and nacre-inspired synthetic materials and promote a better replication of the underlying design principles of nacre in man-made systems.

Insight into the Compositions of the Soluble/Insolube Portions from the Acid/Base Extraction of Five Fractions Distilled from a High Temperature Coal Tar

Light oil, phenol oil, naphthalene oil, washing oil, and anthracene oil separated from a high-temperature coal tar (HTCT) were extracted via a modified HCl/NaOH extraction method to obtain an acid-soluble portions (ASPs), a base-soluble portions (BSPs), and an acid/base-insoluble portions (ISPs), which were further analyzed with a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GC/MS) to understand the composition of the HTCT. The results show that the recoveries of the 3 portions separated from each fraction decrease in the order of ISPs >> BSPs > ASPs. According to the analysis with GC/MS, a total of 403 compounds were detected from the 5 fractions and their separated portions. Noteworthily, nitrogen-containing organic compounds, oxygen-containing organic compounds, and arenes dominate BSPs, ASPs, and ISPs, respectively. Combined with the distribution of fragmental ions in the mass spectra, detailed pathways for fragmentating the major compounds in different fragmentation modes were proposed, which facilitates the...

Self-Similar Mode of Metals Fragmentation under Severe Plastic Deformation

In the framework of nonequilibrium evolution thermodynamics, the influence of additive fluctuations on the kinetics of structural defects under severe plastic deformation has been studied. The applied method is a new one for the description of fragmentation modes and corresponding self-organization processes. It is found that a fragmented metallic specimen demonstrates a self-similar behavior, which results in the formation of a grain structure with various grain sizes. Such a behavior takes place provided that the probability distribution for the grain boundary density has a power-law dependence. A comparison of the results obtained in the Itˆo and Stratonovich forms demonstrates the absence of qualitative changes in the behavior of the system.

Elucidating Branching Topology and Branch Lengths in Star-Branched Polymers by Tandem Mass Spectrometry.

Tandem mass spectrometry (MS2) has been employed to elucidate the topology and branching architecture of star-branched polyethers. The polymers were ionized by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) to positive ions and dissociated after leaving the ion source via laser-induced fragmentation. The bond scissions caused under MALDI-MS2 conditions occur preferentially near the core-branch joining points due to energetically favorable homolytic and heterolytic bond cleavages near the core and release of steric strain and/or reduction of crowding. This unique fragmentation mode detaches complete arms from the core generating fragment ion series at the expected molecular weight of each branch. The number of fragment ion distributions observed combined with their mass-to-charge ratios permit conclusive determination of the degree of branching and the corresponding branch lengths, as demonstrated for differently branched homo- and mikto-arm polyether stars synthesized via azide-alkyne click chemistry. The results of this study underscore the utility of MS2 for the characterization of branching architecture and branch lengths of (co) polymers with two or more linear chains attached to a functionalized central core.