Arrangement Of Fragments Research Articles

Structural Priming and the Placement of Focus-Sensitive Particles

The German focus-sensitive particle auch (‘too’) can associate with different constituents (ACs) in an utterance. In terms of position, it can precede or follow its AC. There is a strong preference for using preceding auch when the AC is the object. In three sentence fragment arrangement tasks, we investigated whether speakers are structurally primed by the context. To that end, we used context sentences as part of short dialogues with different particles: nur (‘only’), kein(e)(‘no’), both of which precede their AC, and nicht (‘not’), which follows its AC. The results show that the established preference for preceding auch is affected by the position of the particle in the context (following auch occurred more often when the context contained following nicht). Follow-up experiments rule out an explanation based on intonation (Experiment 2) or on the underlying syntactic structure (Experiment 3). We found clear surface structural priming effects for function words with effect sizes similar to those found in studies of structural priming for content words. Furthermore, the findings for sentences used in isolation can be extended to sentences that are part of short dialogues.

Evolution mechanism of organic macromolecular structure during lignite pyrolysis

Understanding the mechanisms governing coal pyrolysis reactions, particularly in relation to the coal macromolecular structure, is crucial for improving energy efficiency and facilitating the transition of coal into a clean energy source. This study employs cutting-edge techniques, such as High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) and Thermogravimetric Analysis coupled with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry (TG–FTIR–MS), to analyze lignite and its residual solid samples subjected to pyrolysis across a range of temperatures from 300 °C to 1100 °C. The variational characteristics of the macromolecular structure during coal pyrolysis are examined. Utilizing molecular dynamics simulations, we analyze the evolution mechanism of the macromolecular carbon structure of organic matter during the coal pyrolysis process. The results show that the pyrolysis can be divided into three distinct phases: activation (30–300 °C), pyrolysis (300–650 °C), and condensation (650–1200 °C). During these phases, the coal structure undergoes complex transformations, including folding, twisting, shedding of small molecular side chains, and breaking of macromolecular side chains, ultimately leading to the directional arrangement of structural fragments. The structural units initially undergo decomposition, followed by growth and alignment in a certain direction. The spatial distribution of aromatic structural units evolves from local ordering to complete disordering, culminating in larger-scale, three-dimensional ordering. The order of bond breaking within the macromolecular structure of lignite pyrolysis is: oxygen-containing functional groups (such as C–O and COOH) > aliphatic structure (N–C and C–C) > aromatic structure (CC). By uncovering the reaction intermediates and pathways involved in lignite pyrolysis, this research provides a comprehensive quantitative description of the coal pyrolysis process. These insights offer invaluable theoretical support for the industrial-scale pyrolysis of coal, paving the way for more efficient and sustainable utilization of this crucial energy resource.

Trends and Factors Influencing the Evolution of Spatial Patterns of Cropland toward Large-Scale Agricultural Production in China

Considering the essential expansion of agricultural production, current research primarily focuses on static factors, such as the distribution of fine-grained arable land, omitting an in-depth analysis of its developmental dynamics and key drivers. Addressing this knowledge gap is crucial for enhancing the scalability of agricultural production. This research utilizes landscape ecology techniques, correlation analysis, random forest algorithms, and structural equation modeling to explore spatial pattern trends of arable land in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region. Its objective is to clarify how the expansion of agricultural production scale affects food production through changes in arable land patterns and to determine the impact of socio-economic factors on these configurations. The results show that: (1) the landscape pattern of arable land is transitioning to a more fragmented arrangement with complex contours, (2) grain yield per unit area correlates positively with the landscape pattern index in Beijing, negatively in Hebei, and exhibits no significant correlation in Tianjin, and (3) land ownership plays a crucial role in land fragmentation, alterations in land morphology, and influences other socio-economic variables. Analyzing the spatial pattern of arable land in conjunction with socio-economic factors is essential for developing holistic land management approaches, improving resource efficiency, minimizing external inputs, and mitigating food security challenges.

David Jones's Medieval Voices: A Review of Poet of the Medieval Modern by Francesca Brooks

Abstract: Especially notable for its new archival research into David Jones's personal library and marginalia, Francesca Brooks's Poet of the Medieval Modern situates Jones's engagement with several significant early medieval texts in The Anathemata as an integral part of the poem's cultural project of articulating a long and living British Catholic history, one that reflects the multiculturalism and multilingualism of the island. Jones's repurposing of the texts for his own project of renewal is both a modern version of medieval compilation—an interpretive arrangement of fragments—and a distinctively modernist re-imagining of a historical archive. Brooks's new research and thorough reassessments of key passages in Jones's poetry represents an impressive contribution to Jones studies and to scholars interested in medieval engagements with modernity and modernist approaches to history and the archive.

Is It Possible to Obtain a Product of the Desired Configuration from a Single Knoevenagel Condensation? Isomerization vs. Stereodefined Synthesis.

The biological activity of compounds directly depends on the three-dimensional arrangement of affinity fragments since a high degree of pharmacophore compliance with the binding site is required. 3-Benzylidene oxindoles are privileged structures due to their wide spectrum of biological activity, synthetic availability, and ease of modification. In particular, both kinase inhibitors and kinase activators can be found among 3-benzylidene oxindoles. In this work, we studied model compounds obtained via oxindole condensation with aldehydes and alkylphenones. These condensation products can exist in the form of E- and Z-isomers and also undergo isomerization in solutions. The factors causing isomeric transformation of these compounds were established. Comparative kinetic studies to obtain quantitative characteristics of UV-driven isomerization were first performed. The results obtained indicate dramatic differences in two subclasses, which should be considered when developing biologically active molecules.

Particle arrangement and internal porosity of coarse fragments affect water retention in stony soils

AbstractInformation about water retention in stony soils lags behind due to methodological difficulties. We applied a new strategy to measure the water retention in soils with coarse fragments (CFs) and to get insights into the effect of CFs porosity on water retention. Water retention at zero, 10, and 150 m suction, bulk density, and the mass fraction of six particle size classes were measured in undisturbed blocks from soils with variable CFs contents, originating from three parent materials. The results showed that some soils contain porous CFs (2–250 mm) with a water holding capacity as high as the fine fraction (<2 mm). The water held in the suction range of 1–150 m in a soil with porous CFs was twice as high as in soils with non‐porous CFs. Multilinear regressions revealed that both the water retention capacity at 1 m suction and in the range 1–150 m were more dependent on bulk density than on the fraction of CFs and fine particles. In the soil with porous CFs, there was no correlation between their fraction and soil water retention. These results show that the bulk water retention capacity of soils with CFs is underestimated when not considering the internal porosity of the CFs. A better understanding of the effect of the porosity of CFs on bulk soil porosity and water retention is important to propose suitable pedotransfer functions and refine physically‐based hydraulic functions for stony soils.

Эмоциональная реакция аудитории как способ оценки комического и ценностного статусов различных явлений

The article examines various emotional reactions of the audience of English-language stand-up comedies both to values and anti-values that are actualized in the text, and to comic statements of a speaker. The purpose of the study is to identify the main emotional reactions of the audience while watching stand-up comedies, classifying these reactions and determining their compatibility. The corpus of the study comprises recordings and scripts of 50 English-language stand-up specials. The study is based on auditory fixation of audience reactions while watching stand-up comedies to comic and non-comic statements. Such emotional reactions of the audience as laughter, applause, emotional approval, and emotional disapproval have been identified and analyzed. Taking into account the degree of laughter intensity, the structural arrangement of comic fragments and their significance, three types of laughter are distinguished: warming-up, main, and follow-up. Applause is found to be the reaction to actualizing values while the corresponding value is either realized during joke creation or is actualized in the corresponding statement. In addition, it has been determined that an emotional approval may only accompany applause. The disapproval of the audience is associated with the actualization of a certain anti-value. It has also been found that an emotional disapproval of some viewers in most cases is accompanied by the laughter of other viewers. Moreover, in certain cases such laughter may be accompanied by applause. The difference in perceiving such jokes is explained by two main factors: 1) different attitudes of viewers towards the corresponding phenomenon; 2) different focus of the audience.

Mechanochemistry Milling of Waste Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) into Metal-Organic Frameworks.

Converting poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) into metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) has emerged as a promising innovation for upcycling of waste plastics. However, previous solvothermal methods suffer from toxic solvent consumption, long reaction time, high pressure, and high temperature. Herein, a mechanochemical milling strategy was reported to transform waste PET into a series of MOFs with high yields. This strategy had the merits of solvent-free conditions, ambient reaction temperature, short running time, and easy scale-up for large-scale production of MOFs. The as-prepared MOFs exhibited definite crystal structure and porous morphology composed of agglomerated nanoparticles. It was proven that, under mechanochemical milling, PET was firstly decomposed into 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate, which acted as linkers to coordinate with metal ions for forming fragments, followed by the gradual arrangement of fragments into MOFs. This work not only promotes high value-added conversion of waste polyesters but also offers a new opportunity to produce MOFs in a green and scalable manner.

Unstressed versus stressed German additive auch – what determines a speaker’s choice?

Abstract The German additive particle auch associates with a constituent (the associated constituent, AC) which is related to contextually relevant discourse alternative(s). There are two versions of auch in German: a stressed and an unstressed version. Although in most of the cases, speakers have the choice of using the unstressed or stressed version, there are clear preferences for using one version over the other. It is the aim of the present paper to contribute to a clearer picture concerning factors constraining speakers’ preferences. By integrating another focus particle (nur, ‘only’) in the context, we ask whether syntactic (nur precedes its AC) and information structural properties (the AC being a focus) of a context sentence influence the choice of a speaker, or whether speakers apply default mappings (subjects as prototypical topics). The results of a sentence fragment arrangement task indicate that speakers strongly rely on default mechanisms, but that they are also influenced by syntactic and information structural properties of the context to some extent.

Growing season water and salt migration between abandoned lands and adjacent croplands in arid and semi-arid irrigation areas in shallow water table environments

In arid and semi-arid irrigation areas with shallow water tables and fragmented arrangement of croplands and abandoned lands, dry drainage could be an optional management practice mitigating soil salinization. A dry drainage system lets non-irrigated abandoned lands serve as evaporative salt sinks receiving water and salt fluxes from adjacent irrigated croplands. Therefore, this research takes a typical dry drainage unit in the Hetao Irrigation District—one abandoned land and its adjacent croplands—as an example to directly reveal the field scale water and salt migration between abandoned lands and adjacent croplands. It was found that during the growing season, the water input, i.e. field irrigation and precipitation, raised the water table of the croplands and drove water and salt migration from croplands to the abandoned lands. However, the evapotranspiration in the croplands was also larger than that in the abandoned lands. Thus, during the intervals of irrigation (the “phreatic evaporation periods”), in some circumstances, evapotranspiration could drive water and salt flux from the abandoned lands to the croplands, which would influence the groundwater salinity of the croplands. Therefore, it is recommended to plant halophytes on the abandoned lands to enhance its evapotranspiration and hinder the water and salt flux from the abandoned lands to the croplands during intervals of irrigation. This management practice could help form more effective dry drainage systems between abandoned lands and adjacent croplands, and help better control the root zone salinity of the croplands.

Hydrogen bond arrangements in (H2O)20, 24, 28 clathrate hydrate cages: Optimization and many-body analysis.

We provide a detailed study of hydrogen bonding arrangements, relative stability, residual entropy, and an analysis of the many-body effects in the (H2O)20 (D-cage), (H2O)24 (T-cage), and (H2O)28 (H-cage) hollow cages making up structures I (sI) and II (sII) of clathrate hydrate lattices. Based on the enumeration of the possible hydrogen bonding networks for a fixed oxygen atom scaffold, the residual entropy (S0) of these three gas phase cages was estimated at 0.754 82, 0.754 44, and 0.754 17 · Nkb, where N is the number of molecules and kb is Boltzmann's constant. A previously identified descriptor of enhanced stability based on the relative arrangement and connectivity of nearest-neighbor fragments on the polyhedral water cluster [strong-weak-effective-bond model] also applies to the larger hollow cages. The three cages contain a maximum of 7, 9, and 11 such preferable arrangements of trans nearest dimer pairs with one "free" OH bond on the donor molecule (t1d dimers). The Many-Body Expansion (MBE) up to the 4-body suggests that the many-body terms vary nearly linearly with the cluster binding energy. Using a hierarchical approach of screening the relative stability of networks starting from optimizations with the TIP4P, TTM2.1-F, and MB-pol classical potentials, subsequently refining at more accurate levels of electronic structure theory (DFT and MP2), and finally correcting for zero-point energy, we were able to identify a group of four low-lying isomers of the (H2O)24 T-cage, two of which are antisymmetric and the other two form a pair of antipode configurations.

PROBOSIS LATERALIS

Proboscis lateralis is an embryological inconsistency which is identified with the middle facial cleft. This outcomes in fragmented arrangement of one side of nose. This underdeveloped nose structure is situated close to the nose but off the midline. It seems like a cylinder and is appended at the undeveloped combination line anytime between the foremost maxillary interaction and the frontonasal cycle. This issue ought to be tended to at an early age and with stage shrewd methodology as this proboscis itself is a valuable design for remaking. We report an instance of proboscis lateralis in a 1-year-old female patient.

Directional arrangement of phyllite fragments in phyllite talus slope at the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau

Directional arrangement of phyllite fragments in phyllite talus slope at the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau

π-Stacking interactions in new arylsulphonylamine-substituted derivatives of imidazo[2,1-b]thiazol

• "Closed" type of sulfonamide molecular systems is characterized by the presence of intramolecular π-stacking. • The electron density distribution functions obtained theoretically (QTAIM) coincide with those experimentally measured by the XRD method. • The energy of π-π-interaction is in the range of 0.54–0.88 kcal/mol. The peculiarities of a spatial structure of new representatives of arylsulfonylamino-substituted derivatives of imidazo[2,1- b ][1,3]thiazoles were studied by X-ray diffraction analysis. All presented molecules are "closed" systems due to efficient intramolecular π-stacking and compact arrangement of fragments. The features of weak intramolecular stacking interactions were revealed based on X-ray structural investigation and QTAIM analysis. A theoretical study of the stereo electronic structure based on the electron density distribution in the XRD experiment was carried out. The energies of π-stacking interaction were estimated by theoretical methods based on the value of the potential energy density at the bond critical point (3, -1) type.

The 2020 Reform of the Water and Sanitation Services Sector in Brazil

With over 100 million people without access to sewage collection and treatment and over 35 million lacking access to piped drinking water, the water and sanitation services (WSS) sector in Brazil ranks last among all the infrastructure sectors. Despite previous efforts to reach universal coverage, the gap remains wide. In order to reduce this gap, the Brazilian Parliament approved the reform of the WSS sector in July 2020. This paper examines the state of the water and sanitation services in Brazil before 2020 as well as the potential effects of the recently approved reform. It demonstrates that the sector’s primary issues are the fragmented institutional arrangements and regulations, the low levels of investments by the public sector, including those made by State-owned water companies, and the barriers to entry for the private sector. The paper also discusses the new provisions included in the reform designed to remedy those issues. The authors believe that the reform has the potential to promote significant changes in the structure of the WSS towards providing a universal and equitable service in Brazil, but at a slower pace than the reformers anticipated.

Evaluating the potential for bird‐habitat models to support biodiversity‐friendly urban planning

Abstract Urban expansion poses a major threat to wildlife populations. Biodiversity‐friendly urban landscapes could deliver benefits for both wildlife and people, by incorporating conservation and ecosystem services objectives. Well‐designed urban developments could also soften the ecological impacts of urbanization. However, delivering urban landscapes that integrate biodiversity requirements effectively remains challenging. Ecological models, designed to predict wildlife population responses to alternative urban designs, could prove effective in supporting the creation of biodiversity‐friendly urban landscapes. Here, we combine national‐scale bird abundance data with high resolution, spatially explicit habitat data to characterize relationships between bird densities and urban landscape form in Britain. From these analyses and cross validation, we evaluate the potential for well‐parameterized, species‐specific models to be used to predict bird densities in novel or modified urban areas. Our analyses indicate that responses of bird abundance to urban habitat are species‐specific and complex, with few variables consistently affecting a large proportion of species. However, contiguous areas of greenspace within urban sites are preferential for accommodating breeding birds, compared to a more fragmented arrangement of multiple, small greenspace patches. In combination, the bird‐habitat relationships identified could successfully predict observed variation in abundance for most bird species considered. Further evaluation of habitat descriptor variables, spatial scales of species' habitat use and analytical modelling approaches may be needed to improve the predictive ability of bird‐habitat models for certain species, particularly waterbirds and those observed less frequently in urban areas. Synthesis and applications. We modelled breeding bird abundance in built‐up areas with respect to the characteristics and contexts of urban environments. While most variables were important for multiple species, responses overall were species‐specific, so simple assemblage metrics, like diversity, will not describe the variation in bird communities well. However, the results illustrate the potential of an evidence‐based, spatially explicit evaluation of urban development impacts on biodiversity, by predicting the consequences for bird numbers. Subject to verification of predictive ability, practitioners can apply the models to compare, for example, land‐sparing and sharing within developments, or to quantify the biodiversity requirements for effective offsetting. This would be facilitated by incorporation into an online tool allowing user‐determined input scenarios.

Effects of habitat loss on the genetic diversity of Embiratermes neotenicus (Isoptera) in a fragmented landscape of the Atlantic Forest, Brazil

Abstract Connectivity loss during habitat fragmentation poses a serious threat to global biodiversity. The effects of this process depend on factors such as the dispersal ability and breeding systems of each species, the type of land use surrounding the habitat remnants and the position of fragments in the landscape. Termites are abundant in tropical ecosystems, and within this group, soil‐feeding species are the most sensitive to environmental degradation. We investigated whether the fragmentation of the Atlantic Forest that occurred approximately 110 years ago because of sugarcane plantations in Northeast Brazil affected the genetic diversity of a population of Embiratermes neotenicus (Termitidae: Syntermitinae) in 14 fragments separated by 3–104 m over an extent of 20 km. For 10 nests in each fragment, 10 individuals (n = 1400) were genotyped at five microsatellite loci. Our results show that the population exhibits weak genetic structure, with no relations between genetic variability and fragment features. This result may be explained by the extraordinarily long lifespan of individual colonies, given this species' peculiar breeding system, offering several opportunities for dispersal events and patch colonisation. Landscape features such as the arrangement of forest fragments and seasonal nature of the sugarcane matrix could enable this species to maximise dispersal success and avoid local extinction.

Heating a biodiversity hotspot: connectivity is more important than remaining habitat

Connectivity, which is a fundamental aspect of any landscape, has been shown to have a nonlinear relationship with the amount of natural habitat, with a marked decrease at intermediate levels of coverage. Impacts on connectivity vary according to how natural habitat is removed. We analyzed connectivity in the Brazilian Cerrado (tropical savanna), a 2 million-km2 biodiversity hotspot. We evaluated the effects of habitat removal on connectivity, hypothesizing that a deforestation threshold exists below which connectivity is drastically reduced and that neighboring landscapes have similar patterns of connectivity. We divided the Cerrado into 624 50 × 50 km cells and used the integral index of connectivity (IIC), available in Conefor software, to evaluate changes in connectivity between 2000 and 2017. We analyzed how the intra, flux, and connector components of connectivity vary with changes in percentage of remaining natural habitat. Between 2000 and 2017, 23.9% of the natural habitat of the Cerrado was lost (~ 254,000 km2) and connectivity decreased significantly (W = 179,700, p < 0.01). The most crucial change was the removal of connector fragments or corridors, which occurred in 78.2% of the landscapes. The relationship between IIC and remaining natural area revealed a breakpoint, when native area in a landscape reached 39% in 2000 and 37% in 2017. Regardless of the spatial arrangement of habitat fragments, landscape connectivity is lost when the remaining natural habitat falls below a certain threshold. More restrictive regulations and government permissions should be considered to avoid over-occupation of landscapes.

The collections of the Palace of Lausos in Constantinople

Constantinople throughout the IV–VI centuries became the largest center for collecting monuments of ancient art. Initially, the incentive for this was the desire to decorate the new capital of the Roman Empire. Therefore, both collecting, and the arrangement of statues, bas-reliefs, obelisks, and architectural fragments on streets and squares had quite a chaotic character. The turning point came in the first decades of the V century when, after Theodosius the Great’s decree on the ban of pagan divine services, ancient sanctuaries, having been left without the care of the authorities, fell into full decay as a result of riots by fanatics and looting. As a result, the natural process of destruction began. With such events comes an incentive to preserve the creations of outstanding masters of the past which have their lost sacral function, and are considered as works of art. The collecting activity of Lavsos, the high-ranking imperial official, and owner of a large palace on the main city street dates back to this time. The article examines the motives for collecting ancient art’s masterpieces, among which were the works of Lysippos, Pheidias and Praksitel’s, their possible systematization and degree of availability to citizens. The research is based on written sources, compositions of the Byzantine authors, and on results of recent archeological excavations in the center of Istanbul, which revealed fragments of the palace of Lausos.

FLUORESCENT PROPERTIES OF PHENYL - CONTAINING ISOMERS OF PALLADIUM COMPLEXES OF OCTAETHYLPORPHIN IN ACETONITRILE

The fluorimetric measurements of the acetonitrile solutions of palladium complexes of the octaethylporphyrin, 5,10- biphenyl octaethylporphyrin and 5,15-biphenyl octaethylporphyrin at 293 K were performed. Tetraphenylporfin was used in toluene as standards. It was determined that the studied compounds differ in the architecture of peripheral substitution, and as a result in molecular conformation and symmetry, which determine the rates of intramolecular processes of deactivation of electronic excitation energy. It was established that the introduction of two phenyl fragments into the meso-positions of the tetrapyrrole macrocycle of the octaethylporphyrin molecule markedly changes the spectral-luminescent properties of their palladium complexes. The compound with the adjacent arrangement of phenyl fragments of 5,10-diphenylctaethylporphyrin is characterized by concentrated steric effects in the region of one quadrant of the macrocycle containing two phenyl groups and the pyrrole fragment located between them. This arrangement of phenyl fragments leads to the formation of an asymmetrically distorted saddle-shaped conformer, as evidenced by the bathochromic shift of the bands in the electronic absorption spectrum by 495 cm–1. The quantum yield of S1→S0 fluorescence decreases slightly to 4.6·10-3, which is explained by the formation of a new competing non-radiative deactivation channel — the internal S1→S0 conversion, which is characteristic of distorted saddle-shaped macrocycle. When phenyl groups at opposite meso-positions of the 5.15-diphenyl octaethylporphyrin macrocycle flanked by alkyl groups in the Cb positions of the pyrrole rings, a conformer is formed with a macrocycle elongated along the Cm-Cm axis. This is probably due to the stricter molecular structure of this conformer compared to palladium octaethylporphyrin and the absence of conformational dynamics in the S1 excited state. As a result, the bathochromic shift of the bands in the electronic absorption spectrum of 5.15 – diphenyl octaethylporphyrin is less than 100 cm-1 and the quantum yield of S1→S0 fluorescence is almost equal to the quantum yield of the palladium complex of octaethylporphyrin - 5.4·10-3, which is probably due to the low non-radiative internal S1→S0 conversion for the 5.15-diphenyl octaethylporphyrin compared to the 5.10-diphenyl octaethylporphyrin.