Fragile Watermarking Scheme Research Articles

A Triple Self-Embedding Fragile Watermarking Scheme for Image Tamper Detection and Recovery

A Triple Self-Embedding Fragile Watermarking Scheme for Image Tamper Detection and Recovery

A block-based fragile watermarking scheme for digital image authentication and tamper recovery

A block-based fragile watermarking scheme for digital image authentication and tamper recovery

A chaotic-based watermarking scheme for ensuring integrity of a face recognition system in public large gathering scenario

Secure data transmission is critical in public video surveillance applications such as tracking missing persons in large crowd gatherings. It may help the security personnel to monitor & record the live feeds from multiple cameras. However, this live streaming could be falsified. Various cryptographic techniques have been proposed to ensure the integrity of transmitted images, but continuous attacks still pose serious challenges to ensuring the integrity and authenticity of transmitted images. This work proposes a new chaotic-based watermarking technique to ensure the integrity of the transmitted video frames, and since the frames come from multiple cameras, the scheme should be as simple as possible and as fast as possible, the simplicity manifests in designing a fragile watermarking scheme therefore, the watermark is to be embedded in the spatial domain by direct manipulation of the values of the cover’s pixels. To ensure the security of the proposed scheme, chaotic maps have been deployed to reach an acceptable level of security with minimum computational overhead. The proposed scheme is novel in design in terms of the chaotic maps used and it is tested in challenging large gathering scenario. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method successfully locates any falsification in the transmitted images, and the performance of the scheme evaluates different types of attacks. Our testing results in good rate tamper of detection with TPR=99.2005, TNR=99.0777 and with a good quality of imperceptibility for the watermarked image with PSNR=43.82dB, SSIM=00.9955.

Large-capacity fragile watermarking scheme for color images based on prime number distribution theory

Large-capacity fragile watermarking scheme for color images based on prime number distribution theory

A novel color image tampering detection and self-recovery based on fragile watermarking

In industrial applications, sensing devices' image data must be accurately identified and recovered to prevent economic losses. Nevertheless, most industrial image watermarking methods focus on grayscale images with difficulty in achieving superior performance in three parameters: watermarked image quality, tamper detection and content recovery quality. To resolve this issue, a color image tampering detection and self-recovery method based fragile watermarking scheme is proposed in this paper. In the proposed scheme, block-based regular marker with pixel-based continuous marker is used for watermark embedding to enhance the quality of watermarked images. Then, a feature extraction-based tampering detection scheme for diagonal blocks combined with three-layer authentication is developed to resist tampering attacks of diverse shapes and sizes. Additionally, the block pixel-level recovery mechanism along with the Smoothing Inpainting algorithm is designed to implement the high-quality recovery of tampered images. Compared with recent methods, experimental results demonstrate the superiority of the scheme on tamper detection and image self-recovery, in terms of the image recovery robustness, tamper localization and attack resistance. Our scheme has a PSNR value of 25.4921 dB and an SSIM value of 0.7728 for the recovered image at 90% tampering rate.

An efficient fragile watermarking scheme for tamper localization in satellite images

The applications of satellite images in various fields like oceanography, agriculture, biodiversity conservation, forestry, landscape, geology, regional planning, intelligence, and warfare are growing at a burgeoning rate. As satellite images carry very sensitive information, they need a secure and verifiable transmission over the network. To address the sensitive authentication issue and making the satellite images verifiable, this paper proposes an efficient ROI-based blind fragile watermarking approach. The proposed approach bundles the capability to not only verify the integrity of the watermarked satellite image but can also localize the regions where any intentional or unintentional tampering occurred in the watermarked satellite images with more than 90% accuracy. The proposed approach also achieves a good imperceptibility between the cover and watermarked satellite image in terms of PSNR (Average 60 dB). In the proposed approach, eight dynamically evolved progenies are generated corresponding to every ROI pixel. These progenies are tightly associated with each other at the bit level. The proposed approach hosts a sequence of algorithms, which when applied to these progenies, generates an authentication bit for every corresponding ROI pixel. The generated authentication bit is then embedded into the different intensities of RONI pixels. The selection of the number of bits per pixel to embed the watermark is decided dynamically. Detailed experimental results using various subjective and objective evaluation parameters have been presented to substantiate the imperceptibility and tamper localization capabilities of our proposed approach.

Fragile Watermarking for Tamper Localization and Self-Recovery Based on AMBTC and VQ

Digital images have unique features that include being both easily transmittable over the Internet and being easy to tamper. With the advancement of digital processing techniques and an increasing number of valuable digital images being transmitted via the Internet, image authentication has been made more crucial than ever. In this paper, we present an image authentication scheme with tamper localization and self-recovery using fragile watermarking. We embed the fragile watermarks consisting of the authentication code and the recovery information onto the image to verify its integrity. The proposed fragile watermarking scheme can authenticate the image without accessing the original image, localizing the modifications as well as verifying the integrity, and even reconstructing the tampered regions. We use an AMBTC compressed code as the authentication code to minimize the distortion introduced by embedding. To reduce the blocking effect that occurs in the reconstructed image, a VQ compressed code is applied instead of the average intensity as the recovery information. Several representative test images and 200 different test images were randomly selected from BOWS to examine the performance of the proposed scheme. Experimental results confirm that the proposed scheme can effectively resist a cutting attack and a copy-paste attack while retaining the high accuracy of tamper localization. The average TPR and average FTP rate were around 97% and 0.12%, respectively, while maintaining the image quality of the watermarked image and restoring the image at up to 48 dB and 39.28 dB, respectively.

A Block-Based Fragile Watermarking Scheme for Digital Image Authentication and Tamper Recovery

A Block-Based Fragile Watermarking Scheme for Digital Image Authentication and Tamper Recovery

Dual image-based reversible fragile watermarking scheme for tamper detection and localization

Dual image-based reversible fragile watermarking scheme for tamper detection and localization

DNN self-embedding watermarking: Towards tampering detection and parameter recovery for deep neural network

• The watermark not only has large capacity, but also has little impact on the DNNs. • The watermark is so fragile that any change to model parameters can be detected. • The scheme can recover the tampered parameters by extracting the watermark. In recent years, a large number of deep neural networks (DNN) models have been built and deployed, which need to be protected against malicious tampering by the adversary. This work is the first to propose a recoverable, self-embedding fragile watermarking scheme for DNN models to protect the model integrity. This scheme can not only identify and locate the tampered parameter blocks in the model, but can also recover the damaged parameters accurately. Detailedly, through exploiting the characteristics of the to-be-protected DNN model, the authentication data and recovery data are generated, and then the reference sharing mechanism is used to embed these data into the model without affecting its original functionality, which can realize the model parameter recovery under different tampering rates. Experimental results demonstrate that, the proposed scheme can achieve satisfactory performance of tampering detection and parameter recovery with low device requirements and can be effectively adaptable to a variety of existing DNNs.

Integer wavelet transform based an effective fragile watermarking scheme for exact authentication and restoration

Integer wavelet transform based an effective fragile watermarking scheme for exact authentication and restoration

An efficient self-embedding fragile watermarking scheme for image authentication with two chances for recovery capability

An efficient self-embedding fragile watermarking scheme for image authentication with two chances for recovery capability

Fragile watermarking scheme for tamper localization in images using logistic map and singular value decomposition

This paper presents a fragile watermarking scheme for tamper localization using Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) and logistic map. The proposed scheme divides the image into blocks of size 2 × 2 pixels and generates an 8-bit watermark from each block. The watermark is computed by permuting the six Most Significant Bits (MSBs) of each pixel in the block using the logistic map, followed by SVD. To secure, the watermark thus generated is further encrypted using the logistic map. This encrypted watermark is embedded into 2 Least Significant Bits (LSBs) of each pixel to enable tamper detection and localization. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme can precisely locate tampered regions under copy-paste, content removal, text addition, noise addition, vector quantization, collage, content only, and constant feature attacks. Tamper localization accuracy is better or comparable to the state-of-the-art tamper localization algorithms.

Fragile watermarking scheme in spatial domain based on prime number distribution theory

Fragile watermarking scheme in spatial domain based on prime number distribution theory

A self-embedding secure fragile watermarking scheme with high quality recovery

In recent years, with the development of cloud storage, more and more people upload images to the cloud for storage. However, confidentiality and integrity issues may arise during transmission and storage to the cloud. Aiming at these security problems, a fragile watermarking scheme based on the encrypted domain is proposed. A watermark is divided into two types, one is for detection, the other is for recovery. After embedding the two types of watermarks into the host image, the watermarked image will be transferred to the cloud for storage. A three-level tamper detection mechanism is used in the detection process, and the first-level tamper detection can be processed in the cloud. While in recovery process, a mechanism of “block-level detection, pixel-level recovery” is proposed to recover the tampered area. The experimental results show that the watermarked image has greatly changed the original image and guarantees the confidentiality. The three-level tamper detection mechanism can accurately detect the tampered area, the image can be effectively restored in different situations, when the tampering rate is as high as 80%, the average PSNR reaches 34.62 dB, and the average SSIM is higher than 0.93.

Local feature based self-embedding fragile watermarking scheme for tampered detection and recovery utilizing AMBTC with fuzzy logic

The aim of designing self-embedding fragile watermarking is copy-right protection, tamper localization and image recovery. This paper proposes a self-embedding fragile watermarking scheme for tamper detection and recovery based on local image characteristics using Absolute Moment Block Truncation Coding (AMBTC) and fuzzy logic. The original image is divided into (4×4) non-overlapping blocks. The watermark of each block are generated from 6 MSBs of each pixels of the block. Using similarity matrix, the blocks are categorized into smooth and complex depending on similarity among neighboring pixels. In smooth block, mean is used as recovery data for their high similarity existence whereas complex block uses AMBTC image as it has a compressed representation of an image and preserves the features of the cover image. Recovery data are embedded into 2 LSBs of corresponding mapped block. The efficiency of the proposed scheme is analyzed in terms of Tamper Detection Rate (TDR) and Tamper Recovery Rate (TRR). The performance of the proposed scheme is analyzed against different attacks applied on different regions of the watermarked image. The experiment results show that the imperceptibility and visual quality of the watermarked image as well as recovered image is satisfactorily high even at 50% tampering rate.

Cryptanalysis of a Hamming Code and Logistic-Map based Pixel-Level Active Forgery Detection Scheme

In this paper, we analyze the security of a fragile watermarking scheme for tamper detection in images recently proposed by S. Prasad et al. The chaotic functions are used in the scheme to exploit its pseudo-random behavior and its sensibility to initial condition and control parameter, but despite that, security flaws have been spotted and cryptanalysis of the scheme is conducted. Experimental results shows that the scheme could not withstand the attack and watermarked images were manipulated without triggering any alarm in the extraction scheme. In this paper, two different approaches of attacks are demonstrated and conducted to break the scheme. This work falls into the context of improving the quality of the designed cryptographic schemes taking into account several cryptanalysis techniques.

Fragile watermarking for image authentication based on DWT-SVD-DCT techniques

Many fragile watermarking schemes for image authentication have been proposed to protect the integrity of digital images. However, these schemes still yielded unsatisfactory image quality of the watermarked images and low accuracy of tamper detection. In this paper, we propose a new, fragile watermarking scheme for image authentication based on the combination of discrete wavelets transform (DWT), singular value decomposition (SVD), and discrete cosines transform (DCT) algorithms. The feature coefficients are extracted and are used to embed the authentication code by using the quantization index modulation (QIM) process. To guarantee that the extracted authentication code is correct, the Gram-Schmidt process is used to adjust the feature coefficients. The experimental results demonstrated that the proposed scheme provides good quality watermarked images and achieves high accuracy of tamper detection under different attacks, i.e., direct cropping and object insertion attacks.

Color Image Self-Recovery and Tampering Detection Scheme Based on Fragile Watermarking with High Recovery Capability

In this paper, a fragile watermarking scheme for color image authentication and self-recovery with high tampering rates is proposed. The original image is sub-sampled and divided into non-overlapping blocks, where a watermark used for recovery purposes is generated for each one of them. Additionally, for each recovery watermark, the bitwise exclusive OR (XOR) operation is applied to obtain a single bit for the block authentication procedure. The embedding and extraction process can be implemented in three variants (1-LSB, 2-LSB or 3-LSB) to solve the tampering coincidence problem (TCP). Three, six or nine copies of the generated watermarks can be embedded according to the variant process. Additionally, the embedding stage is implemented in a bit adjustment phase, increasing the watermarked image quality. A particular procedure is applied during a post-processing step to detect the regions affected by the TCP in each recovery watermark, where a single faithful image used for recovery is generated. In addition, we involve an inpainting algorithm to fill the blocks that have been tampered with, significantly increasing the recovery image quality. Simulation results show that the proposed framework demonstrates higher quality for the watermarked images and an efficient ability to reconstruct tampered image regions with extremely high rates (up to 90%). The novel self-recovery scheme has confirmed superior performance in reconstructing altered image regions in terms of objective criteria values and subjective visual perception via the human visual system against other state-of-the-art approaches.

A lossless self-recovery watermarking scheme with JPEG-LS compression

Due to the rapid development of application for medical images in recent years, the security of medical images becomes more vital. In this paper, a fragile watermarking scheme for medical images is proposed. The proposed scheme first divides the whole medical image into ROI (Regions of Interest) and RONI (Regions of Non-interest). Then the JPEG-LS algorithm is applied to ROI to get the compressed data which will be embedded into the whole medical image. And then, image encryption methods are used to assure the invisibility of the medical image. At last, a POB number system enhances the security of the scheme. With the use of the scheme in this paper, we can judge whether the medical image is tampered or not, and can also recover the original medical images in specific conditions without any loss. Moreover, if the medical image is tampered, we can also localize the tampered regions. Experimental results show that the suggested scheme achieves a better performance on security, invisibility and robustness in comparison to the state-of-the-art methods for medical images.