Fractures In Dogs Research Articles

The Use of Intraoperative Skeletal Traction for the Repair of Pelvic Fractures: An Experimental Cadaveric Study.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of intraoperative skeletal traction for the surgical repair of pelvic fractures. Opposition and anchorage points for the application of traction were the same in all cadavers. Cadavers from 10 adult dogs with a median body weight of 31.9 kg (range: 20-38 kg) were used. The fractures were experimentally created in all dogs to produce an oblique iliac fracture on the left side and a transverse fracture on the right (total of 20 fractures) at the same time. Dogs were positioned on an operating table in lateral recumbency and traction was applied first on the left side and then on the right after changing the position of the animal. Increasing amounts of traction were applied to each fracture and recorded until a distraction length of 2 cm was created between the bone fragments. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test confirmed normality of the data, and a paired t-test was used to compare traction of the two fracture types. The measurement of traction and distraction of the bone fragments was possible in all fractures. A distraction of at least 2 cm was obtained with a mean peak traction force of 15.4 kg for transverse fractures and 18.6 kg for oblique fractures. Intraoperative skeletal traction provides a useful and reliable tool for the reduction in experimental oblique and transverse iliac fractures in dogs. There were strong correlations between body weight and the force required to obtain a distraction length of 2 cm in the fracture line; for oblique fractures, traction was related to the square of body weight, and for transverse fractures, the relationship between weight and required traction was near linear.

Bone Graft as an Adjunctive Treatment for Delayed Union and Non-Union of Fractures in Dogs: Systematic Review.

Abstract The cases of non-union or delayed union are the main diagnoses related to complications of orthopedic fractures within the veterinary surgery of companion animals, mainly dogs. Bone graft transplantation is a growing competence as an adjuvant treatment in these cases. The study reveals its use through the evaluation of the data obtained in an advanced research on the topic referring to the main scientific databases, resulting in a systematic review, in addition to proving its means of extraction and conservation. Although there is the possibility of performing autograft and xenograft, among other substitute materials, a choice on the part of the veterinarian must make a tiny assessment of each case. However, this therapeutic approach requires greater professional, structural and, consequently, financial investment by veterinarians and hospital doctors. As well as, the realization of scientific works with the objective of contributing to the evolution of this method of associated treatment and bringing more and more benefits to the orthopedic patient.

The Effect of the Hydroxyapatite and Hydroxyapatite Doped by Magnesium on Healing of Fracture in Dogs

The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the effect of the Nano Hydroxyapatite (NHA) and Nano Hydroxyapatite doped by magnesium (NHA-Mg) on healing of fracture in dogs. Twenty-seven adult dogs of both sexes aging between 2-3years old were randomly assigned into three groups. Group one (control group), group two (NHA group), and group three (NHA-Mg). An experimental model of diaphyseal complete radial fracture was surgically created by gegli saw. The fractured radius was fixed by extra-medullary 6-hole dynamic compression plate (6 hole DCP), with addition of the previously mentioned materials to fill the radial fracture defect in the corresponding groups. Data of clinical observation, plain radiography, computed tomography (CT) and histopathological examination and scoring were recorded on 45, 75, 90 days after induction of fracture. The dogs of all groups achieved the full bearing weight and stance 5 days postoperatively. The radiographs admit little knowledge about the healing scoring rather than the CT which declares that N HA-Mg was improve the filling of fracture defect. The histopathological examination and scoring revealed that NHA-Mg was superior HA alone in fracture healing. Data of the present work showed that nano hydroxyapatite doped by (0.007mol) magnesium concentration allows complete calcification and healing of the fractured radius during the experimental time frame.

Traumatic skull fractures in dogs and cats: A comparative analysis of neurological and computed tomographic features.

BackgroundTraumatic skull fractures (TSF) are relatively frequent in dogs and cats, but little information is available regarding their clinical and imaging features.Hypothesis/ObjectivesTo describe the neurological and computed tomographic (CT) features of a large cohort of dogs and cats with TSF.AnimalsNinety‐one dogs and 95 cats with TSF identified on CT.MethodsMulticenter retrospective comparative study. Signalment, cause of trauma, fracture locations and characteristics, presence of neurological deficits, and 1‐week survival were recorded. Fractures were classified according to the extent of fragmentation and displacement.ResultsThe cranial vault was affected more frequently in dogs (P = .003), whereas the face and base of the cranium more often was affected in cats (P < .001). Cats presented with multiple fractures more frequently (P < .001). All animals with TSF in the cranial vault were more likely to develop neurological signs (P = .02), especially when depressed fractures were present (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.7‐8.2; P = .001). Animals with TSF located only in the facial region were less likely to have neurological signs (odds ratio with Mantel‐Haenszel's method [ORMH], 0.2; 95% CI, 0.1‐0.6; P = .004). Most affected animals (84.9%) survived the first week post‐trauma. Death was more likely with fractures of the cranial vault (P = .003), especially when fragmented (P = .007) and displaced (P = .004).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceTraumatic skull fracture distribution and patterns are different between dogs and cats. Cranial vault fractures were associated with neurological deficits and worse survival. The presence of TSF alone should not be considered a negative prognostic factor because most affected animals survived the first week.

Locking Plate Fixation for Canine Acetabular Fractures.

The aim of this study was to document application of locking plates for stabilization of acetabular fractures along with complications and clinical outcomes. We hypothesized that complications and clinical outcomes would be comparable to historical reports using non-locking plate and screw constructs. Medical records of dogs presented with acetabular fractures at a single referral centre between 2010 and 2018 were reviewed. Cases surgically managed by open reduction and internal fixation, involving placement of at least one locking plate and screws, were included. Signalment, fracture classification, type of implant used, additional methods of stabilization, along with complications and neurological deficits, were collected. Long-term follow-up was based on Liverpool Osteoarthritis in Dogs questionnaire. Eighteen acetabula were repaired in 17 dogs. Locking implants were VetLOX (4/18), string-of-pearls (7/18) and locking compression plates (7/18). Locking plates and screws were used as the sole method of fixation in 10/18 acetabula, and as adjunctive fixation with other implants in 8/18 acetabula. Two minor complications and one catastrophic complication were reported. Sixteen of seventeen dogs returned to function with radiographic documentation of fracture healing. Complication rate was comparable to historic reports using non-locking implants. Long-term outcomes assessed by Liverpool Osteoarthritis in Dogs questionnaire were positive in most cases. Locking plates are a viable means of stabilizing acetabular fractures in dogs and can provide positive clinical outcomes. Surprisingly, problems including inaccurate fracture reduction and implant loosening were not fully avoided by use of locking implants but incidence was low.

Comparative evaluation of intramedullary interlocking nailing and end-threaded pinning (positive profile) for fixation of femoral fractures in dogs

The study included 14 cases of femur fracture in which two different techniques namely intramedullary interlocking nailing (IILN) (group-I; 9 cases) and end threaded pinning (ETP) (group-II; 5 cases) were used for fixation of the fracture. The mean duration of surgical procedure was higher in group I as compared to group II. The extent of manipulation/soft tissue damage was slightly more in group I than in group II. The technique of IILN was relatively more difficult than ETP. The extent of fracture reduction and fixation was relatively better in group I than in group II. The weight-bearing improved gradually in both the groups but found to be better in group I than group II. The functional outcome of the fractured limb was superior in fracture fixed by IILN as compared to other group.

Biomechanical Testing of a Calcium Phosphate-Phosphoserine-Based Mineral-Organic Adhesive for Non-invasive Fracture Repair of Mandibular Fractures in Dogs.

Mandibular fracture repair is complicated by limited availability of bone as well as the presence of the neurovascular bundle and an abundance of tooth roots. Fractures at the location of the mandibular first molar teeth are common and it can be particularly challenging to apply stable fixation. Non-invasive fracture repair techniques utilize intraoral placement of fixation devices typically involving polymerized composites and/or interdental wiring. A novel calcium phosphate-phosphoserine–based mineral–organic adhesive was tested ex vivo to determine its effects on augmenting strength of different non-invasive fracture fixation techniques. This study both tested the use of mineral–organic adhesive for the purpose of stabilizing currently used non-invasive fracture repair constructs (intraoral composite splinting ± interdental wiring) and evaluated adhesive alone or with subperiosteally placed plates on buccal cortical bone surface. Aside from controls, not receiving an osteotomy along the mesial root of the mandibular first molar tooth, six treatment groups were tested to evaluate ultimate strength, stiffness, angular displacement, bending moment, and application time. All forms of fixation were found to be significantly weaker than control (p < 0.001). Only the control (p < 0.001) and mineral–organic adhesive and composite (P = 0.002) groups were found to be significantly stronger than wire and composite. No difference was noted in stiffness between any groups with control or wire and composite. Application times varied from the mineral–organic adhesive group (mean = 206 s) to mineral–organic adhesive and composite (mean = 1,281 s). Twenty-three fixation devices exhibited adhesive failure, 20 demonstrated cohesive failure, and 5 failed by cohesive and adhesive failure. When evaluating the ultimate strength of the fixation device groups, mineral–organic adhesive, and composite was shown to be the strongest construct. The use of resorbable bone adhesive and composite may provide a stronger fixation construct over interdental wire and composite for mandibular fracture repair in dogs.

Conservative management of pelvic fractures in dogs and cats in Algiers: Incidence and long-term clinical outcomes.

Aim:We performed a retrospective study to evaluate clinical complications and outcomes associated with non-operative management of pelvic fractures in dogs and cats and described owner satisfaction.Materials and Methods:Based on radiographic findings and fracture location, case records were classified into two groups. Group 1 included animals with acetabulum involvement that underwent conservative treatment plus femoral head-and-neck excision. Group 2 included animals without acetabulum involvement that underwent conservative treatment only. Compliance with rest instructions, time to locomotion recovery, and the evaluation of persistent lameness were data collected from the questionnaire. The level of satisfaction was classified as excellent, good, or bad. Clinical outcome was evaluated at least 10 months after the fracture.Results:Pelvic injuries included sacroiliac luxations (59.52%) and ilial body (35.7%), acetabular (21.4%), pubic (21.4%), and ischial (14.28%) fractures alone or combined. According to the owners, the proposed strategy yielded good to excellent outcomes in dogs and cats in this study, with 95.23% of animals regaining full function of their hind limbs. Two dogs had slight chronic lameness, and some degree of gait abnormality persisted.Conclusion:Because of financial constraints, the chronicity of fractures, or lack of surgical techniques, the surgical treatment of pelvic fractures may not be possible. Non-operative treatment can then be considered to allow the animal to return to acceptable function.

Comparison between new design interlocking nail with plate fixation and intramedullary pin with external skeletal fixation in long bone fracture in the dogs

New design interlocking nail and plate fixation was used in comminuted femur fracture in an old dog that the results showed primary bone healing and she had been quickly weight baring in fifteenth day after surgery, and could be walk in twenty day after operation. Another case was a young dog that showed transverse fracture of both humerus and one transverse fracture of femur that were repaired by intramedullary pin and external skeletal fixation. The results showed secondary bone healing of these three bone fractures and she could be walk after 2 months of operation. An old dog did not show any complication but a young dog showed pin migration in femur healing. This study revealed that the superior result in bone healing was found in rigid fixation by new design interlocking nail and plate fixation greater than intramedullary pin with external skeletal fixation.

The Conservative Approach to Dental Crown Fractures in Dogs and Cats

Dental crown fractures in small animal pathology are common dental issues in every day practice. The most frequently performed procedure is extraction with all the negative consequences.The conservative approach to dental crown fractures involves endodontic treatment and coronal reconstruction in order to keep the fractured teeth on the dental arch.They were taken into study 74 dental crown fractures involving the pulp chamber, leaving the root undamaged.Clinical and radiological one-year check-up revealed us that the conservative approach to dental crown fractures in dogs and cats, when the selection criteria correspond to the indications of the specialized literature and when it is performed by latest protocols, is a reliable alternative to veterinary dental extractions.

Bone fractures in dogs: A retrospective study of 129 dogs

Bone fractures in dogs: A retrospective study of 129 dogs

Platelet-rich plasma, bone marrow and chitosan in minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis of canine tibia fractures - a randomized study

The goal of this study was to analyse the effects of percutaneous application of platelet rich plasma (PRP), autologous bone marrow concentrate (BM) and chitosan gel (CHI) on bone consolidation following minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) of the fractures of the tibia in dogs. Client-owned dogs (n = 30) with tibial fracture were divided into four treatment groups – Group 1 (control), Group 2 (BM), Group 3 (PRP) and Group 4 (CHI). The biomaterial specific to each group was injected at the fracture site immediately after the MIPO procedure. Serial radiographs were used to determine the fracture line and the development of periosteal callus immediately after surgery and at 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days post-surgery. There was no significant difference (P &amp;gt; 0.05) in the degree of oedema or grade of lameness between the groups. Grade 4 (minimum) or 5 lameness (absent) was observed in 70% of animals from all groups at 15 days post-surgery. The biomaterials PRP, BM and CHI combined with MIPO contribute to bone consolidation of tibial fractures in dogs and do not cause adverse reactions or fracture complications. Bone marrow concentrate results in shorter bone consolidation time.

Bir Köpekte Rostral Segmental Mandibula Kırığı ve İnterdental Telleme Tekniği ile Sağaltımı

In this case report, the treatment of segmental fracture by interdental loop wiring technique on the left side of the rostral region of the mandible in a 2-year-old male, Terrier breed dog was described. Mandibular fracture occurred due to the attack of another dog. In the clinical examination, there were no pathological symptoms related to neurological findings, respiratory system or the general condition. However, it was determined that the mouth of the animal could not close completely. Gingival laceration was evident. In the preoperative radiographic evaluation, a fracture line was observed between the left mandibular first premolar and the first incisor teeth. The roots of the left canine and the left first premolar teeth were also fractured. Mandibular fracture was reduced via interdental loop wiring after these two teeth were extracted. On the 24th postoperative day, clinical and radiographic evaluations were performed which revealed that this non-invasive fixation method achieved a complete fracture healing without complications. Interdental loop wiring may be used successfully in segmental mandibular fractures in dogs.

Clinical Evaluation of Demineralized Bone Matrix Allograft in Femur Fracture in Dogs

Eight clinical cases of dogs having femur fracture, were divided into two groups, A and B with four dogs (n=4) in each group. Group A animals were treated with intramedullary pinning (IMP) alone and group B were treated using IMP alongwith demineralized bone matrix (DBM) implantation at the fracture site. The efficacy of healing was evaluated on the basis of clinical evaluation, haemato-biochemical and radiographic parameters on the day of admission (day 0), followed by 7th, 15th, 30th, 45th and 60th post-operative days. The weight bearing was observed to be better in dogs of group A. Swelling was completely absent after 15th post-operative day in dogs of both the groups. The mean values of Hb, PCV, TLC and DLC showed a non-significant variation on subsequent post-operative days in both the groups. There was a significant increase in serum calcium up to 30th post-operative day and thereafter, followed a decreasing trend. The serum alkaline phosphatase values showed non-significant variation in group A while in group B animals significant increase observed on 15th, 30th and 45th post-operative day. Radiographically, the dogs of group B showed better radiographic union of fracture evidenced by early disappearance of fracture line than those of group A.

Prevalence, Risk Factors and Outcome of Postoperative Tibial Tuberosity Fractures in Dogs Undergoing Triple Tibial Osteotomy Surgery.

The aim of this study was to report the prevalence and to identify the risk factors associated with postoperative tibial tuberosity fracture following a triple tibial osteotomy. This article also evaluates the outcome of these patients treated conservatively. Medical records of 100 dogs (113 limbs) that underwent triple tibial osteotomy procedure were evaluated. Information obtained included signalment, preoperative, immediate postoperative and 6-week postoperative radiographic findings, intraoperative and postoperative complications. Long-term outcome was assessed using an owner questionnaire. Postoperative tibial tuberosity fracture was identified in 25/113 stifles. The only variable associated with the presence or absence of postoperative tibial tuberosity fracture within 6 weeks of surgery was postoperative cortical hinge width (CHW) or an indexed value of CHW to tibial width (TW). Using either a cut-off value of CHW of ≥ 5.5 mm or a cut-off value of CHW/TW of ≥ 0.21, only 1/27 stifle in our study developed tibial tuberosity fracture. Long-term owner evaluation of outcome was considered excellent or good in 65/70 stifles. A narrow CHW at the distal cortical attachment of the tibial crest had a strong association with the development of postoperative tibial tuberosity fracture. No other patient or surgical variables were associated with tibial tuberosity fracture. Patients that developed tibial tuberosity fracture and were conservatively managed did not have a worse clinical outcome than patients that did not develop tibial tuberosity fracture.

Assessment of the Efficacy of Platelet-Rich Plasma in the Treatment of Traumatic Canine Fractures.

The role of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in promoting the healing of bone fractures has not yet been clearly stated. The aim of this prospective clinical study was to evaluate the effectiveness of plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF, a PRP derivate) in the treatment of naturally-occurring bone fractures in dogs. With this objective, sixty-five dogs with radius/ulna or tibia/fibula bone fractures were randomly divided into two groups (PRGF and saline solution (SS) groups) and checked at days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, 60, 63, 70, 120, and 180. All the fractures were treated with an external skeletal fixation, and pain was controlled with Carprofen. Healing was evaluated by physical examination, limb function, radiography, and by a Likert-type owner satisfaction questionnaire. A faster fracture healing was observed in the PRGF group, with statistically significant differences with respect to the SS group. Swelling at the fracture site was significantly greater at day 14 and 28 in animals injected with PRGF, and more pain on palpation was found in the area at day 28. The injection of PRGF in acute bone fractures accelerates bone healing.

RADIOGRAPH OF THE USE OF PIG’S BONE AS GRAFT MATERIAL TO FEMUR FRACTURE TREATMENT IN DOGS

Fracture is one of the cases that may occur in pets, especially dogs and cats. The principle to treatment cases of fracture is repositioned and immobilized in the area of ??the fracture. Large bone damage due to trauma can inhibit healing process and cause bone defects, so that graft material is needed to stimulate the healing process and to fill in the missing bone. This research was aimed to study radiographic imaging in the use of pig’s bone as graft material for the treatment of fractures in dogs. Eight male dogs aged 3-4 months were used in this study and were divided into 2 groups randomly. Group I (control) was 2 dogs who their bone diaphysis femur was drilled with a diameter of 1 cm without giving graft material. Group II was 6 dogs who were drilled as Group I and were given a graft material. Monitoring the progress of healing process by rontgent, was conducted at 24 hours, 2nd week, 4th week and 8th week post-surgery. Radiographic analysis showed that there has been a unification and mineralization of bone fragments in the 8th week post-surgery in the group II with bone density already seemed normal.

Application of means of stimulation of regenerative osteogenesis for complex treatment of dogs with fractures of the limb bones

The article deals with the issues of the prevalence of fractures in dogs and the methods of treatment of orthopedic diseased animals. It is known that the fractures of the limb bones in them constitute a significant proportion of other surgical diseases. Bone defects occur, for the most part, during injury, removal of bone tumors, etc. Treatment is known to consist in the repositioning and immobilization (consolidation) of bone fractures. There are a number of methods of surgical treatment of injured dogs, including osteosynthesis, which have certain advantages and disadvantages. It is important in treating dogs for fractures to ensure maximum immobilization of the ends of the bones, preventing complications in the form of osteomyelitis, as well as stimulation of osteogenic regeneration. Only such conditions are optimal for the early appearance of regenerates between bony extremities, rapid compensation of acute peripheral blood supply disorders, reduction of traumatic edema, etc. In order to provide resistance to bending, twisting, tension preference are given by the compression technique of extracorporeal deeper osteosynthesis, which creates optimal conditions for healing fractures. Bones are known to actively participate in the metabolic processes of the body, are the main depot of minerals – crystals of hydroxylapatite and amorphous calcium phosphate, which is a labile reserve of calcium and phosphorus ions. To accelerate the regenerative processes of bone fractures, the replacement of bone defects with mineral composite materials is used, which is widely used to replace bone defects and stimulate osteogenic regeneration.

Minimally invasive percutaneous medial plate-rod osteosynthesis for treatment of humeral shaft fractures in dog and cats: Surgical technique and prospective evaluation.

To describe and prospectively report outcomes associated with a novel minimally invasive percutaneous osteosynthesis (MIPO) technique for the treatment of humeral fractures in dogs and cats. Prospective clinical case series. Eleven dogs and 4 cats with traumatic nonarticular humeral fractures. Dogs and cats that presented with traumatic humeral fractures were enrolled in the study. After closed reduction, the fracture was stabilized by using a plate-rod combination applied via remote medial incisions. Postoperative alignment in the frontal and sagittal planes was statistically compared with the contralateral limbs. Time to clinical union and complications were also recorded. Eleven dogs and 4 cats were included in this study. Body weight ranged from 4.5 to 33.6 kg in dogs and from 2.2 to 3.6 kg in cats. A veterinary cuttable plate (6/11 dogs and 3/4 cats) or locking compression plate was used in a plate-rod configuration (11/11 dogs and 2/4 cats) or alone (2/4 cats). Rod-to-medullary-cavity ratio was 30%. Plate-span ratio was 5.8 (range, 2-13.5). No significant differences were found in frontal or sagittal plane alignment. Healing time in cases that completed on-time follow-up (12/15) was 36 ± 14 days (range, 20-69). No major complications were recorded. The reported technique was associated with good outcomes in a large variety of fracture configurations and animal sizes, with no complications. This report provides evidence that MIPO is a compelling alternative to open reduction and internal fixation in the treatment of various humeral fractures.

Cost-effectiveness of pin-in-fibreglass cast versus Kirschner-Ehmer type I external skeletal fixator in the management of transverse radius-ulna fractures in dogs

The cost of medical care is an important issue all over the world. With worsening global economy and the poverty inherent in low earning economies in the third world countries, economic considerations have always remained a major determinant factor in the choice of treatment. In this study, the cost-effectiveness of pin-in-fibreglass cast fixator (PFCF) was comparatively evaluated against a commercially available fixator (Kirschner-Ehmer type I external fixator) (KESF) in the management of induced closed transverse mid-shaft radius-ulna fractures in dogs. Four adult (2 males and 2 females) dogs with closed transverse mid-shaft radius-ulna fractures were used for this study. These dogs were randomly assigned to two groups (A and B) with each group made up of two dogs. Radius-ulna fractures were created in all the dogs under injectable anaesthesia as follows: Group A; PFCF, and Group B; KESF. A cost analysis was performed using the duration of operative and post-operative procedures, duration of morbidity period, direct and indirect labour cost, and cost of dog-hour lost during the morbidity period as economic indices. The overall duration of the operative and the entire post-operative procedures were 5.5±0.14 and 22±0.21 hours (1:4.4) for PFCF and KESF (P&gt;0.05) respectively. The morbidity period was 9 and 8 weeks for PFCF and KESF respectively. The average cost of medical care (in 2015 $1 US ≈ N198 Nigerian Naira) was $81.8 and $294 (1:3.6) for PFCF and KESF respectively. The cost benefit analysis based on the economic loss due to dog-hour lost during the morbidity period were $990. 9 and $1103 (1:1.1) for PFCF and KESF respectively. In conclusion, PFCF is faster and easier to perform, and more economical than the KESF technique despite the longer morbidity period associated with it. This is accounted for by the lower cost of fixative and hospital charges.Keywords: Dog, Cost effectiveness, Pin-in-fiberglass cast, Kirschner-Ehmer external fixative, Radius-ulna, fractures