Bean Fractions Research Articles

Comparative Flatulence Activity of Beans and Bean Fractions for Man and the Rat

To evaluate H2 production in the rat after ingestion of legume products as a predictive bioassay of their flatulence activity for man, responses of man and the rat to (1) a bland formula diet, (2) cooked California Small White bean (CSW) solids, (3) 70% ethanol extract of (2), (4) oligosaccharide fraction of (3), (5) non-protein nitrogen fraction of (3), and (6) combination of (4) and (5) were compared. Six human subjects were fed an 800 kcal breakfast of (1) or containing the amount of a test item equivalent to 100 g CSW. Each subject received all items once plus a single replicate of three items at the rate of one per week in random order. Total flatus volume, H2, CO2, and CH4 volumes and breath H2 concentration were measured for the interval 2.5 to 8.5 hours after breakfast. Young rats in metabolic chambers received known amounts of items 2 to 6 mixed with a bland basal diet. H2 trapped in the chambers was measured after 20 hours. Correlation of rat H2 and to human breath H2 measurements and flatus gas volumes were significant and positive except for negative correlation with flatus methane volume. Measurement of hydrogen production in the rat has potential for a predictive bioassay for flatulence in man.

Studies with Chicks on the Growth Depressing Factor(s) in Faba Beans (Vicia faba L. var. minor)

The growth response of broiler chicks was improved when they were fed diet containing high levels (greater than 85%) of heat treated as compared to raw faba beans. Pelleting and microwave treatment of faba beans containing 10% moisture resulted in maximal improvements in chick growth rates and feed efficiency of only 6% and 8%, respectively. Steam autoclaving (121 degrees for 20 minutes), extrusion (130 degrees or 152 degrees), or microwave treatment of faba beans containing 18% added water resulted in maximal improvements of 16% in growth rates and 19% in feed: gain ratios. the above study, a time course study of the relationship between faba beans autoclaving time anc chick growth response, and studies with individual faba bean fractions (starch isolate and protein isolate) suggests that processing improves the utilization of faba bean mainly through its effects on components associated with the protein and possibly the hull portions of faba beans. The utilization of faba bean starch is not improved with processing. Although the nature of the growth depressing factor(s) has not been established, the results from this study indicated that the major component does not appear to be a tryspin inhibitor, hemagglutinin, some other heat labile protein, or vicine.

The Evolution of Oviposition Tactics in the Bean Weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.)

A sizeable fraction (7%—17%) of the mung beans that are the preferred food of Callosobruchus maculatus are not large enough to support two larvae. Whenever two or more eggs are on a bean, development takes 40 days rather than 33 days, and only 8% of the second eggs develop even in beans with resources enough for two larvae. This larval competition confers an advantage on females that disperse eggs uniformly. Females tend to avoid adding second eggs as long as there are unusued beans. Survivorship of single eggs on beans increase with weight (l1 = .—005 mg + .368) and females oviposit on the largest of the unused beans first. Survivorship of the second egg (l2 = .31), due principally to mortality of the first egg, is about half that of the first egg; a second or third egg is added after nearly all the beans carry one or two eggs respectively. With these constraints the beetle may maximize fitness if it knows the weights and egg loads of all available beans. The actual performance falls short of achieving maximum fitness and the oviposition of the beetle fits a computer simulation that makes decisions after comparing the weight and egg load of the present bean with the last bean encountered. The performance of the beetle can be appropriately evaluated against models of unspecialized beetles that ovipost randomly and for beetles with maximum fitness. This shows that the beetle gains about 70% of the fitness that it could evolve.

The inhibition of ribonuclease activity and the isolation of polysomes from leaves of the French bean, Phaseolus vulgaris

The effect of inhibitors on the ribonuclease activity of soluble and microsomal fractions of bean leaves has been examined. The soluble ribonuclease activity could be completely inhibited by Zn 2+, Cu 2+, bentonite, and diethylpyrocarbonate, although these inhibitors had little effect on the microsomal ribonuclease activity. Ribonuclease activity in the soluble fraction was completely inhibited by guanosine 2′(3′)-monophosphate, which was the first nucleotide to accumulate on degradation of yeast RNA. Adenosine 2′(3′)-monophosphate, the first nucleotide to accumulate on degradation of yeast RNA by the microsomal preparations, completely inhibited the ribonuclease activity of the microsomal fraction. The ribonuclease activity of both enzyme preparations was completely inhibited by an analog of the transition state of the ribonuclease reaction, a complex of guanosine and vanadyl sulfate. Inclusion of this complex in homogenization media markedly increased the proportion of polysomes isolated from bean leaves.

Studies on the lipid composition of developing soybeans.

AbstractStudies are reported on changes in fatty acid and lipid class composition in developing soybeans picked at intervals from ca. nine days after flowering to maturity. In the early stages of development of the bean, the lipid was virtually devoid of triglyceride and the major constituents consisted of glycolipids and phospholipids. As the bean developed, there was a rapid synthesis of triglyceride that paralleled the deposition of lipid. Simultaneously, unknown substances which occurred in relatively large amounts in the neutral, as well as the glycolipid and phospholipid, fractions of the immature bean diminished to less than 2% of the total lipid in the mature bean. The glycolipids and phospholipids also increased as the bean developed but at a much slower rate than the triglycerides and became minor components in the mature bean. The major component of the phospholipids in the immature bean was phosphatidic acid. It decreased as the phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, and phosphatidyl inositol, as well as triglyceride, increased. The major component of the glycolipid fraction in the early stages of the development of the bean had the same migration pattern on two‐dimensional thin layer chromatography as phosphatidic acid and gave a positive test for phosphorus; it also gave a positive test for glycolipids and was separated completely from phosphatidic acid and other phospholipids by column chromatography. It also decreased as the bean developed. Changes also occurred in the fatty acid composition of the developing bean. The percentage of saturated fatty acids decreased rapidly in the early stages of the development of the bean; oleic and linoleic increased rapidly as the bean developed. Linolenic acid increased rapidly to a maximum concentration in the early stages of the development of the bean and then gradually decreased as the bean matured.

Isolation and identification of sterols from subcellular fractions of bean leaves ( Phaseolus vulgaris)

Chloroplasts, mitochondria and microsomes were isolated from a cell-free extract of green and etiolated leaves of bean, by differential and sucrose or ficoll gradient centrifugation. The sterols and sterol esters of whole leaves and subcellular fractions were compared. The following sterols were identified from the leaves: cholesterol (cholest-5-en-3β-ol), Δ 7-cholestenol (cholest-7-en-3β-ol), campesterol ( cholest-5-en-(24R)-24- methyl-3β-ol ), stigmasterol ( stigmast-5,Z-22- dien-3β-ol ), sitosterol (stigmast-5-en-3β-ol) and isofucosterol ( stigmast-5,Z-24(28)- dien-3β-ol ). These sterols are present in all subcellular fractions but their concentrations differ significantly; in particular the chloroplasts and the mitochondria are much richer in cholesterol (24%) compared to the leaves (1%). The amount of sterols per mg of proteins in the fractions varied as follows: chloroplasts < mitochondria < endoplasmic reticulum. Sterol esters were generally enriched in cholesterol (25–75%) and poor in stigmasterol (10%). These results are discussed in terms of the role of the sterols in the structure and function of plant cell membranes.

Fat metabolism in higher plants XLIX fatty acid biosynthesis by subcellular fractions of higher plants

AbstractA method is described for the rapid and comprehensive subcellular fraction‐ation of plant tissue using a combination of differential and discontinuous Ficoll gradient centrifugation. The procedure has been used to study the synthesis of fatty acids from acetate‐1‐14C or malonyl CoA‐1,3‐14C, by fractions of germinating pea and lupin seeds and developing avocado fruit, castor bean and safflower seeds. Particle free supernatants of seeds synthesize fatty acids from14C‐malonyl CoA in the presence of added cofactors. Since acetyl CoA carboxylase activity is absent the utilization of14C‐acetate by these fractions is minimal. Other particulate fractions show different activities depending on seed types. Active fractions include the low speed particulate of pea and lupin, the pea microsomes, the avocado mesocarp chloroplasts, and the fat fractions of castor bean and safflower. Individual fractions produce characteristic patterns of acids; especially noteworthy is oleic acid biosynthesis by soluble enzymes of castor bean and safflower from14C‐malonyl CoA. Some characteristics of the avocado supernatant, pea supernatant, and castor bean fat fraction synthesizing systems are compared. As a result of these studies, generalizations derived from work with mammalian or bacterial systems cannot be applied to higher plants.

1759. What's in the beans?: Kakade, M. L., Smith, J. E. & Borchers, R. (1968). Effect of a navy bean fraction on protein synthesis in rats. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. Med.128, 811

1759. What's in the beans?: Kakade, M. L., Smith, J. E. & Borchers, R. (1968). Effect of a navy bean fraction on protein synthesis in rats. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. Med.128, 811

Effect of a navy bean fraction on protein synthesis in rats.

SummaryIntraperitoneal injection of a navy bean fraction (Fraction 4) into young rats reduced the incorporation of leucine-14C into protein of skeletal muscle; increased the incorporation into liver protein; and had no effect on the level of incorporation into tissue protein of the small intestine. Decreased protein synthesis in skeletal muscle appears to be a specific phenomenon related to a toxic factor present in Fraction 4.

The distribution and stability of α-tocopherol in subcellular fractions of broad bean leaves

A method is described which enables the preparation of chloroplasts with the minimum enzymic breakdown of α-tocopherol. Using this method, it was shown that α-tocopherol is confined to the chloroplasts of young broad bean leaves. Fifty per cent of this α-tocopherol is removed from the chloroplast lamella by treatment with digitonin. This α-tocopherol is not located in plastoglobuli and is not removed from the lamellae by sonication.

A simple method for the isolation of fraction I protein of chloroplasts.

Application of the standard methods for the preparation of fraction I protein (ribulosediphosphate carboxylase) from spinach leaves gives low yields when applied to other species. We describe here simple methods for the preparation of pure fraction I protein in good yield from spinach, peas, beans, and Chlorella. The electrophoretic mobilities (on polyacrylamide electrophoretograms) of bean and Chlorella fraction I differ from each other and from the mobilities of pea and spinach protein.

Growth Inhibition of Rats Fed Raw Navy Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)

Growth inhibition of rats fed raw navy beans and the action of antibiotics in overcoming it were investigated. The growth inhibitory action of a navy bean fraction isolated by sodium chloride extraction and precipitation by 0.75 ammonium sulfate saturation was also studied. More nitrogen and more of 5 amino acids studied were excreted in the feces of rats fed raw navy beans than in the feces of rats fed heated beans. Nitrogen and amino acid retention in the animals was increased by feeding antibiotics. The intestinal contents of rats fed raw navy beans contained more insoluble nitrogen, protein nitrogen and amino nitrogen and these were not changed by supplementation with antibiotics. Proteolytic activity in the intestine of animals receiving raw navy beans was similar to that of those receiving heated navy beans. Increased insoluble matter and proteolytic activity in the cecum and increased size of the cecum of rats receiving antibiotics suggest that the site of antibiotic action may be the cecum. No significant effect on nitrogen or amino acid absorption due to the inclusion of the navy bean fraction in the diet was observed. Growth inhibition of rats fed raw navy beans may, in part, be the result of endogenous loss of nitrogen and impaired absorption of amino acids.

Toxic Factors in Beans, Growth Inhibition of Rats Fed Navy Bean Fractions

Toxic Factors in Beans, Growth Inhibition of Rats Fed Navy Bean Fractions

Composition of lipids of lima beans and certain other beans

AbstractThe glyceride fractions of lima beans and four other types of beans were shown to consist mainly of palmitic, linoleic and linolenic acids, together with smaller amounts of stearic and oleic acids. Trace components of the lima bean lipid fraction include n‐penta‐decanoic and n‐heptadecanoic acids. Seasonal variations were found not to be significant. Immature lima beans were shown to be similar to mature beans in composition. A very high proportion of linolenic acid, associated with a high iodine value, has been noted for all types of beans investigated. The proportion of unsaponifiable matter was high in most cases. For lima beans, it was found to consist mainly of stigmasterol and of β‐sitosterol.

The glyoxylate cycle as a stage in the conversion of fat to carbohydrate in castor beans

1. 1. Cell-free supernatant fractions of castor beans catalysed the following reactions: 2. (a) the aldol fission of isocitrate, to produce equal amounts of glyoxylate and succinate; 3. (b) the activation of acetate in the presence of CoA and ATP; 4. (c) the condensation of acetyl CoA with oxaloacetate, to form citrate, and with glyoxylate, to form malate; 5. (d) the overall formation of malate from acetyl CoA and either citrate or isocitrate. 6. 2. These reactions of the glyoxylate cycle, when coupled with the reactions leading from fat to acetyl CoA, and from malate to carbohydrate, provide a route for the net conversion of fat to carbohydrate.