Fractional Extraction Research Articles

Microwave radiation induces modifications in the protein fractions of tef flours and modulates their derived techno-functional properties

The impact of microwave (MW) treatments on the structure, solubility, and techno-functional properties of the proteins in starchy matrices is still poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the effects of MW intensity by applying 1, 2, and 6 min of radiation on two tef flour varieties moistened at 15 % and 25 %. The fractionation method recovered ∼83 % of the total protein content in untreated flours. The interaction between treatment time and moisture content (MC) significantly influenced the extraction of protein fractions. Samples treated at 25 %MC showed significant reductions in albumins (up to −74 %), globulins (up to −79 %), and prolamins (up to −32 %). The SDS-extractable proteins of both tef flours presented similar molecular weights (12–100 kDa). SDS-PAGE analysis revealed decreased band intensity in MW-treated samples compared to untreated flours, and confocal analysis showed changes in the native state of proteins in treated samples. Shorter treatments at low MC significantly improved the emulsifying stability of tef flours, particularly in brown tef flour, with an enhancement of up to 203 %. The hydration properties significantly increased in flours treated at 25 %MC for 6 min. Pearson correlation analysis demonstrated the influence of treatment time and MC on protein recovery and functional properties of tef flours.

An Exploratory Review on the Potential of Artificial Intelligence for Early Detection of Acute Kidney Injury in Preterm Neonates.

A preterm birth is a live birth that occurs before 37 completed weeks of pregnancy. Approximately 15 million babies are born preterm annually worldwide, indicating a global preterm birth rate of about 11%. Up to 50% of premature neonates in the gestational age (GA) group of <29 weeks' gestation will develop acute kidney injury (AKI) in the neonatal period; this is associated with high mortality and morbidity. There are currently no proven treatments for established AKI, and no effective predictive tool exists. We propose that the development of advanced artificial intelligence algorithms with neural networks can assist clinicians in accurately predicting AKI. Clinicians can use pathology investigations in combination with the non-invasive monitoring of renal tissue oxygenation (rSO2) and renal fractional tissue oxygenation extraction (rFTOE) using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and the renal resistive index (RRI) to develop an effective prediction algorithm. This algorithm would potentially create a therapeutic window during which the treating clinicians can identify modifiable risk factors and implement the necessary steps to prevent the onset and reduce the duration of AKI.

Evaluation of Compounds from Balanites aegyptiaca against Squalene Epoxidase of Micropsorum gypseum—In Vitro and In Silico Studies

Microsporum gypseum is a dermatophyte with a geophilic nature that is found all over the globe. It mainly causes tinea in the scalp, arms, and legs in humans. Squalene epoxidase (SE) is a crucial enzyme in M. gypseum for the biosynthesis of ergosterol. The medicinal plant Balanites aegyptiaca is an abundant supply of secondary constituents with great therapeutic values. In this research, the fruit epicarp portion was used to inhibit M. gypseum using experimental and computational techniques. The anti-dermatophytic activity of epicarp extracts on M. gypseum was evaluated using the poison plate method at five different concentrations. At 3 mg/mL, the M. gypseum was completely controlled by the fractioned chloroform extract of epicarp. The compounds from previous research were utilized for docking studies (Abuthakir et al., 2022). The ideal compounds and the drug terbinafine were then docked using Schrödinger’s Glide module. It demonstrates that (3E)-7-Hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-3-octen-1-yl-6-O-(6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside outperforms other substances and the drug terbinafine in docking analysis. Desmond, Schrödinger Molecular Dynamics simulations were also performed for (3E)-7-Hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-3-octen-1-yl-6-O-(6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside-squalene epoxidase complexes. The complex appears to be more stable, according to the MD simulation research. This study indicates that (3E)-7-Hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-3-octen-1-yl-6-O-(6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside could be used as a potential inhibitor of M. gypseum growth, and it could be studied further.

Crystal guava (Psidium guajava L. “Crystal”) treated with gibberelic acid (GA3) : Evaluation of in vitro antioxidant capacities

Free radicals can cause many diseases, such as cancer. Antioxidant is a compound that could scavenge free radicals. One of the natural source antioxidants is guava. The application of gibberellic acid (GA3) is known to affect the physicochemical properties and antioxidant content of the fruit. The goals of this research were to investigate the antioxidant activity of skin, flesh and fruit of crystal guava were given additional GA3 treatment with concentration 0; 60; 120; 180; 240; and 300 ppm by determining the value of the Antioxidant Activity Index (AAI) using DPPH; evaluate the total phenolic content (TPC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and physicochemical properties; analyse the correlation between the TPC with AAI DPPH by Pearson’s method. Extraction was performed by the maceration method using acetone 50% mixed with a magnetic stirrer for 1 h. Determination of AAI DPPH, FRAP and the TPC was performed by UV-Visible spectrophotometry. TPC in the flesh and fruit fractions tended to increase and FRAP values in all fractions decreased with GA3 application. The highest TPC and FRAP was given by the G3 treatment on the skin fraction and G0 treatment on the skin fraction. The highest AAI in all fractions was given by the G3 treatment. The TPC was significantly positively correlated with the AAI DPPH of the flesh and fruit fraction extracts (0.250 ≤ r ≤ 0.880), and the skin fraction extracts showed a strong negative correlation between TPC and AAI DPPH (-0.813 &lt; r &lt; -0.973).

Preclinical evaluation of the diabetic wound healing activity of phytoconstituents extracted from Ficus racemosa Linn. leaves

Human body has several multi-layered organs, but skin is one of biggest and easiest to access. It serves as body's primary line of defense alongside various skin diseased conditions. Despite receiving sufficient and appropriate care, diabetes wounds heal slowly and may take a week to complete. A progression of connective tissue patch up is the body's natural defense against tissue damage. Fresh leaves of Ficus racemosa were utilized for the study. In this study, two distinct models were employed to compare how well different Ficus racemosa leaf extracts healed wounds. Excision wounds healed more quickly and to a greater extent after being treated with a flavonoid and tannin fraction of Ficus racemosa leaf extract, suggesting improved epithelization. The extract-treated groups also experienced an increase in breaking potency of incision wounds made; higher breaking strength indicates better wound healing. Complete closure of wound of flavonoid fraction and in fraction of Ficus racemosa extract occurred in 16 and 17 days respectively. Standard treatment increased tensile strength in the diabetic linear incision wound model, followed by treatment with the flavonoid fraction and tannin fraction of Ficus racemosa leaves extract. Ultimate finding and outcome of the present study experimentally demonstrates that extracts of the flavonoid and tannin fractions of Ficus racemosa have wound-healing properties and are effective in treating diabetic wounds. From this study, we state that Ficus racemosa flavonoid fraction and tannin fraction extract has a beneficial effect on blood glucose levels, which shows hypoglycaemic activity.

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY TEST OF EXTRACTS AND FRACTIONS TORBANGUN LEAVES (Plectranthus amboinicus Lour)

Plectranthus amboinicus Lour. or commonly known as Torbangun leaf is a plant from the Lamiaceae family which is often used in traditional medicine because of its potential as an antioxidant. Antioxidant is a chemical compound or component that has the ability to inhibit and slow down damage due to the oxidation process when in a certain level or amount. This study aims to determine the potential of Torbangun leaf extract (Plectranthus amboinicus Lour.) as an antioxidant. This research is an experimental laboratory with maceration and fractionation extraction methods. Ethanol extract of Torbangun leaves, methanol, chloroform, and n-hexane fractions were tested using the DPPH (1,1diphenyl-2-pikrilhidrazyl) method measured by a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Results showed that the ethanol extract of Torbangun leaves had antioxidant activity, namely 80.8% ethanol extract, 43.4% methanol fraction, 85.7% chloroform fraction, and 59.6% n-hexane fraction. Results showed that chloroform fraction had the highest antioxidant activity compared to other solvents.

Phytochemical analysis and bioactivity assessment of five medicinal plants from Pakistan: Exploring polyphenol contents, antioxidant potential, and antibacterial activities

Plants have always been the prime focus in medicine industries due to their enormous ethnobotanical uses and multitude of biological and therapeutic properties. In the current study, preliminary phytochemical composition, Total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC) with the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of hydroalcoholic extract and n-hexane, chloroform and n-butanol fractions of five selected medicinal plants [Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers., Lavandula stoechas L., Aesculus indica (Wall. ex Cambess.) Hook, Iris ensata Thunb., and Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers.] from Pakistan, have been evaluated. TPC and TFC were determined by Folin-Ciocalteu’s and AlCl3 methods respectively. The antioxidant activity was performed by DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and CUPRAC while the antibacterial potential of these plants was determined by agar well diffusion assay. K. pinnata (Lam.) Pers. exhibited the highest TPC (695 ± 13.2 mg.GA.Eq.g-1DE ± SD) in n-butanol fraction and the highest TFC in its chloroform faction (615 ± 6.31 mg Q.Eq.g−1 DE ± SD). The n-butanol fraction and hydroalcoholic extract of I. ensata Thunb. exhibited strong antioxidant potential by DPPH and CUPRAC assays respectively, whereas K. pinnata (Lam.) Pers. n-butanol fraction exhibited the strongest reducing potential. The hydroalcoholic extract of all tested plants exhibited significant antibacterial activity against tested bacterial strains with ZI (12–18 mm). Conclusively, K. pinnata (Lam.) Pers. (Family: Crassulaceae) and I. ensataThunb. (Family: Iridaceae) exhibited the highest antioxidant and antibacterial potential. They can be explored for the isolation of phytoconstituents responsible for this potential and serve as a lead for the production of new natural antioxidants and antibacterial agents that can be used to cure various diseases.

Relationship between cerebral oxygenation, cardiac output, and blood pressure during transitional period in extremely low gestational age neonates.

To describe the relationship between cerebral oxygenation, cardiac output, arterial blood pressure (BP), and cerebral blood flow velocity in extremely low gestational age neonates (ELGANs) during transition. This study comprises secondary analyses from a prospective observational study conducted at a tertiary Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Recruited ELGANs underwent cerebral saturation (CrSO2) monitoring and serial echocardiography during 72 h from birth. Correlative analyses of CrSO2 and cerebral fractional tissue oxygen extraction (CFTOE) with left (LVO) and right ventricular output (RVO), superior vena cava (SVC) flow, middle cerebral artery blood flow mean velocity (MCA.MV), systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP), and mean (MBP) BP were conducted. Fifty ELGANs with median (range) gestational age of 25.9 (23.1-27.9) weeks were recruited. Echocardiography was performed sequentially at a median (range) age 5.0 (3.8-6.6), 17.3 (15.4-19.4), 31.0 (27.0-34.1), and 53.7 (49.3-58.3) hours. RVO, LVO, CrSO2, and SBP increased over time but no changes in MBP, DBP, CFTOE, MCA.MV or SVC flow were noted. A weak correlation was identified between CrSO2 and SBP (r2 = 0.11, p = 0.047) and MBP (r2 = 0.12, p = 0.04) at 17.3 (15.4-19.4) hours. No correlation of either CrSO2 or CFTOE with any measures of blood flow was identified. There is a weak correlation between measures of cardiac output, BP, and MCA.MV with both CrSO2 and CFTOE in ELGANs during transition. Whether this finding suggests intact cerebral autoregulation requires prospective evaluation in a cohort of sick ELGANs.

Modeling the Biocatalytic Method of Lipid Extraction Using Artificial Neural Networks

The paper presents the data on lipid fraction extraction from the raw fat of hibernating hunting animals. The processing of valuable raw materials must be maximized. For this purpose, various methods of rendering are used. As a result of temperature exposure, the protein part of raw fat undergoes significant changes. The protein denatures under the influence of temperature, and the dross formed during the rendering process absorbs and retains up to 30% of the fat. The authors propose using proteolytic enzyme preparations for a more complete extraction of fats, as the enzymes will hydrolyze the protein into compounds of lower molecular weight both before and during the rendering process. The experiment proved that the biocatalytic method allows achieving a fat yield of more than 95%. The best result can be obtained if the rendering is carried out at optimal parameters, which can be defined using a mathematical model. Mathematical modeling was carried out using an artificial neural network. During the study, a fully connected neural network was designed; it had eight hidden layers with 64 neurons in each, and its accuracy was measured by mean relative error, which amounted to 5.16%. With the help of the network, the optimal values of applied concentration, temperature and duration of rendering, at which a fat yield of more than 98% is achieved, were determined for each enzyme preparation. After that, the obtained values were confirmed experimentally. Thus, the study showed the efficiency of using artificial neural networks for modeling the biocatalytic method of lipid extraction.

Chemical composition and biological activities of the extracts of Peperomia pellucida fractions

Background: Peperomia pellucida is a medicinal and vegetable plant used worldwide, representing a multi-purpose vegetable with applications in the pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industries. Objective: This study evaluated the antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic potential of fractional extracts from P. pellucida plant derived from Can Tho City, Vietnam. Methods: Four fractional extracts were prepared using different polarity solvents (hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate) and used to determine the best extract for each biological property. The fractions’ total alkaloid, phenolic, and flavonoid content were observed. The four extracts were evaluated for their potential bioactivities: antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic. Results: Correspond with the hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and aqueous fractions, the total content of alkaloids was determined to be 255 ± 23.8; 157 ± 14.0; 219 ± 6.55; 221 ± 6.23 (mg AE/g extract), the total phenolic content was 112 ± 3.34; 141 ± 1.77; 234 ± 29.5; 123 ± 5.04 (mg GAE/g extract), whereas the total content of flavonoids was 423 ± 22.6; 169 ± 6.30; 1839 ± 18.8; 173 ± 22.6 (mg QE/g extract), respectively. The ethyl acetate fraction gave the best efficiency in DPPH, ABTS, iron reduction, and TAC methods (IC50 = 334 ± 2.10 µg/mL; 51.4 ± 0.41 µg/mL; 79.1 ± 0.40 µg/mL; and 83.0 ± 0.17 µg/mL, respectively). Antibacterial activity was investigated on 5 strains of Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimunum, Pseudomonas aeruginosa; the results showed that the extracts were resistant to 5 strains of bacteria, especially best resistant in 2 fractions of ethyl acetate and aqueous. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value ranged from 0.5 to 32 mg/mL, while the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) value ranged from 16 to 64 mg/mL. The best anti-inflammatory activity was ethyl acetate with an IC50 value of 216.7 ± 7.2 µg/mL, close to that of Diclofenac at 205.4 ± 0.5. The antidiabetic activity was investigated based on the ability to inhibit α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. The results showed that the best α-amylase inhibitors were hexane and dichloromethane (IC50 = 208.83 ± 2.41 and 191.60 ± 1.27 µg/mL, respectively), roughly equal to the acarbose (155.68 ± 2.59 µg/mL). The best α-glucosidase inhibitory fraction was ethyl acetate (IC50 of 157.04 ± 0.23 µg/mL), close to that of acarbose (116.45 ± 0.21 µg/mL). Conclusion: Fractional extracts from P. pellucida distributed in gardens of Can Tho City, Vietnam, contain potential antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic bioactive compounds.

Review of Dohan Eherenfest et al. (2009) on “Classification of platelet concentrates: From pure platelet-rich plasma (P-PRP) to leucocyte- and platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF)”

This classic discusses the original publication of Dohan Eherenfest etal. on "Classification of platelet concentrates: from pure platelet-rich plasma (P-PRP) to leucocyte- and platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF)", in which the authors propose four categories of platelet concentrates depending on their leucocyte and fibrin content (P-PRP, leucocyte- and platelet-rich plasma (L-PRP), pure platelet-rich fibrin (P-PRF), and L-PRF) to group a "jungle" of products in which the term platelet-rich plasma (PRP) was used indistinctly. They were able to identify common factors such as: (1) the use of anticoagulants and immediate centrifugation of the blood after its collection; (2) most preparation techniques allowed platelet concentrate preparation within an hour; (3) the centrifugation aimed to separate the blood in layers that would allow the extraction of specific fractions; and (4) the product was activated with thrombin or calcium chloride. The reviewed manuscript has been listed among the most cited PRP articles in regenerative medicine, with more than 800 citations, driving current scientific research and clinical practise by categorising L-PRP and P-PRP (now, leucocyte-poor PRP). The classification has also opened the door to understanding intrinsic biological mechanisms between platelets, leukocytes, fibrin, and growth factors, which will later be considered for studying the proliferation and differentiation of cells in different tissues affected by PRP. Since the initial classification of platelet concentrates, several other classification systems have been proposed and published in the current literature such as platelet, activation, white blood cell (PAW), Mishra, platelet, leucocyte, red blood cells, and activation (PLRA), dose of platelet, efficiency, purity, and activation (DEPA), method, activation, red blood cells, spin, platelets, image guidance, leukocytes, and light activation (MARSPILL), etc. These classifications have identified important aspects of PRP that affect the biological composition and, ultimately, the indications and outcomes. To date, there is still a lack of standardisation in sample preparation, cohort heterogeneity, and incomplete reporting of sample preparation utilised, leading to a lack of clarity and challenging researchers and clinicians.

Chemical Composition Analysis of Atropa belladonna Grown in Iran and Evaluation of Antibacterial Properties of Extract-loaded Nanofibers.

In the present work, the chemical composition of extract fractions of the Atropa belladonna plant growing in the north of Iran was investigated by HPTLC, HPLC, and GC-MS. Based on HPLC results, atropine, and scopolamine were found to be higher in the fruit and leaf extracts than in other parts of the plant. The comparative GC-MS analysis showed that diacetone alcohol, mesityl oxide, palmitic acid, and linoleic acid were the major bioactive components in the root, stem, leaf, and fruit extracts, respectively. Leaf extract showed the best antioxidant activity in the DPPH test. The antibacterial activity of fractional extracts was determined against Pseudomonas aeruginosa using the MIC method, and the fruit and leaf extracts exhibited the best antibacterial activities. The leaf extract was embedded into nanofibers by electrospinning technique, and its antibacterial activity was determined against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The morphology and mechanical properties of the nanofibers were studied with SEM, contact angle, and tensile analysis, showing ultrafine fibers with uniform morphology.

Soil organic matter stabilization during early stages of Technosol development from Ca, Mg and pyrite-rich parent material

The mechanisms underlying soil organic matter (SOM) accrual in Technosols are still poorly understood. Here we studied a 20-year chronosequence of three Technosols constructed with dolomitic limestone mining waste: two cultivated with sugarcane (for 3 and 7 years) and one under pasture (for ∼20 years). Through a combination of SOM physical fractionation and wet-chemical extractions, we aimed to unravel the processes driving SOM accumulation in these soils and developed a conceptual model for embryonic soils developed from Ca, Mg and pyrite-rich parent material. Our results revealed that the weathering of comminuted waste rocks (e.g., shale, siltstone) provided 2:1 minerals (especially smectite) to participate in mineral-organic associations. The weathering of primary minerals also promoted the formation of secondary minerals, which interacted with SOM and increased the amount of mineral associated organic matter (MAOM) up to 20 g SOC kg−1. Pyrite oxidation produced highly reactive secondary Fe phases, while the dolomite dissolution increased the concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+ and maintained near-neutral pH conditions, favoring the formation of cation-bridges. The progressive increase in the different operational Fe fractions (Fe in organomineral complex, poorly crystalline, and crystalline Fe oxides) along the Technosol chronosequence was strongly correlated with MAOM, highlighting the significant role of Fe in SOM accumulation. Furthermore, we observed substantial increase in particulate organic matter (POM), up to 22 g SOC kg−1, which was associated with increased aggregate formation and stability. These processes collectively contribute to the protection of SOM during early stages of soil development from in Ca, Mg, and pyrite-rich parent material, and thus indicate a high potential for carbon sequestration.

Anticancer activity of polyphenolic Punica granatum peel extracts obtained by hybrid ultrasound‐microwave assisted extraction: Evaluation on HeLa and HepG2 cells

AbstractPunica granatum peel is a significant source of polyphenolic compounds that have potential uses as drugs. This study aimed to obtain and purify polyphenolic compounds derived from pomegranate peel and to evaluate their potential anticancer activity in cell lines. Polyphenols from the pomegranate peel were extracted using hybrid ultrasound‐microwave technology. Different mass:volume ratios and water:ethanol ratios were used during extraction. Purification was performed on a chromatographic column with Amberlite XAD‐16, and unfractionated extracts and fractions extracts were obtained. The main compounds identified by HPLC belong to the ellagitannins family. The unfractionated extract from the 1:12 (m/v) and 30% ethanol condition was used to evaluate its cytotoxic effect against HeLa, HepG2, and 3T3 cell lines. The MTT assay was used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of the pomegranate polyphenolic extracts (PPEs). Viability in HeLa and HepG2 cells was affected in a dose‐dependent manner by a concentration of 25 ppm of polyphenol powders. Additionally, a genotoxicity test was carried out, which showed DNA damage, indicating that the cytotoxic effect is possibly due in part to DNA damage. The use of the pomegranate peel could be a viable option for obtaining bioactive compounds that can be used as adjuvants or in the treatment of various diseases such as cancer.

Microwave-assisted citrate extraction (MaCE) as an alternative to autoclave citrate extraction (ACE) of a soil protein fraction

Soil protein is an important indicator of soil health and for soil health assessments is usually determined using autoclaved citrate extraction (ACE) followed by protein quantification using the Bradford or bicinchoninic acid assay. Here, we investigated an alternative extraction process using microwave-assisted citrate extraction. We show that protein yield increases as the extraction time increases, but that yields comparable to those obtained using the standard ACE method can be obtained with an extraction time as short as 15 min. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of microwave-assisted extraction being used to determine this soil protein pool.

Prevention of Inflammation Initiation on Acetic Acid-Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Rats by Malva nicaeensis All.

Aerial parts of Malva nicaeensis All. are preferred in the prevention and treatment of intestinal infections and hemorrhoids in Turkish traditional medicine. This study is planned to evaluate the pharmacological activity of M. nicaeensis extracts on rats with acetic acid-induced colitis. The plant material was subsequently extracted with n-hexane, ethanol, and water, respectively. All of these extracts were tested for efficacy in the acetic acid-induced rat colitis model. The aqueous and polysaccharide extracts regulated cytokine levels and antioxidant parameters. Furthermore, the aqueous extract in particular regulated myeloperoxidase and caspase-3 levels in this rat model. In addition, the polysaccharide-rich fraction was separated from the aqueous extract. The polysaccharide-rich fraction and aqueous extract regulated cytokine levels and antioxidant parameters. The aqueous extract also positively affected myeloperoxidase and caspase-3 levels. The phytochemical studies revealed that the aqueous extract had the highest phenolic content. In addition, the polysaccharide fraction was found to contain total sugars, sulfated groups, uronic acids, and total proteins in 78.4%, 0.9%, 1.5%, and 14.7%, respectively, and was rich in monosaccharide-type compounds, especially galactose (36.4%). M. nicaeensis was discovered to be a drug lead in the future treatment of irritable bowel diseases or as a complementary therapeutic agent that aided conventional treatments.

Investigation on the biological activity of the leafy liverwort Denotarisia linguifolia (De Not.) Grolle

Denotarisia linguifolia (De Not.) Grolle, or D. linguifolia, collected from LangBiang was used to make fraction extracts used for the evaluation of biological activity. Four extracts (n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and ethanol) were assessed for antioxidant (ferric reducing power, DPPH and lipid peroxidation), enzymatic inhibition (tyrosinase, α-glucosidase and hyaluronidase), cytotoxicity against MCF-7 and phytochemistry screening. For antioxidant assays, ethyl acetate extract had the highest antioxidant capacity ferric reducing power and DPPH scavenging, while chloroform extract had the highest antioxidant capacity in lipid peroxidation. For enzyme inhibition evaluation, D. linguifolia ability in anti-tyrosinase was insignificant while its ability in anti-α-glucosidase and anti-hyaluronidase was exceptional, chloroform extract had the best ability against α-glucosidase and ethyl acetate extract had the best ability against hyaluronidase. Unexpectedly, the n-hexane extract had the best potential for preventing the proliferation of MCF-7. Finally, the phytochemistry screening revealed the presence of important secondary metabolites within the liverwort extracts such as phenolic compounds (phenols, quinones, coumarins and flavonoids) and glycosides (saponins and cardiac glycosides).

Phytochemical screening and evaluation of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and membrane-stabilizing activities of different fractional extracts of Grewia nervosa (Lour.) Panigrahi

BackgroundGrewia nervosa (Lour.) Panigrahi, a medicinal herb native to the steep forested region of Bangladesh, is utilized as a treatment for a variety of diseases or conditions, including dysmenorrhea, paratyphoid, bone fractures, jaundice, kidney stones, dyspepsia, heat stroke, cold, fever, diarrhea, hepatitis B, ingestion, and anthelmintic medication. This research aims to investigate the phyto-pharmacological qualities of this herb. MethodsThe herb was extracted using absolute ethanol followed by fractionation with n-hexane and chloroform. Following an initial investigation of phytochemicals, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and membrane stabilization activities were assessed using the DPPH, egg albumin model, disc diffusion method, and erythrocyte hemolysis model, respectively. ResultsA preliminary phytochemical report suggests that G. nervosa contains reducing sugars, gums, amides, alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, steroids, tannins, flavonoids, and saponins. In a concentration-dependent approach, its fractional extracts displayed promising antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and membrane-stabilizing activity. It was seen that all fractions had a statistically significant capacity to prevent RBCs from hemolyzing, which suggests a potent membrane stabilizing function in-vitro. ConclusionTaken together, G. nervosa possesses important secondary metabolites and exhibits in-vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and membrane stabilizing capacities. This endorses the conventional usage of G. nervosa, although additional study is needed on this potentially beneficial plant.

Purification and enrichment of rare earth in ion-adsorbed rare earth ores using fatty acid based separation processes

Among many impurity elements in ion-adsorption rare earth (RE) ores, aluminum (Al) with similar structure to rare earth elements (REEs) is difficult to be removed. In this paper, four fatty acid based ionic liquids (ILs) were designed and synthesized for the purpose of removing Al impurity. Due to the better extraction and separation capacity, [methyltrioctylammonium][neodecanoate] ([N1888][NDA]) was screened and further studied. The extraction and separation conditions of Al with [N1888][NDA] were optimized, and the separation factor of Al/REEs reached 304.43. At the same time, the stripping and recycling experiment of [N1888][NDA] were carried out. [N1888][NDA] had high separation efficiency for Al and RE, which was of guiding significance for the removal of impurity. Based on the above investigations, a process combining fractional extraction and extraction-precipitation was developed to remove most of the impurity ions in the MgSO4 leaching solution. The process converted the low concentration RE sulfate solution ([RE3+] = 0.18 g·L−1) into high concentration RE chloride product ([RE3+] = 158.3 g·L−1, REO = 193.7 g·L−1). Moreover, the process effectively removed the Al, Mg and Ca in the leaching solution and the purity of RE product reached 99.2 wt%.

Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of eugenol-rich fraction from basil leaves: Characterization of extract for phenols, flavonoids and antioxidant activity

In this study, optimization of ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) of eugenol-rich fraction from O. basilicum was performed. Box-Behnken design of response surface methodology was applied with three independent variables viz. solvent concentration (25–75%), amplitude (70–90%) and sonication time (7–12 min). The effects of these three independent variables were studied on extract yield, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, anti-oxidant activity and eugenol content present in O. basilicum. Significant (p≤0.05) effects of all the independent variables were recorded in all the product responses. Extract yield and total phenolic content ranged from 74.36–55.48% and 23.45–10.25 mgGAE/g, respectively while as total flavonoid content and anti-oxidant activity was 0.082–0.009 mg/g and 71.21–25.33% respectively and eugenol content of 0.846–0.207 mg/g was recorded for all the treatments. The optimum processing conditions obtained by numerical optimization for solvent concentration (A), amplitude (B) and sonication time (C) were 52.48%, 90% and 7.75 min, respectively. Eugenol content of 41.44% was further validated through GC-MS/MS in extract developed after following the optimal condition. Conclusively, RSM was found to be successful for optimization of UAE process of eugenol rich fraction from basil leaves. The results confirmed the success of using ethanol as a safe solvent for UAE of eugenol from basil leaves.