Fractional Electric Charge Research Articles

Evidence for Fractional Electric Charge

Evidence for Fractional Electric Charge

A Superconducting Suspension with Variable Restoring Force and Low Damping

A technique for the magnetic suspension of small (< 1 mm diam) superconducting niobium spheres is described in which the restoring forces (shape of the applied field) can be conveniently adjusted and low losses in the translational modes of oscillation easily obtained. The suspension was developed for use in an experiment designed to detect the existence of fractional electric charge but is applicable to other experimental situtations as well. A typical sphere is suspended with a vertical period of oscillation of 1.5 sec and a Q of 3000. Adjustments can be made over the period range 0.6 to 9 sec and Q's as high as 8000 have been achieved.

Sources and Magnetic Charge

A beginning is made on a phenomenological reconstruction of the theory of magnetic charge. The concept is introduced by reference to a new kind of photon source. It is shown that photon exchange between different source types is relativistically invariant. The space-time generalization of this coupling involves an arbitrary vector. The only way to remove a corresponding arbitrariness of physical predictions is to recognize the localization of charge and impose a charge quantization condition. The consideration of particles that carry both kinds of charge loosens the charge restrictions. The great strength of magnetic attraction indicated by $\frac{{g}^{2}}{4\ensuremath{\pi}}=4(137)$ suggests that ordinary matter is a magnetically neutral composite of magnetically charged particles that carry fractional electric charge. There is a brief discussion of such a magnetic model of strongly interacting particles, which makes contact with empirical classification schemes. Additional remarks on notation, and on the general nature of the source description, are appended.

Deformable Sphere Model of Elementary Particles and its Relation to Quark

tion .of the system. As far as the spin and the unitary spin quantum numbers are concerned, these excitons can be identified with the quark and the antiquark. In contrast to the conventional quark, however, they ohey the Bose-statistics and have mass about one third of the nucleon mass. Further in this model it can be shown that the triality is restricted to zero. Therefore, particles with fractional electric charge or fractional baryonic number do not appear. Thus, this model eliminates most of the difficulties of the conventional quark model, and it is shown that as far as the low lying levels of the hadrons are concerned, the elementary particles can be understood consistently as the excited state of a deformable sphere. Discussions in this paper are restricted to the l1niform deformations and is done in the non-relativistic approximation. l ) to construct a unified model of elementary particles on the basis of the assumption that the elementary par­ ticles are' not mathematical points but have some spatial extension, trying to identify the internal levels of motion carried by this extended structure with the actual elementary particles. The simplest possibility for such an approach is to assume that tbis struc­ ture is rigid. In this case, the internal motion is the rotation around 1 he center of mass, and in our previolls paper2) this was shown that the eigenfunctions of the system belonging to the eigenstate of this rotational motion have properties very similar to the Dirac spin or. **) The body model is, however, insufficient as the realistic model of elementary particles, since it has no possibility of producing quantum numbers like isospin, hypercharge,··· etc. To· evade this difficulty, 1\vo of the authors (0. H. and T. G.) have tried to relax the condition rigid , and considered a deformable body model instead of the body

A Reformulation of the Quark Model in Terms of Gemisch

1l as a modification of the Sakata model has attracted the attention of many people. The quarks have, however, the fractional baryonic number and the fractional electric charge, and it is very difficult to reconcile them with the acceptable particle image. In this paper we. want to show that if we use the concept of Gemisch first introduced by von Neumann/l it is possible to reformulate the quark model into a more consistent form which is free from such difficulties. In § 2, a brief introduction to the concept of Gemisch is given. In § 3, the quark model is reformulated by using the Gemisch introduced m § 2, and its relation to the conventional quark model is discussed.

Higher Symmetries for the Vector Mesons

To explain the existence of nine vector mesons and the degeneracy of the unmixed masses of the $\ensuremath{\varphi}$ and $\ensuremath{\omega}$, we postulate that the vector mesons possess a higher symmetry than S${\mathrm{U}}_{3}$. We discuss various properties of the adjoint representation of $\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{U}}_{n}$ and propose three simple models for the symmetry-breaking interaction. We specialize the results to S${\mathrm{U}}_{4}$, and find good agreement between mass formulas and experiment. We introduce a new quantum number, "hyperstrangeness," and six hyperstrange vector mesons with fractional hypercharge but integral electric charge. These particles, which form an isotopic doublet and an isotopic singlet (together with their antiparticles) are approximately degenerate with the $\ensuremath{\rho}$ and ${K}^{*}$, respectively, and are stable with respect to the strong and electromagnetic interactions. We also discuss the production and decay of these particles.

Experimental limit on the production by 24 GeV protons of long-lived particles with fractional electric charge

Experimental limit on the production by 24 GeV protons of long-lived particles with fractional electric charge