Glycoside Fraction Research Articles

Eleven new glycosidic acid methyl esters from the crude resin glycoside fraction of Ipomoea alba seeds.

Resin glycosides are characteristic of plants of the Convolvulaceae family and are well-known purgative ingredients in crude drugs, such as Rhizoma Jalapae, Orizaba Jalapa Tuber, and Pharbitidis Semen, which are used in traditional medicine and derived from plants belonging to this family. Isolated resin glycosides have demonstrated diverse biological activities, including antibacterial, ionophoric, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and multidrug-resistance-modulating properties, as well as cytotoxicity against cancer cells. These compounds consist of hydroxyl fatty acid oligoglycosides (glycosidic acids), with portions of the saccharide moieties acylated with some organic acids to form the core structure. This study investigated the glycosidic acid components of a crude resin glycoside fraction obtained from a methanolic extract of Ipomoea alba L. seeds (Convolvulaceae). Eleven new glycosidic acid methyl esters and one known methyl ester were isolated from a glycosidic acid fraction treated with trimethylsilyldiazomethane in hexane. Their structures were determined using acidic hydrolysis and electrospray ionization-time of fight mass spectrometry and NMR spectral analyses. These compounds are penta-, tetra-, or triglycosides, with methyl 11S-hydroxytetradecanoate or methyl 11S-hydroxyhexadecanoate as the aglycone. Although D-quinovose and L-rhamnose are common monosaccharide components, the remaining monosaccharides are D-glucose, D-xylose, or D-fucose. The crude resin glycoside fraction showed non-negligible cytotoxicity against HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells.

Identification and characterization of organic and glycosidic acids in the crude resin glycoside fraction of Ipomoea alba seeds

Resin glycosides act as laxatives in crude drugs derived from plants of the Convolvulaceae family. These compounds have exhibited antibacterial, ionophoric, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and multidrug resistance-modulating properties, as well as cytotoxicity against cancer cells. This study investigated the organic acid, hydroxyl fatty acid, monosaccharide, and glycosidic acid components of the crude resin glycoside fraction obtained from the methanol extract of Ipomoea alba L. (Convolvulaceae) seeds, which was subjected to alkaline and acidic hydrolysis. The alkaline hydrolysis yielded acetic, isobutyric, (E)-2-methylbut-2-enoic, and 2S-methyl-3S-hydroxybutyric acids as organic acid components, along with a glycosidic acid fraction. The acidic hydrolysis of the glycosidic acid fraction resulted in the isolation of 11S-hydroxytetradecanoic and 11S-hydroxyhexadecanoic acids as hydroxyl fatty acid components, as well as d-glucose, d-quinovose, d-fucose, d-xylose, and l-rhamnose as monosaccharide components. In addition, 10 new glycosidic acid methyl esters were isolated from the glycosidic acid fraction treated with trimethylsilyldiazomethane–hexane, along with one known glycosidic acid methyl ester. Of these, eight compounds contained new glycans. Four of these compounds were unusual natural glycosides with four glycosidic linkages to one monosaccharide. Their structures were determined using MS and NMR spectral analyses, which provided valuable insights into the unique glycosidic composition of I. alba seeds.

Impact of Shodhana on the Physico-Chemical Properties and Total Cardiac Glycoside Fractions of the Root Bark of Rakta and Shweta Karavira (Nerium indicum Mill)

Impact of Shodhana on the Physico-Chemical Properties and Total Cardiac Glycoside Fractions of the Root Bark of Rakta and Shweta Karavira (Nerium indicum Mill)

Identification and characterization of organic and glycosidic acids in the crude resin glycoside fraction of Ipomoea lacunosa seeds

Resin glycosides are commonly found in plants belonging to the Convolvulaceae family. Ipomoea lacunosa L. (Convolvulaceae) is an herbaceous vine native to the United States. The resin glycosides of this plant have not been studied in detail. In this study, the components of the crude resin glycoside fraction extracted from the seeds of I. lacunosa are characterized. Alkaline hydrolysis of the crude resin glycoside fraction obtained from methanolic extract of the seeds yielded three organic acids, namely, 2S-methylbutyric, (E)-2-methylbut-2-enoic, and 2R-methyl-3R-hydroxybutyric acids, and a glycosidic acid fraction. Acidic hydrolysis of the glycosidic acid fraction yielded hydroxyl fatty acid components, including 7S-hydroxydecanoic, 11S-hydroxytetradecanoic, 11S-hydroxyhexadecanoic, 3S,11S-dihydroxytetradecanoic, 3S,11S-dihydroxyhexadecanoic, and 3S,12S-dihydroxyhexadecanoic acids, as well as monosaccharide components, including d-glucose, d-quinovose, d-fucose, and l-rhamnose. Trimethylsilyldiazomethane–hexane treatment of the glycosidic acid fraction further yielded eleven previously undescribed glycosidic acid methyl esters and two known glycosidic acid methyl esters. The structures of the obtained compounds were characterized using various spectral techniques. Four of the undescribed compounds were hexaglycosides, five were heptaglycosides, and two were octaglycosides. The aglycone of these compounds was either methyl 11S-hydroxytetradecanoate, methyl 3S,11S-dihydroxytetradecanoate, or methyl 3S,11S-dihydroxyhexadecanoate. Among the undescribed compounds identified, eight contained novel glycans, and three were rare bisdesmosides with sugar linkages at the C-3 and C-11 positions of methyl 3S,11S-dihydroxytetradecanoate.

Isolation and structural characterization of eight new resin glycosides, calyhedins XVI–XXIII, from the rhizomes of Calystegia hederacea

Biological effects attributed to resin glycosides, including cytotoxicity against cancer cells and antibacterial, multidrug resistance-modulating, and antiviral activities have been documented. Penta-glycosides composed of calysolic acid A or calyhedic acid A, which are glycosidic acid components of the crude resin glycoside fraction of Calystegia hederacea, have not yet been isolated from this plant. In this study, eight new resin glycosides, termed calyhedins XVI (1)–XXIII (8), were isolated from the rhizomes of C. hederacea. Compounds 1–8 are penta- or hexa-glycosides with macrolactone structures, and their sugar moieties are partially acylated by five organic acids, including 2S-methylbutyric, (E)-2-methylbut-2-enoic, and 2R-methyl-3R-hydroxybutyric acids. Compounds 1–5 are the first identified macrocyclic resin glycosides with five monosaccharides obtained from this plant, and 2 and 4 are the first to be characterized as containing calyhedic acid A as the glycosidic acid component. Compounds 1–8 were of the four following macrolactone types: one with a 22-membered ring (5), another with a 23-membered ring (6–8), the third with a 27-membered ring (1, 3), and the fourth with a 28-membered ring (2, 4). Compounds 2–8 exhibited cytotoxic activity against HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells comparable to that of the positive control, cisplatin.

Evolution of Markers Involved in the Fresh Mushroom Off-Flavor in Wine During Alcoholic Fermentation.

The fresh mushroom off-flavor (FMOff) is due to several C8 compounds such as 1-octen-3-one, 1-octen-3-ol and 1-hydroxyoctan-3-one, among others. Recently, glycosidic precursors of some FMOff compounds have been identified in grape musts, but the evolution of such compounds during alcoholic fermentation (AF) remains poorly studied. Therefore, the aim of this work was to monitor both FMOff glycosidic precursors and volatile compounds during AF by comparing healthy and Crustomyces subabruptus-contaminated musts. For the first time, glycosidic analysis revealed the presence of 1-hydroxyoctan-3-one glycosides in the laboratory-contaminated musts, together with other FMOff glycosidic fractions already described in the literature. During AF, the FMOff glycosidic fraction decreased, even more in the case of 1-hydroxyoctan-3-one precursors. For the volatile FMOff compounds, their evolutions were both compound- and matrix-dependent except for 1-hydroxyoctan-3-one, which seemed to reach an identical threshold concentration in wine regardless of its initial level in contaminated musts.

Anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin from Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Ell.: Purification, fractionation, and enzyme inhibition.

Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Ell. is a rich source of anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins with confirmed health benefits. Individual cyanidin glucosides (cyanidin 3-galactoside, cyanidin 3-arabinoside, cyanidin 3-xyloside, and cyanidin 3-glucoside) of anthocyanins (calculated by individual cyanin glycoside fractions was 419.9 mg/100 g FW) were isolated by Sephadex LH-20 column and different parts of proanthocyanidins with a different mean degree of polymerization (mDP) were fractionated by the solubility differences in different solvents. The composition of different mDP of proanthocyanidins was as follows: monomers (1.51%), oligomer (mDP of 4.2 ± 0.9, 20.57%), CPP-50 (mDP of 78.9 ± 4.1, 22.17%), CPP-60 (mDP of 66.1 ± 1.2, 27.94%), CPP-70 (mDP of 36.8 ± 3.9, 36.8%), CPP-75 (mDP of 25.2 ± 1.3, 6.14%), CPP-L (mDP of 10.2 ± 2.6, 6.95%), and there were recycling loss of 0.34%. Cyanidin 3-glucoside showed the strongest inhibition effects on α-amylase and lipase and cyanidin 3-arabinoside showed the strongest inhibition effect on α-glucosidase, while cyanidin 3-xyloside has no inhibition effect on the α-amylase, and cyanidin 3-galactoside, cyanidin 3-arabinoside, and cyanidin 3-xyloside have no inhibition effects on lipase. The inhibition effect of proanthocyanidins with different mDP to the enzymes all showed high negative correlations between the mDP and IC50 (half-maximal inhibitory concentration). This study suggests that A. melanocarpa (Michx.) Ell. can have beneficial effects due to inhibition of the digestion enzyme.

Network Pharmacology Study of Bioactive Components and Molecular Mechanisms of the Glycoside Fraction from Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora Against Experimental Colitis.

To explore the potential mechanism of glycosidic fraction of Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora Pennell (GPS) extract for the treatment of colitis using UPLC-QTOF-MS analysis, network pharmacology and experimental research. The active components of GPS extract were identified by UPLC-QTOF-MS analysis and extracted their targets from the databases, which was used for network pharmacology analysis. Kyoto Encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis was performed to discover potential therapeutic mechanisms, and the network pharmacology results were then validated by in vivo and in vitro experiments. The results showed that GPS extract significantly alleviated the clinical signs of colitis, including body weight, disease activity index, colon shortening, and colon tissue damage, and inhibited the transcription and production of colonic IL-1β and IL-6 in DSS-induced colitis mice. In vitro, GPS extract also significantly suppressed nitric oxide (NO) production, iNOS expression, IL-1β and IL-6 transcription of LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells. Network pharmacology integrated with experimental validation identified that GPS extract significantly suppressed Akt, p38, ERK, and JNK phosphorylation in vivo and in vitro, and luteolin, apocynin, caffeic acid, caffeic acid methyl ester, luteoloside, picroside II, aucubin, cinnamic acid, vanillic acid, and sweroside were the main components responsible for the anti-inflammatory effect of GPS. These findings demonstrate that the potential anti-inflammatory effect of GPS extract against colitis is achieved through suppressing PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways, and that the abovementioned active components mainly exerted its anti-inflammatory effect. The therapeutic effect of GPS extract on colitis is related to PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways, which is a promising remedy for colitis therapy.

Anti-nutritional and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of ethanol root extract and fractions of Sphenocentrum jollyanum

Abstract Objectives The anti-nutritional composition and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of ethanol root extract and fractions of Sphenocentrum jollyanum (SJ) were carried out. Methods The anti-nutritional factors and GC-MS were analysed using standard methods. Key findings The anti-nutritional constituents of the samples were in the order of phenols > terpenoids > flavonoids > tannins > glycosides > alkaloids > hydrogen cyanide > saponins > steroids. The phytochemicals were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in extract than fractions, the terpenoids value obtained as 1904.72 mg/100 g from ethanol extract is significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the values of 935.80 mg/100 g and 968.92 mg/100 g gotten from it ethyl acetate and methanol fractions, respectively. There is no significant difference (P > 0.05) for the ethyl acetate 0.74 mg/100 g and methanol 0.79 mg/100 g fractions of steroids. However, the methanol fraction of tannins, phenols, glycosides, saponins and hydrogen cyanide were significantly higher than its ethyl acetate fractions. Conclusion Chromatogram of GC-MS analysis of the samples of SJ showed 49, 43 and 24 peaks for crude ethanol extract, ethyl acetate and methanol fractions, respectively. GC-MS analysis of the crude ethanol root extract and fractions as shown in Tables 2–4 contain hexadecanoic acid, oleic acid and nonanoic acid methyl ester. The ethyl acetate and methanol fractions of SJ contain 16.9 and 10.1% of 1, 2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis (8-methylnonyl) ester, respectively.

Flavonoid glycoside fraction of <i>Ginkgo biloba</i> extract modulates antioxidants imbalance in vanadium-induced brain damage

<abstract> <p>Human and animal diseases have always been reported to be treated by medicinal herbs owing to their constituents. Excess sodium metavanadate is a potential environmental toxin when consumed and could induce oxidative damage leading to various neurological disorders and Parkinsons-like diseases. This study is designed to investigate the impact of the flavonoid Glycoside Fraction of Ginkgo Biloba Extract (GBE) (at 30 mg/kg body weight) on vanadium-treated rats. Animals were divided randomly into four groups: Control (Ctrl, normal saline), Ginkgo Biloba (GIBI, 30mg/kg BWT), Vanadium (VANA, 10 mg/kg BWT) and Vanadium + Ginkgo biloba (VANA + GIBI). Markers of oxidative stress (Glutathione Peroxidase and Catalase) were assessed and found to be statistically increased with GIBI when compared with CTRL and treatment groups. Results from routine staining revealed that the control and GIBI group had a normal distribution of cells and a pronounced increase in cell count respectively compared to the VANA group. When compared to the VANA group, the NeuN photomicrographs revealed that the levels of GIBI were within the normal range (***p < 0.001; ** p < 001). The treatment with GIBI showed a better response by increasing the neuronal cells in the VANA+GIBI when compared with the VANA group. The NLRP3 Inflammasome photomicrographs denoted that there was a decrease in NLRP3-positive cells in the control and GIBI groups. The treatment group shows fewer cells compared to that of the VANA group. The treatment group shows fewer cells compared to that of the VANA group. The findings of the study confirmed that ginkgo biloba extract via its flavonoid glycoside fraction has favorable impacts in modulating vanadium-induced brain damage with the potential ability to lower antioxidant levels and reduce neuroinflammation.</p> </abstract>

Identification and characterization of organic and glycosidic acids in the crude resin glycoside fraction from the leaves and stems of Calystegia japonica.

The alkaline hydrolysis of the crude resin glycoside fraction from the leaves and stems of the plant Calystegia japonica Choisy (Convolvulaceae) yielded organic acid and glycosidic acid fractions. The organic acid fraction was esterified with p-bromophenacyl bromide to obtain p-bromophenacyl 2R-methyl-3R-hydroxybutyrate (1) and p-bromophenacyl (E)-2-methylbut-2-enoate (2).By treating the glycosidic acid fraction with trimethylsilyldiazomethane-hexane, seven new methyl esters of glycosidic acids, namely calyjaponic acid A methyl ester (3) calyjaponic acid B methyl ester (5), calyjaponic acid C methyl ester (6), calyjaponic acid D methyl ester (7), calyjaponic acid E methyl ester (8), calyjaponic acid F methyl ester (9), and calyjaponic acid G methyl ester (10), were isolated along with one known ester (4). Their structures were characterized based on spectroscopic and chemical analyses. Compounds 3-8 had the same sugar moiety, α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-[O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 6)]-O-β-D-glucopyranose, and the aglycones of 3-8 were methyl 3S,11S-dihydroxyhexadecanoate, methyl 3S,12S-dihydroxyhexadecanoate, methyl 11S-hydroxyhexadecanoate, methyl 11S-hydroxypentadecanoate, methyl 3S,11S-dihydroxypentadecanoate, and methyl 3S,12S-dihydroxypentadecanoate, respectively. Compounds 9 and 10 were derivatives of 3 and 4, respectively, in which the C-6 of the second glucosyl residue was methylated. Compounds 6-8 contained methyl esters of unusual odd-carbon fatty acids as aglycones. The cytotoxicity of the crude resin glycoside fraction and 3 against HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells was evaluated further; both were either weakly active or inactive compared to the positive control, cisplatin.

Identification of a Glycosylated Fraction Involved in Mushroom Off-Flavors in Grapes: Influence of Gray Rot, Powdery Mildew and Crustomyces subabruptus.

An organoleptic defect, termed fresh mushroom off-flavor and mainly caused by the C8 compounds 1-octen-3-one, 3-octanol and 1-octen-3-ol, has been identified in wines and spirits since the 2000s. The aim of this work was to identify the presence of glycosidic precursors of these C8 compounds and to evaluate the influence of different molds on the glycosylated fractions of three grape varieties. Must samples contaminated by molds (gray rot, powdery mildew and Crustomyces subabruptus) and three levels of attack severity (from healthy to 10-15%) were studied. After a β-glycosidase treatment on Meunier and Pinot noir musts contaminated by Crustomyces subabruptus, 1-octen-3-one, 1-octen-3-ol and 3-octanol were identified by GC-MS, proving the existence of glycosidic fractions in the musts. A Pinot noir must contaminated by Crustomyces subabruptus displayed a 230% increase in the glycosylated fraction responsible for 1-octen-3-one in comparison with an uncontaminated sample. Powdery mildew did not appear to affect the levels of the studied glycosidic fractions in Chardonnay musts. Gray rot on Meunier and Pinot noir musts had opposite effects depending on glycoside type, decreasing the 1-octen-3-one fraction and increasing the 1-octen-3-ol fraction.

Characterization and potential bioactivity of polyphenols of Rosa rugosa

Rosa rugosa is widely cultivated in China, and the blossom of R. rugosa is used to extract rose essential oil or directly make into various foods, such as mei gui hua cake, mei gui hua sauce. Rose dregs are mostly used as fertilizer after extracting essential oil and the polar part has not been fully utilized. There is still much to be done in the products and deep processing of rose. In this study the content of total flavonol glycosides, the extractable polyphenols, the non-extractable polyphenols, the total phenolic and the total anthocyanins in R. rugosa from five major production areas in China was analyzed; the biological activities of the total extract, the polyphenols fraction, the flavonol glycosides fraction and the isolated compounds of R. rugosa were evaluated, including antioxidant, anti-ultraviolet, inhibitory activities of α-glucosidase, lipase, alveolar epithelial cell senescence and tyrosinase, together with regulating activities on intestinal flora. The components content of R. rugosa in different producing areas was significantly different. The total flavonol glycosides in Yunnan, the extractable polyphenols and the total phenolics in Shandong, the non-extractable polyphenols in Xinjiang, the total anthocyanins in Gansu was the higher than other areas. The polyphenols fraction showed antioxidant and anti-ultraviolet properties, inhibition of alveolar epithelial cell senescence, lipase and tyrosinase activities, and regulation of intestinal flora. The flavonol glycosides fraction showed α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. The results showed the polyphenols fraction and the flavonol glycosides fraction of R. rugosa could be used as skin care products and healthy food ingredient.

Two new resin glycosides, muricatins XII and XIII, from the seeds of Ipomoea muricata

Two new resin glycosides, muricatins XII (1) and XIII (2), were isolated from the crude resin glycoside fraction of the seeds of Ipomoea muricata (L.) Jacq. (Convolvulaceae), along with three known ones, muricatins V (3), VI (4), and IX (5). Compounds 1 and 2 contained new glycosidic acids, muricatic acids E (1a) and F (2a), respectively. The structures of these compounds were determined using data obtained from spectroscopy measurements and chemical evidence. The results suggested that 1 and 2 have macrolactone structures (jalapins). Furthermore, the cytotoxic activity of the crude resin glycoside fraction and 3–5 against HL-60 human promyelocytic leukaemia cells was evaluated. All tested samples demonstrated cytotoxic activities.

The occurrence of the cis/trans geometric isomerism of myxoxanthophyll and 4-ketomyxoxanthophyll in the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC7120.

The cyanobacteria of the genus Anabaena have recently been recognized as a potential source of secondary metabolites of pharmacological and biotechnological importance. In particular, myxoxanthophylls - specific carotenoid glycosides that accumulate in cyanobacterial cells, are attracting increasing interest. Anabaena (Nostoc) sp. PCC7120, a filamentous, mesophilic, nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium, is a model organism used in biochemical and genetic studies. The carotenoid pool of Anabaena sp. PCC7120 consists of five main species of pigments, namely β-carotene, echinenone, canthaxanthin and two derivatives of myxoxanthophyll: myxoxanthophyll ((3R,2'S)-myxol 2'-fucoside) and 4-ketomyxoxanthophyll ((3S,2'S)-4-ketomyxol 2'-fucoside). Recent findings show that the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway functions in Anabaena sp. PCC7120 cells are affected by environmental factors. Specifically, the balance between β-carotene and ketocarotenoids alters according to the temperature conditions. In this study, a new method, based on single-step liquid adsorption chromatography was developed and applied to separate a fraction containing myxoxanthophyll and 4-ketomyxoxanthophyll from Anabaena sp. PCC7120 cells. It was found that this method allowed a high purity fraction of carotenoid glycosides to be obtained from pigment pools as extracted from cyanobacterial cells. The subsequent analysis using the methods HPLC and LC/MS demonstrated that this fraction consists of a mixture of compounds with different retention times. On the basis of their fragmentation spectra and optical properties, these compounds were identified as geometrical isomers of myxoxanthophyll and 4-ketomyxoxanthophyll, including the dominant all-trans forms and less abundant cis forms. Proposals regarding the structures of myxoxanthophyll isomers are made.

Microbial Deglycosylation of Plant Metabolites: A Case Study with Actinoplanes missouriensis 431T

Actinoplanes missouriensis 431T (=NRRL B-3342) is a soil isolate, well known for its ability to degrade flavonoids. In this work, we identified an intracellular α-l-rhamnosidase from A. missouriensis 431T in the genomic vicinity of the previously reported diglycosidase 6-O-α-l-rhamnosyl-β-d-glucosidase (αRβG). The α-l-rhamnosidase (BAL86047.1) was functionally expressed in Escherichia coli. The purified protein (94 kDa) was able to hydrolyze rutinose to the corresponding monosaccharides. The highest activity was found at 40 °C and pH 6 in sodium citrate buffer. Regarding substrate specificity, a preference for rutinose and 7-O-diglycosylated flavanones was observed, and only traces of activity (<5%) were detected with 3-O-rutinosyl flavanols. Minor activity was found with karaya, arabic, and gellan gums. The α-l-rhamnosidase and the αRβG were associated with a pattern of genes possibly involved in the degradation and intake of the glycosidic fraction of 7-O-rutinosylated flavanones. This gene pattern was also found in five related Actinoplanes strains.

Approach to the Chemotaxonomic Characterization of Traditional Cultivation Grape Varieties through Their Varietal Aroma Profile.

In this study, the aroma profile of 12 minority grape varieties of Vitis vinifera L., included in the ‘Caiño group’, was defined along three vintages by solid phase microextraction followed by the gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method (SPME-GC-MS). Principal objectives were to assess the aromatic profile as a useful fingerprint to differentiate them, recover traditionally cultivated grape varieties for the differentiation of an important wine-growing area and discover their chemotaxonomic potential. In each variety, free and bound volatile profile was carried out by grouping varietal compounds into thirteen families. In total, 339 volatile compounds were identified, 230 as free forms and 205 as aromatic precursors. Remarkable quantitative differences were observed between aromatic profiles for terpenes in the free fraction and for C6 compounds, alcohols, sesquiterpenes and phenols in the glycosidic fraction. Principal component analysis based on their aromatic profile highlights a good differentiation between varieties and suggests a certain degree of aromatic chemotaxonomic proximity between previously known parental varieties, ‘Caiño Blanco’ with respect to ‘Caiño Bravo’ and ‘Albariño’. This study shows the preliminary results of a large research project involving a larger number of grape varieties and thus a broader spectrum of genetic relationships between them.

Characterization of Humulus lupulus glycosides with porous graphitic carbon and sequential high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography fractionation

Monoterpenes contribute to the characteristic aroma of several hop varieties and may occur as nonvolatile glycosides. Upon hydrolysis, the volatile terpenes are released from the glycoside precursors. Little is known, however, about the glycoside composition of hops. Seven pentose-hexose monoterpene alcohol glycosides from dried Humulus lupulus L. cv. Citra cones were isolated using high performance liquid chromatography separation and fractionation on a reverse phase phenyl-hexyl column. Further evaluation of each isolated fraction through HPLC qTOF MS with porous graphitic carbon (PGC) showed that the seven isolated monoterpenyl glycoside fractions could be further resolved into 20 isomers. Isolation on phenyl-hexyl followed by separation on PGC was needed to distinguish each isomer present. Additionally, the hop cones were screened for potential aroma glycosides. Using the PGC column combined with a database of over 900 potential glycosides, the identification of 21 additional monoterpene-polyol, norisoprenoid, volatile phenol, and aliphatic alcohol glycosides is reported.

Different effects on the tonus of colon and ileum isolated from mouse by resin glycoside (pharbitin) of Pharbitidis Semen

BackgroundPharbitidis Semen (the seeds of Pharbitis nil), traditionally used as a purgative in Japan, China and Korea, contains a resin glycoside fraction named pharbitin, which is known as a purgative ingredient. Due to the complex nature of pharbitin, little is known about either the action on intestinal tension caused by resin glycoside itself or by its components.MethodsIn this study, we investigated the effects of pharbitin, the glycosidic acid fraction (pharbitic acid) and the aglycone fraction (phar-genin) generated from pharbitin on peristalsis of colon and ileum isolated from mice with the Magnus method.ResultsWe demonstrated that pharbitin (3–30 μg/mL) concentration-dependently increased tonus of mice colon via acetylcholine receptors, its components phar-genin (1.27–12.7 μg/mL) and pharbitic acid (10–1000 μg/mL) also had the increment on colon tonus. On the other hand, ileum tension decreased in the presence of pharbitin.ConclusionsThe effects of resin glycoside of Pharbitidis Semen on colon tonus are different with those on ileum tonus isolated from mice. In the next step it is necessary to investigate details of its pharmacological mechanism.

Phytochemical Evaluation and Characterization of Methanol Extracts from the Stem-back of Jatropha curcas Plant

The phytochemical screening and characterization of the alkaloid and glycosides fractions of methanol extracts of stem-back of Jatropha Curcas plant were carried out. The phytochemical screening showed that the stem-back had 0.62 ± 0.18% flavonoids, 0.52 ± 0.42% tannin, 6.99 ± 0.37% Saponin, 28.78 ± 0.39mg/100g alkaloid and 51.92 ± 0.35mg/100g glycosides. Furthermore, two fractions of these phytochemicals (i.e. the alkaqloid and glycoside) were characterized using standard methods. The alkaloid fraction was found to contain curcin (0.44 ± 0.20mg/100g), tetramethylpyrazine (1.22 ± 0.12mg/100g), atropin (2.10 ± 0.32mg/100g), diphenoxylate (0.81 ± 0.32mg/100g), curcarcycline A (0.49 ± 0.17mg/100g) and curcain (0.80 ± 0.20mg/100g). The glycoside fraction contained linamarin (0.25 ± 0.09mg/100g), lotaustralin (2.14 ± 0.09mg/100g), prunasin (0.40 ± 0.12mg/100g), dhurrin (2.49 ± 0.32mg/100g), amygdelin (15.90 ± 0.55mg/100g), quabain (3.98 ± 0.45mg/100g), digitoxin (13.69 ± 0.40mg/100g), digitalis (4.14 ± 0.25mg/100g) and dioxin (8.89 ± 0.51mg/100g). These active ingredients found in this herbal plant are of great importance in the pharmaceutical industry and can be harnessed to better the lot of humanity more especially in this Covid-19 era when all hands are on deck to find a possible cure for the pandemic that has ravaged the entire world.