Fowler's Work Research Articles

Normal tissue damage: its importance, history and challenges for the future.

Sir Oliver Scott, a philanthropist and radiation biologist and, therefore, the epitome of a gentleman and a scholar, was an early Director of the BECC Radiobiology Research Unit at Mount Vernon. His tenure preceded that of Jack Fowler, with both contributing to basic, translational and clinical thought and application in radiation across the globe. With respect to this review, Fowler's name in particular has remained synonymous with the use of models, both animal and mathematical, that assess and quantify the biological mechanisms that underlie radiation-associated normal tissue toxicities. An understanding of these effects is critical to the optimal use of radiation therapy in the clinic; however, the role that basic sciences play in clinical practice has been undergoing considerable change in recent years, particularly in the USA, where there has been a growing emphasis on engineering and imaging to improve radiation delivery, with empirical observations of clinical outcome taking the place of models underpinned by evidence from basic science experiments. In honour of Scott and Fowler's work, we have taken this opportunity to review how our respective fields of radiation biology and radiation physics have intertwined over the years, affecting the clinical use of radiation with respect to normal tissue outcomes. We discuss thepast and current achievements, with the hope of encouraging a revived interest in physics and biology as they relate to radiation oncology practice, since, like Scott and Fowler, we share the goal of improving the future outlook for cancer patients.

John Holland Martin From Picograms to Petagrams and Copepods to Climate: The Class of MS 280, Moss Landing Marine Laboratories

John Holland Martin From Picograms to Petagrams and Copepods to Climate: <i>The Class of MS 280, Moss Landing Marine Laboratories</i>

A Publication, An Editor, a Progressive Voice: Charles Fowler at Music Educators Journal from 1964 to 1971

Introduction The Music Educators Journal (MEJ) is perhaps one of the best-known journals for music teachers in the United States. In 1914, it was first published by the Music Supervisors National Conference (later called Music Educators National Conference or MENC) and was titled Music Supervisors Journal. Over the years, it experienced many changes, switching names in 1934 to MEJ. Generally, it has been distributed to MENC members, though it is also available to institutions and libraries. It has been an important and widely-read communication tool of the music education profession for nearly 100 years. (1) This study focuses on a brief part of the history of the MEJ during the 1960s to early 1970s. During this period, a young editor named Charles Fowler brought MEJ to an important point in its development. A purpose of this article is to present Fowler's work during the years of 1964 to 1971, when he was editor and contributor to the MEJ. He used this platform to be a strong voice for reform in music education during a turbulent time for the profession and the country. This paper will first present a brief outline of these years, discussing events that influenced music education during that time. Second, it will review Fowler's editorial work at the MEJ, examining closely an early article from 1964 that earned him the invitation to join as editor. Third, will look at his other contributions to the MEJ, including articles mostly written during his tenure, but also considering separate research projects he produced. Many of the ideas Fowler presented in the MEJ more than forty years ago are still at the forefront of music education reform and practice. It is hoped that this look into the past, when many alternative views were being talked about, will serve as a template for approaching the challenges music education faces in present times. A Brief Biography Charles Fowler was born in Peekskill, New York in May, 1931 and entered SUNY-Potsdam as a music education student in 1948. After graduating in 1952, he went to work as a public school music teacher in Rochester, New York. He then attended Northwestern University and earned a Masters degree in 1957. He began teaching at Mansfield State College (now Mansfield University), serving until 1962. Fowler then started a Ph.D. program at Boston University, funded by a Danforth Foundation Fellowship specifically to work with Robert Choate. After completing his dissertation in 1964, he served on the faculty of Northern Illinois University at DeKalb. Beginning in 1965, he began his serious work as writer and editor in music education. From 1965 to 1971, he served as editor of MEJ, and went on to work as Education Editor at Musical America (MA) from 1974 to 1989. In addition to his important editorial contributions, he was a prolific scholar and author. He published approximately 230 articles in various journals both within and outside music education, along with several books and contributions to others. Fowler was also a noted speaker and early advocate for music and arts education. He worked as an independent scholar and consultant in the arts for the majority of his professional life, living in Washington, DC until he died in June, 1995. He served in every capacity that is related to music education and its mission during his career: as teacher, supervisor, professor, writer, scholar, editor, speaker, and advocate. (2) The resonance of Fowler's progressive voice is profound as he challenged values of music teaching and learning, and consistently promoted better conditions, new policies, and distinct approaches to the future of the profession. Placing the Period in Context It is useful to consider Fowler's works in the context of the times in which they were conceived and written. The following section focuses on the years between 1964 and 1971, with attention given to events inside and outside of music education. …

Spirituality in Counseling: A Faith Development Perspective

This article describes the use of Fowler's (1981) faith development theory (FDT) in counseling. FDT is a stage model of spiritual and religious development that allows counselors to identify both adaptive qualities and potential encumbrances in spiritual or religious expression. FDT offers a nonsectarian model of spiritual growth that permits assessment of spiritual development apart from the specific contents of various faith traditions. This article summarizes Fowler's faith stages and demonstrates their clinical utility through composite vignettes.

:Japanese and Chinese Immigrant Activists: Organizing in American and International Communist Movements, 1919–1933

The involvement of Chinese and Japanese immigrant activists in the communist movement in the United States during the early twentieth century has largely been neglected in the historiography of Asian America and the international communist movement. When they do mention these events, scholars tend to examine them in the context of the homelands of the immigrant activists rather than treating them as part of U.S. history. Given this historiographical vacuum, Josephine Fowler's work may be considered the earliest book-length scholarly text that supplies readers with much-needed information on the radical activities of Chinese and Japanese expatriates in the United States. Fowler uses an impressive global perspective to examine Asian immigrants' participation in the communist movement. The activities of the Chinese and Japanese leftists in the United States were often the result of multilateral and transnational relationships: relationships between the Soviet Union and East Asian countries, those between Moscow and Asian immigrant activists in America, and those between the Asian émigrés and their homelands. These transnational connections entailed frequent exchanges of personnel and ideas. Although the multilateral relationships were supposed to be mutual and reciprocal, the revolutionary initiative often came from the Soviet Union, the red capital. Based on V. I. Lenin's theory that communist revolutions could succeed in capitalist countries only when the people in the colonies rose to overthrow Western imperialism, the Communist International (Comintern) assumed the task of training communist and nationalist cadres from China, Japan, and other countries. These cadres, after receiving a Marxist-Leninist education in the Soviet Union, would return to their homelands or to the United States to lead the revolutionary movements there. Communications between the Asian immigrants in the United States and their motherlands occupy a conspicuous position in the book. Socialism among the Japanese expatriates, as Fowler tells us, actually was rooted in the labor and socialist movements in their home country at the turn of the twentieth century. Returning immigrants also carried ideas about the labor movement back to Japan. While it was for the sake of improving their livelihood at home that the Chinese migrated to North America, the urgent desire to rid China of imperialist influences was the principal impetus for Chinese activists in the United States.

Faith Development Theory and the Postmodern Problem of Foundations

James Fowler's (1981) faith development theory (FDT) for over 20 years has provided a theoretical foundation for a wide range of research projects in the psychology of religious development as well as generated lively critical scholarly response from other psychologists of religion. Frequently unexamined are the theological foundations of Fowler's project and the way in which his work weighs in on a matter significant for both philosophers and psychologists of religion: the postmodern problem of foundations, or whether it is possible to speak meaningfully of a universal human religious orientation or potentiality. This essay revisits the original theological inspiration for Fowler's work and then considers critiques that FDT has received from 2 quite different directions: from research psychologists and from theologically critical writers. By way of looking at how philosophical theologian Conn (1998) addressed the latter, we will be led back to find a possible answer to the problem of foundations in those very aspects of Fowler's theory that have provoked the most criticism from research psychologists, namely in its effort to find a place for the contributions of contemporary relational psychoanalysis.

Indirect memory measures in spontaneous discourse in normal and amnesic subjects

It has been demonstrated that people reduce the duration of repeated words during spontaneous discourse. They do, this, presumably, to indicate that a word is 'old' or 'Given', and that the existing representation of the referent can therefore be used to simplify and facilitate comprehension. The experiment reported here was designed to replicate and extend a previous study by Fowler. The experiment extended Fowler's work in two ways; first, into reference, by comparing word repetitions that involved 'new' as distinct from Given information and, second, into memory processes, by comparing discourse from normal and amnesic subjects. Following Fowler, the experiment demonstrated that word duration is reduced for repeated words when the second utterance involves Given or old information provided that the repetition occurs before a topic change, a pattern that was observed for both normal and amnesic subjects. However, unlike Fowler, the experiment demonstrated that word duration is increased for the second utterance when that utterance involves New information, a pattern that was also observed for both normal and amnesic subjects. The experiment demonstrated that referential information is preserved and used during spontaneous discourse by amnesic subjects. The measurement of duration by acoustic analysis therefore offers a new approach to the analysis of memory processes in conversation, and the results suggest that Given/New marking involves records that create or maintain specific information about reference and/or Given/New status.

Faith Development across the Life Span: Fowler's Integrative Work

Fowler's faith development theory is a relatively recent achievement in cognitive developmental psychology, based on the earlier work of Piaget and Kohlberg in cognitive and moral development, and is a significant contribution to the integration of theology and psychology. In this article, an attempt is made to acquaint the reader with (a) some major reasons for the scientific study of faith development, (b) a brief history of the contributions of theorists prior to Fowler, and (c) a basic understanding of faith development theory, in terms of the concepts and stages described by Fowler. In conclusion, several implications of Fowler's work for psychotherapists and religious educators are discussed.

The Seventeenth-century Maps and Surveys of William Fowler

AbstractDespite the recent publication of several dictionaries of surveyors and cartographers, little is known of the professional and personal background of the majority of such practitioners. This lack of detailed biographical analysis is particularly applicable to the surveyor in the seventeenth century. This paper examines the activities of one of the most prolific west Midlands' estate surveyors in that century, William Fowler. Present knowledge of surveying practice in that period is reviewed and Fowler's work is compared to this pattern. An appendix details Fowler's extant maps and surveys.

Societies and Academies

LONDON. Royal Society, June 27.—Lord Rayleigh: A photo-electric method of measuring the light of the night sky: with studies of the course of variation through the night.—J. C. McLennan, M. W Perrin, and H. J. C. Ireton: The action of high-speed cathode rays on acetylene.—Lord Rayleigh: Fluorescent and phosphorescent excitation of mercury vapour by the resonance frequency and lower frequencies.—T. E. Stern, B. S. Gosling, and R. H. Fowler: Further studies in the emission of electrons from cold metals. An extension of Nordheim and Fowler's work on electronic emission from clean cold metals. It explains a wide range of experimental results obtained with films of sodium (or tungsten). The normal stable sodium film formed is mono-molecular and reduces the work function from 4.5 volts to somewhat less than volts. The currents concerned are of high density; the space charge correction is negligible for the conditions of the experiments discussed.—A. E. H. Love: The stress produced in a semi-infinite solid by pressure part of the boundary. The method of potentials, invented by Boussinesq, is developed and applied to the case of uniform pressure over a circular area, among others. The solution is also discussed arithmetically with the object of throwing light on the technical question of the safety of foundations. Beneath a round pillar, there is a basin-shaped surface possessing a roughly similar property. The form of this surface is determined. In these cases failure arises through excessive stress-difference. Tensile stress is greatest near the base of a pillar, or a corner the base of a wall, and just outside it. It would not endanger a round pillar, but may be a cause of decided weakness if the boundary of the base of a wall or pillar presents a sharp corner.—A. N. Shaw and H. E. Reilley and R. J. Clark: The ageing of standard cells: increased accuracy in their use: and international comparisons.—H. Quinney: A comparison between behaviour at the Ac3 point of single crystal iron and polycrystal iron, both in the strained and unstrained states.—J. N. Pring and G. M. Westrip: An electrometric method for the determination of ozone high dilutions.—C. F. Jenkin and G. D. Lehmann: High-frequency fatigue.—J. S. Townsend and S. P. MacCallum: Ionisation by collision in monatomic gases. A discussion of some recent theories of conductivity.—?R. C. Johnson and R. K. Asundi: The structure of the high-pressure carbon bands and the Swan system. Both systems are due to a C2 molecule. Four new high-pressure bands have been found in the near ultra-violet, and two more in the near infra-red. These, with the known bands, form a single vibrational progression (n′ = 0), and both systems represent transitions to a common final state. The initial state of the high-pressure system is believed to be a normal 3P level and different in this respect from the two lower 2P levels, which are believed to be inverted.—D. M. Newitt: Gaseous combustion at high pressures (13). The experimental data from explosions of various 2CO +O2 4C0, 2H2 +O2 + xN2 and 2H2 + O2 + xA mixtures at high initial pressures have been analysed, and mean molecular heats of nitrogen and steam have been calculated for the temperature range 289°—2600° to 3000° K and for carbon dioxide for the range 289°—173° K. The results for nitrogen are in agreement with the generally accepted values, but those for steam and carbon dioxide are higher.—R. J. Clark: the direct determination of the electrostatic moments of molecules. Direct deflection in a rapidly varying field is used. Sodium and potassium atoms have either rio permanent electric moment, or one that is too small to measure. So far no polarisation by the field on these molecules has been found.—A. R. Low: On the criterion for stability of a layer of viscous fluid heated from below. Rayleigh gave a mathematical account of the modes of instability of a viscous fluid heated from below with the special assumption of zero tangential forces at the boundaries, and found unexpectedly that the top-heavy layer of fluid was stable until a certain temperature gradient, negative upwards, was exceeded. Jeffreys has reduced the problem to the solution of a linear differential equation of the sixth order with constant coefficients, the complete solution of which is now given.?R. B. Brode: The absorption coefficient for slow electrons in mercury vapour.—F. L. Usher: A mechanism of gelatinisation.—H. R. Hass and W. R. Cook: The determination of molecular forces from the viscosity of a gas.—J. C. McLennan, A. B. McLay, and M. F. Crawford: The spark spectrum of thallium (Tl III).—

On the band-spectra of silicon oxide and chloride, and chlorides of carbon, boron, and aluminium

Though the chlorides of the lighter elements in Group IV, and to a less extent of those in Group III, have frequently been employed in investigations of spectra of the elements and certain of their compounds, little appears to have been recorded of the spectra of the chlorides themselves, which are described in the following pages. Examples of these investigations are:— ( a ) Professor Fowler's work on the Antarian band-spectrum of titanium oxide —in the course of which, observations of the titanium-tetrachloride tube-discharge showed “that not only is the spectrum of the chloride free from the Antarian flutings, but that it is characterised by a perfectly different group of flutings in the blue, which does not occur in the stellar spectra. This ‘chloride group’ as it may be conveniently called for purposes of reference, is a somewhat complicated cluster of flutings, fading towards the violet, having three principal heads at wave-lengths 4199·5, 4192·7 and 4188·0 (R. A.), of which the middle one is the brightest.”

Roman Ideas of Deity

The notes which follow, on topics connected with Roman religion, have been put together from old note-books of mine in the course of reading with care Mr. W. Warde Fowler's work which bears the title given above. Needless to say, it is always a pleasure to greet him afresh in his peculiar domain. Although the themes with which he deals are much the same as those treated in his Gifford Lectures, entitled ‘The Religious Experience of the Roman People,’ much will be found in the later volume which is fresh or freshly put. Of course the mode of presentation is excellent, and equally of course, bright as the writing is, there is no straining after novelty, such as has often led inquirers in the same field far beyond the bounds of sober judgment. Many obiter dicta are striking and are the ready fruit of long familiarity with the subject. It bristles with difficulties, and at many points there has been great diversity of opinion.

Strepsiptera in India

IN reference to Mr. Green's letter, I should perhaps have verified the statement to which he takes exception, but will now merely quote a passage from Dr. Fowler's work concerning the Strepsiptera:—