Fourth World Research Articles

Need Assessment for Coastal Tourism Area in the Face of Tsunami Risk: The Case of Pangandaran

As the fourth world's longest coastline, coastal tourism has become a significant component of Indonesia’s economy. Approximately 57% of this coastline is prone to the deadliest coastal hazard, i.e., tsunami. The progressive development of the tourism industry has created a massive increase in built infrastructure, hotels, roads, electrical and water distribution systems, and an increased number of people, including tourists and tourism workers, in rural coastal tourism areas. Due to the tsunami threat, rural coastal tourism regions' economic and social development faces enormous potential losses in lives and infrastructure and disruption of economic activity, especially for small and medium business enterprises. However, this coastal tourism industry has failed to engage in proper disaster risk reduction strategy and tourism business resilient building in most tourist destination regions in Indonesia. To address these complex problems, this study explores the adaptation of the concept of Business Continuity Plan of a single enterprise to upscale to an area or zone, i.e., the Area Business Continuity Planning, to enhance the holistic disaster-resilient tourism industry in Indonesia, with Pangandaran as the study location. As a newly formed regency, Pangadaran is an emerging super-destination tourism area designated by national and provincial governments. This region experienced a devastating tsunami in 2006, and even today, its coastal communities live under the threat of tsunamis that South Java Megathrust can generate. Based on an in-depth and holistic study, this study finds the Pangandaran coastal tourism resilience level, recognizing critical stakeholders and identifying the collaborative BCP strategies in Pangandaran.

Globalization and Loss: Place, Displacements and Binary in Olu Obafemi’s Wheels

One of the central mantras of globalization, from the purview of the West and other self-acclaimed first world countries, is the need to take progressive and innovative ideas and thoughts to third and fourth world countries for all-round economic, political, social, and intellectual development and reinforcement. This very idea of globalization, by contrast, engenders displacements of identity and place and this has formed the core of critical reflection in postcolonial ecocriticism; that is, the idea of achieving a global community, from a western ideological construct, implicitly accounts for the depletion of the natural environment. Therefore, globalization becomes double critique since it both accounts for progress (for first world countries) and backwardness (for third world countries, fourth world countries and the nonhuman world). In the light of several arguments against and for globalization, this paper examines Olu Obafemi’s Wheels in relation to the self/other dichotomy. From the analysis of the selected text, it is discovered that the objectification of the third and fourth world countries and the nonhuman world in the process of globalization is the quest by Western forces to maintain the status quo of the hegemonic tendency inherent in the binary oppositions between the first world countries and the third and fourth world countries. While arguments in post-colonial studies investigate and distort the violent hierarchical oppositions of the self/other, this paper concludes that upturning the binary demonstrates that identity is forged within the context of difference – a free play of language between the two forces of signification and this suggests that the presence of one implicates the absence of the other and vice versa. Therefore, globalization, while being ambivalent, can shed its negative linings within the irresolvable and undecidable play of difference between the first world countries and the third and fourth world countries.

The Fourth World Congress of Taiwan Studies: ‘Taiwan in the Making’, University of Washington, Seattle, 27–29 June 2022

Abstract This report highlights and offers reflections on three unique features of the fourth World Congress of Taiwan Studies (wcts4) held in Seattle in June 2022. First, following the covid-19 pandemic, wcts4 was one of the first large-scale conferences in the field of Taiwan studies to be held in hybrid mode. Second, although three previous editions have taken place since 2012, wcts4 was the first to be held in the United States. Third, it is the first Congress to launch a major new publication, the forthcoming Encyclopedia of Taiwan Studies. Most media coverage of wcts4 has emphasised only that it was held in the United States. This report goes further, focusing on why it was held in the US, and why Seattle in particular, and on the Congress’s importance more generally to the global field of Taiwan studies.

Malawians’ Foreign Film Dubbing, Film Pirating and Consumption as “Weapons of the Weak”

ABSTRACT None of the multinational companies has ever released any film in Malawi – a so-called "fourth world” whose GDP per capita is fourth from the bottom in the world (as of 2018). However, global films are widely found there, including in remote areas. Based on detailed fieldwork materials collected in Malawi, this article discusses the topic of foreign film dubbing (pirating) and consumption in Malawi. After the discussion, this article provides examples of how a "fourth world”, which is excluded by global film networks, inserts itself back into that network again, and further stays connected to the globe.

Review: Another Aesthetics Is Possible: Arts of Rebellion in the Fourth World War, by Jennifer Ponce de León

Review: <i>Another Aesthetics Is Possible: Arts of Rebellion in the Fourth World War</i>, by Jennifer Ponce de León

Castells versus Bell: A comparison of two grand theorists of the information age

Daniel Bell (1919–2011) and Manuel Castells (1942–) are the grand theorists of the information age. The article provides a detailed, up-to-date, comparative analysis of their writings. It begins with their methodologies, identifying numerous commonalities in their post-Marxian frameworks. The substance of their theories is then examined, where it is shown that both plausibly explain contemporary social reality in terms of the interplay of three forces: the information technology revolution, the restructuring of capitalism and the innovational role of culture. There are found to be major similarities in their accounts (the Kantian interpretation, social stratification) but also significant divergences (role of science, the fourth world, the normative content of culture). Suitably combined, Bell’s and Castells’s thought goes a long way towards delivering a persuasive sociological theory of the global information society. However, the article concludes by suggesting that extensive further work is needed to clarify the precise relationships between the three factors and their relative weightings in the equations required to explain recent social change.

Penerapan Media Belajar Interaktif Berbasis Android Bagi Anak Desa Petuk Ketimpun Binaan Yayasan Ransel Buku

In order to improve the quality of learning, it is necessary to use information technology in learning media. The use of information technology and media in learning can form a learning atmosphere because students can actively participate. Nowadays, children are increasingly familiar and attached to smartphones or tablets. And when the world is entering the era of the industrial revolution 4.0. or the fourth world industrial revolution where technology has become the basis in human life, the use of information and communication technology for learning must start from the Early Childhood Education (PAUD) level so that it can be more interesting and interactive and increase children's interest and curiosity in what is taught. . The method of applying science and technology is using mobile technology which is very popular today, namely an Android-based children's learning application as an effort to increase knowledge and understanding as well as increase interest in learning for the children of the Petuk Ketimpun village which is under the guidance of the Palangkaraya Book Backpack Foundation. The purpose of implementing this program is to increase knowledge and understanding and increase children's interest in learning about various things including letters, numbers, colors, vegetables, animals, fruit, work and vehicles. Both in Indonesian and English pronunciation through the implementation of learning applications for Android-based children.

Rare and rare-earth metals industry development in Russia and its influence on fourth world energy transition

The typical life cycle of a Russian extractive project starting from the field is licensing all the way to the physical launch and commissioning of the plant is, on average, at least 10 years. Such a long construction cycle increases the discounted payback period by more than 15 years, at the desired rate of 8 years. Based on the principles of rational use and protection of subsoil, Russian legislation is advanced in terms of reliability, safety, sustainability. However, the current standards and regulations do not allow to move to the active phase of setting up enterprises for the extraction, processing of rare (RM) and rare-earth (REM) metals and to create an industry with a full production cycle in a shorter time frame. It should be noted that the basic technologies used in RM and REM sectors in comparison with foreign ones, currently provides parity in terms of processing of mineral raw materials. The implementation of the Roadmap for the Rare and Rare-Earth Metals product line will ensure at least 50% of import substitution of RM and REM by 2024 and achieve complete import substitution of RM and REM by 2030, restore the leading position of the Russian Federation in the global market of RM and REM with a market share of at least 4% in 2024 and up to 10% in 2030. We express our gratitude to the Rare and Rare Earth Metals Producers and Consumers Association NPO represented by its Chairman R. R. Dimukhamedov for assistance in collecting analytical materials and writing a paper.

Making biodiversity work for coffee production. A case study of Gayo Arabica coffee in Indonesia

Biodiversity is defined as the variety of life encompassing the ‘existing’ variations at all level, starting from the tiny genes within a species up to a broader sense consisted of habitats within ecosystem. It is urgently needed as long as human is still exist on this earth. Therefore, its proper utilization and correct application of biodiversity bring great advantage in tangible and non-tangible benefits. Indonesia is known as the third largest biodiversity hotspots; both its flora and fauna. It has also tremendous diverse ecosystems extended from west to east; with amplitude of variation ranging from humid tropical rain forests until a very dry savannah type at the eastern part of Nusa Tenggara. Furthermore, Indonesia is also known as the fourth world highest producer of coffee; with a total production 11,49 million kg in 2016-2017. The Gayo highlands on the northern tip of Sumatra are known as the major production of arabica coffee. There, up to ten varieties of commercial arabica coffee are planted on the highlands. The origin of coffee is in Ethiopia, which is believed as the center of the commercial coffee species in this world: C. arabica and C. canephora. The objective of this paper is to review the status of coffee, esp. the arabica one from various perspectives, ranging from the biology, history of coffee, the processing of coffee (wet vs. dry methods), and how the component of natural biodiversity can be applied in order to enhance the coffee production, particularly on the Gayo highlands.

Perbandingan Konsep Linguistik Ferdinand De Saussure dan Abdul Qāhir al-Jurjānī: Kajian Konseptual

Previous scholars in linguistics study have focused only on theory proposed by European linguists, one of them is Ferdinand De Saussure from Swiss. However, long before Saussure’s concept has been popularized, in the fourth century Arab world has already had concept of linguistics initiated by Abdul Qāhir al-Jurjāni. Embarked upon a study on language construction of Al-Qur'an, he extended the concept to general context including Arabic literature. This current study compared Al-Jurjāni and Saussure theoretical concepts by employing library research. The main sources were taken from Dalailul i'jaz authored by Al-Jurjāni and Course in Gerenal Linguistics written by Charles Bally and Albert Sechehay taken from their notes in Saussure’s college class. The findings reveal the sameness of linguistics concept between Saussure and Al- Jurjāni namely langue-parole vs Lughah-Kalam, Significant-Signifier vs lafal-makna, and Syntagmatic-Paradigmatic vs an-nadzm- al-Ikhtiār.

Cheap Cellulase Production by &lt;i&gt;Aspergillus&lt;/i&gt; sp. VTM1 Through Solid State Fermentation of Coffee Pulp Waste

Coffee pulp biomass waste can easily be found anywhere in Indonesia, considering it is the fourth world's largest coffee exporter. The utilization of coffee pulp is very limited and is categorized as a source of pollutants in water bodies and soils. In contrast, coffee pulp waste is very potential because 63% of the main compound is cellulose. Microbial utilization of this waste for enzyme production purposes, especially cellulase, is a breakthrough that may lead to reduce production costs. Initial investigations showed that Aspergillus sp. VTM1 through solid-state fermentation (SSF) could produce cellulases. Optimal cellulase could be produced if 10 g coffee pulp with 10% moisture is inoculated using 108 spores/mL of Aspergillus sp. VTM1 for 48 hours at 30 °C. Hydrolysis of 1% carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) substrate in 50 mM acetate buffer pH 5 by this cellulase showed that the enzyme activity reached up to 1.18 U/mL. The optimum pH of the enzyme was 5 and stable at 3-3.5 and 4-7. The success of the first step of this investigation will be a cheap way of producing cellulases.

“Folks Don’t Understand What It’s Like to Be a Native Woman”: Framing Trauma via #MMIW

Indigenous people are often part of the “fourth world”—a subaltern community whose members experience poor social outcomes despite living in a first world context. In North American, fourth world status has resulted in a “crisis” of missing and murdered indigenous women and girls. Activists have successfully garnered attention to the issue of “MMIW,” pressuring Canada to launch a National Inquiry and prompting US policymakers to introduce legislation. This study considered how Twitter has facilitated MMIW (cyber)activism by cultivating a collective indigenous identity. It considered how participants in #MMIW framed the nature of indigenous trauma in contrast to mass media framings of indigenous issues. The researchers conducted a thematic analysis of 481 tweets sampled from May-July of 2019. They found that hashtag participants framed indigenous trauma as (a) personal and pervasive, (b) systemic and structural, and (c) continued injustice, mobilizing a nation-building discourse.

Tantangan Dunia Pendidikan di Nusa Tenggara Timur dalam Menyikapi Era Disrupsi &amp; Era New Normal

World Changes currently was entering the era of industrial revolution 4.0, namely the fourth world industrial revolution where the information technology has become the basis of human life. The changes due to digital technology have resulted on disruption that will change many aspects of human life in the future, including the learning patterns and attitudes of students. This is a world challenge education in East of Nusa Tenggara regarding the readiness in the New Normal era and the challenges of the Era of Industrial Revolution 4.0. The method used in this study is a qualitative approach and the main source is human which ismean that the researcher himself as an instrument by paying attention to the researcher's ability to ask, to track, to observe, to understand andto make abstract. The results of this study are the inability and unpreparedness of the parents to facilitate their children to live in the era of industrial revolution 4.0 due to economic factors, and the availability of other facilities in the form of Android phones and cellular networks as a means of supporting virtual learning that has not been evenly accessedby the students in East of Nusa Tenggara. In conclusion, it is the reflection for all components of educational institutions that conventional or traditional models learningshould be removed. if the educators are still busy with the past romanticism, then our world of education will static and will be swept away in the world of globalization competition.

АВТОГЕОГРАФИЯ ТЕОДОРА ДРАЙЗЕРА: ТРИ ТРАВЕЛОГА О ЧЕТЫРЕХ МИРАХ

The article provides a comparative analysis of the three travel books by Theodore Dreiser: A Traveler at Forty (1913), A Hoosier Holiday (1916), and Dreiser Looks at Russia (1928). The last one is also correlated with the publication of Theodore Dreiser’s Russian Diary by the University of Pennsylvania in 1996. The history of writing the book about the USSR and publishing it in Russia has been studied and commented on in sufficient detail by modern researchers. This article is the first attempt in literary criticism to compare the three books. The study presents not only a comparative but also a textual analysis of these travelogues, discovers patterns linking the books both chronologically and stylistically and turning them into a kind of autobiographical trilogy. For Dreiser, the study of three worlds (European, American and Soviet) is inseparable from the study of the fourth world – the world of his own consciousness. The analysis of the three travel books is provided in a biographical context, which allows a deeper and more thorough analysis of their factual and emotional content. The focus of the study is the problem of Theodore Dreiser’s self-identification as a writer and as American, which formed being influenced by travel impressions received during trips to European countries, including Germany – Dreiser’s historical homeland, America, including his native state Indiana, and across Soviet Russia on the eve of the so-called ‘great turning point’. Based on the study conducted, there are expressed some theoretical considerations regarding the interaction between the concepts of stereotype and reality in the space of literary text, and also the correlation between documentary and artistic principles in a travelogue. The article presents excerpts from A Traveler at Forty and A Hoosier Holiday translated into Russian. These travelogues have never been translated and published in Russia.

IMPLEMENTASI APLIKASI PEMBELAJARAN UNTUK ANAK BERBASIS ANDROID

Permendiknas No. 16/2007 concerning Academic Qualification Standards and Teacher Competence, Pedagogical Competence of 5th / Senior High School teachers says that "High School / Vocational Teachers must utilize information and communication technology for the benefit of learning". Reinforced in Permendiknas No. 41 of 2007 concerning Process Standards, in accordance with Graduates Competency Standards and Content Standards, the learning principle used in point 13 states that "Utilization of information and communication technology to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of learning". But now when the world is entering the era of the industrial revolution 4.0. or the fourth world industrial revolution where technology has become the basis in human life the use of information and communication technology for learning must begin at the Early Childhood Education level (PAUD) in order to be more interesting and interactive and increase children's interest and curiosity in what is taught . The method of applying science and technology used is mobile technology which is very popular at the moment, namely the Android-based children's learning application as an effort to increase knowledge and understanding as well as increase the learning interest of students in grades 2, 3 and 4 of Bereng Kajang Elementary School I. The purpose of this program is to increase knowledge and understanding and increase learning interest of students in grades 2, 3 and 4 of Bereng Kajang I Elementary School on various things including letters, numbers, colors, vegetables, animals, fruits, jobs and vehicles. Both in Indonesian and English pronunciation through the implementation / dissemination of learning applications for children based on Android. Keywords: Learning applications, Children, Android, Implementation

English

The gender equality discourse assumed a global dimension since the fourth World Conference on Women held in Beijing, China in 1995. The hallmark of the Conference was the Beijing Platform for Action which was agreed upon by all 189 countries in attendance. Furthermore, the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) subscribed to by United Nations member states in the year 2000, ascribed a worthy place to gender equality, highlighting its measurable targets. The inability of most states to meet the MDGs as at the end of 2015 necessitated the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) with new targets and timelines. Though Nigeria is a signatory to many international conventions such as the Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), the country has repeatedly failed to effectively set a legal framework for gender equality. This is made obvious by the outright rejection of the Gender and Equal Opportunity Bill by Nigeria&rsquo;s upper chamber since 2010. Relying on secondary sources of data, this study interrogates the critical factors that have inhibited the bill from being passed into law. The study highlights three factors namely: the patriarchal nature of the Nigerian society and the Senate in particular, the cultural and religious dimensions and the content of the bill. &nbsp; Key words: Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), Beijing platform for action, women&rsquo;s right, the millennium development goals (MDGs) and sustainable development goals (SDGs).

Satellite-derived particulate organic carbon flux in the Changjiang River through different stages of the Three Gorges Dam

As the largest Asian river and fourth world's largest river by water flow, the Changjiang River transports a considerable amount of terrigenous particulate organic carbon (POC) into ocean, which has experienced significant pressure from human activities. We conducted monthly sampling (from May 2015 to May 2016) at Datong, the most downstream non-tidal hydrological station along the Changjiang River. To monitor long-term POC variations, we developed a two-step POC algorithm for Landsat satellite data and calculated monthly POC flux during 2000–2016. Monthly POC flux ranged from a minimum of 1.4 × 104 t C in February 2016 to a maximum of 52.04 × 104 t C in May 2002, with a mean of 13.04 × 104 t C/month. At Datong, monthly POC flux was positively exponentially related to water flow (N = 118, R = 0.69, p < 0.01). In the wet season (May to October) with high water flow, a large amount of terrigenous POC was flushed into the Changjiang River. After the Three Gorges Dam (TGD), both POC concentration (R = 0.46, p < 0.01) and POC flux (R = 0.33, p < 0.01) significantly exponentially decreased during 2000–2016. After 2011 with regular operation of the TGD, POC transport at Datong showed relative stability and its seasonal difference became smaller. POC concentration from the TGD to Datong in the Changjiang mainstream (~1000 km) was also derived from Landsat data, which was spatially varied with water flow, slope gradient, and watercourse width. This study improved our understanding of the spatiotemporal variations of POC transport in the Changjiang mainstream, especially the influences of the TGD construction.

Colorectal Cancer: Causes and Evidence of Chemopreventive Treatments.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second and third most frequent cancer in women and men, respectively; indeed, CRC is placed as the fourth world's most deadly cancer (after lung, liver, and stomach cancer). The incidence of CRC is strongly influenced by nutrition and the high fat/high carbohydrate Western-style diet. CRC is one of the most intensively studied cancer types, partly because of its high prevalence, but also because of the existence of its precursor lesions, tubular or villous adenomas, and more recently serrated adenomas. The morphological steps in the adenomacarcinoma sequence have been elucidated at a molecular level, which allow the identification of the genes responsible for CRC. Review and Conclusions: The main aim of this review is to provide data regarding the pathophysiological characteristics, molecular mechanisms as well as carcinogenic and chemopreventive agents for CRC, with emphasis on evidence supporting their efficacy. These compounds may modulate multiple signaling pathways involved in cell proliferation and apoptosis in transformed cells, they also enhance the host immune system and favor an effective treatment. Despite promising results from experimental studies, only a limited number of these compounds have been tested in clinical trials. The mechanistic spectrum and specificity of the action of phytochemicals represent a complex and evolving field of research.

First record of the association of banana (Musa sp.) and Ceratitis capitata (Widemann, 1824) in Brazil

Abstract Brazil is the fourth world’s largest banana (Musa spp.) producer and largest consumer. Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is the main pest of quarantine importance in the exploration of fresh fruits. This species has shown wide ecological plasticity, with adaptation in several native and exotic hosts and different edaphoclimatic conditions. In November 2017 and March 2018, banana samples of AAB subgroup, Prata Anã, Prata Pacovan and Prata BRS Princesa, were collected from orchards located in the fruit producing region of São Francisco, Juazeiro, Bahia, Brazil. Fruits were sent to the laboratory for processing aimed at obtaining adults. A total of 177 tephritid pupae were obtained in Prata Anã variety, emerging 106 C. capitata adults. The total infestation rates in puparia kg fruit-1 and puparia fruit-1 were 7.45 and 0.70, respectively. Thus, the association between banana and C. capitata was recorded for the first time in Brazil and the probable implications related to this bitrophic association will be discussed.

Иран на мировом рынке нефти

Iran is the fourth world largest holder of proved oil reserves, extraction costs of Iranian oil are comparatively low. Oil production dynamics in the country is sharply cyclical and these cycles are generated by political factors, exogenous to the oil sector. Peak in oil production was achieved in 1974 and for the last forty years Iran&rsquo;s share in the world oil production is declining. The article reveals that among powerful exogenous shocks negatively affecting the dynamics of oil production in Iran there were unilateral and multilateral sanctions. The first sanctions against Iran were introduced by the USA in 1979. Since the middle of the 1990-ies sanctions have become a system. The long-term negative effects of sanctions substantially exceed the short-term ones. Largely due to the sanctions the technological level of Iranian oil sector remains very low. Global energy companies and banks prefer to reject interactions with Iranian counterparties due to the expanding practice of the extraterritorial regime of US sanctions that has transformed Iranian hydrocarbons into a &ldquo;toxic asset&rdquo;. Asia-Pacific countries, preserving oil import from Iran under the sanctions regime, got an opportunity to set very favorable for them terms of contracts. Iranian oil is bought with a price discount, for partially convertible and/or unconvertible currencies, often in exchange for a counter barter supply of goods. Expectations that non-Western oil companies would substitute for European investments have failed so far. Given the accelerating global race for monetization of hydrocarbon reserves and risk of forthcoming peak in global demand for oil there is a growing probability that a substantial part of commercially competitive Iranian oil reserves will remain in the ground.&nbsp