Fourth View Research Articles

Domination, social norms, and the idea of an emancipatory interest

Domination, social norms, and the idea of an emancipatory interest

Berjabat Tangan Dengan Linto Baroe Dan Dara Baroe Dalam Pesta Perkawinan Menurut Ulama Dayah

There are problems related to shaking hands during weddings in Suka Makmue District, Nagan Raya Regency, carried out by people who deviate from the Qur'an, Hadith and cleric opinions, namely people think shaking hands at weddings with linto baroe and dara baroe is something polite and civilized. Even though the scholars agree that shaking hands with non-mahrams is haram. The problems to be investigated in this study are first, how to shake hands between guests and brides linto baroe and dara baroe which was carried out in Suka Makmue sub-district, Nagan Raya district, secondly, how are the views of dayah scholars on the practice of shaking hands between guests with linto baroe and dara baroe at wedding party. This research uses a case study approach, which produces descriptive data in the form of written or spoken words from the people observed. Field research includes interviews and documentation obtained from the community and cleric in Suka Makmue sub-district. From the results of the study, the procession of shaking hands with guests has two processes, namely, firstly, the linto or dara baroe meets the guest to shake hands and the second the guest shakes hands with the bride and groom when the intat linto/dara baroe process is completed by approaching the bride and groom while giving gifts. The results of the study second, the fourth view of the dayah scholars regarding shaking hands with non-mahram guests has several opinions where the legal issue of shaking hands with non-mahram directly is haram, except for small children or the elderly who do not have the potential to cause negative effects (desire and lust). slander). The law of shaking hands between the opposite sex and non-mahram by using gloves or a legal cover (permissible) as long as it does not have the potential to cause lust and slander.

Meaning, reasoning, and common knowledge

Abstract“Pragmatics involves perception augmented by some species of ‘ampliative‘ inference—induction, inference to the best explanation, Bayesian reasoning, or perhaps some special application of general principles special to communication, as conceived by Grice … —but in any case a sort of reasoning” (Korta, Kepa & John Perry. 2015. Pragmatics. In The stanford encyclopedia of philosophy Edward N. Zalta (ed.), Metaphysics research lab, Stanford, CA: Stanford University:1). Pragmatics assumes that one’s competence as speaker is sufficient to allow one to construct, in range of significant cases, plausible accounts of how speakers and audiences reason. The question is that are those who attribute reasoning to speakers and audiences suffering a “curious mental derangement” that prevents them from seeing that reasoning is rare? I consider four responses. (1) Speakers and audiences do reason to the extent pragmatic explanations require; they just typically do not do so consciously. (2) The second reply concedes that speakers and audiences often do not reason even unconsciously in any relevant detail, but it insists that attributions of reasoning can nonetheless be, and often are, explanatory. (3) The third reply is a response to objections to the second. It identifies reasoning with information processing steps. (4) The fourth view is that a speaker’s utterance provides an audience evidence for what the speaker means, but the audience typically does not reason to a conclusion about what the speaker means. I reject the first three replies and embrace the fourth, but I argue that attributions of reasoning in pragmatics can still play a significant explanatory role.

Four conceptions of social pathology

This article starts with the idea that the task of social philosophy can be defined as the diagnosis and therapy of social pathologies. It discusses four conceptions of social pathology. The first two conceptions are ‘normativist’ and hold that something is a social pathology if it is socially wrong. On the first view, there is no encompassing characterization of social pathologies available: it is a cluster concept of family resemblances. On the second view, social pathologies share a structure (e.g. second-order disorder). The last two conceptions are ‘naturalist’ and hold that something is wrong because it is pathological. The third view takes it that society is the kind of substance that can fall ill – an organism. The fourth view operates with the notion of a social life that can degenerate. The four conceptions are compared along six criteria: (1) is the view plausible?; (2) is it informative (if true)?; (3) does it help define the task of social philosophy?; (4) does it take naturalistic vocabulary seriously?; (5) does it hold that pathologies share a structure?; and (6) how does it see the primacy of being wrong and being pathological?

An extra care community's perceived priorities for 'whole system' relationships: a Q-methodological study.

Health and social care settings worldwide need to sustainably improve the quality of relationships across communities or 'whole systems'. This research informs the development of a relational framework based on stakeholder perspectives. It is grounded in an action research project with practitioners, and draws on a previous literature review, to present the underpinning elements of quality relationships as statements, organised under the headings of integrity, respect, fairness, compassion and trust. Using Q methodology, 27 participants, comprising a range of stakeholders (staff, residents, family and service providers), rank-ordered 48 statements based on perceptions of the importance of differing aspects of relationships. By-person factor analysis was used to create five factors or viewpoints by comparing and contrasting using the composite rankings alongside interview data collected for each participant. The first view 'Altogether now' prioritises compassionate engagement. Second, 'Respect is a two-way street' emphasises the need for reciprocal respect and recognition of history. The factor labelled 'Free spirits' posits the dominant view of freedom. The fourth view 'Families…strengths and challenges' focuses on the necessary and complex involvement of families and finally, 'Helping hands' emphasises the role of relationships in increasing previously low expectations of social integration for previously isolated residents. The different views that exist on the composition of quality relationships can be used to help extra care communities to understand and utilise relationships as a powerful and effective resource.

KAZUS ZŁOTEGO TRÓJNOGA A PRZEDMIOT SPRZEDAŻY W KONTRAKCIE ‘EMPTIO SPEI’

THE CASE OF THE GOLDEN TRIPOD AND THE SUBJECT OF SALE IN THE CONTRACT OF ‘EMPTIO SPEI’Summary The article analyzes the question of the subject of sale in the contract of emptio spei. The starting point for this study is the source document by Valerius Maximus, describing the case of finding a golden tripod by fishermen, who before sailing out sold the result of their work to Miletus merchants. After the return of the fishermen a dispute arose over whom the find should be awarded to: the sellers or the buyers. The solution to this particular case depends on the accepted position on the subject of sale in the contract called the sale of hope. Literature of the subject presents four views on the matter. According to the first one, the subject of sale in the contract of emptio spei is hope itself. However according to the second view it is the item, the subject that will appear in the future. The third among the presented views proclaims that the subject of sale in the contract of emptio spei is alternatively: hope of obtaining the item or the item itself, depending on the achieved result. The fourth view, in which the consensual contract calls for receiving a subject nonexistent in the moment of sale, should not be qualified as the contract of purchase-sale. The article presents advantages ad disadvantages arising from accepting each of these views. Considering all of the mentioned views on the subject the author regards the second opinion, according to which the contract of emptio spei is always res future as the best. Accepting this opinion allows to evaluate the time of perfectio of sale, allows naming the subject of obligation of the seller as well as the range of liability of the parties arising from the title of failure to perform or improper performance of the contract.

Energy consumption and growth: a review of international empirical literature

The relationship between energy consumption and economic growth has been extensively examined, using different methodologies, in a wide range of countries across the world. This paper focuses on a review of existing literature on the causal relationship between energy consumption and economic growth. There are currently four views regarding the direction of causality between energy consumption and economic growth in the literature. The first view centres on the notion that energy consumption Granger-causes economic growth. This view is noted as the energy-led growth The second view, known as the energy consumption supports the view that economic growth Granger-causes energy consumption. The third view argues for a bidirectional causal relationship between energy consumption and economic growth, whilst the fourth view argues for no causal relationship between the two variables. Although other literature surveys have focused mainly on studies that use total energy consumption as a proxy for energy consumption, few have consolidated the literature based on different energy sources and how this impacts on the direction of causality. The aim of this paper is therefore to review literature on the causal relationship between energy consumption and economic growth by energy source. The findings from the literature reviewed in this study reveal that although there is no consensus yet on the direction of causality between energy consumption and economic growth, the conventional wisdom is in favour of the feedback hypothesis, where energy consumption and economic growth Granger-cause one another. In terms of energy sources, the study reveals that electricity energy consumption predominates the growth-led energy hypothesis, whilst renewable energy consumption predominates the feedback hypothesis.

Frontal Plane Rotation of the 1st Metatarsal in Relation to Arch Height

Category: Bunion Introduction/Purpose: There is a question as to the relationship of the effect of the arch height on the frontal plane rotation of the 1st metatarsal, and its impact on hallux valgus deformities. We attempt to evaluate this question and offer an answer for discussion. Methods: A series of patients who presented to a single orthopedic foot and ankle clinic with a compliant of hallux valgus deformity received a standardized 4 view standing radiograph series. These included the standard weight-bearing anterior- posterior, oblique, and lateral images. The fourth view was an axial sesamoid view to evaluate the frontal plane rotation. The first 50 patients that met our inclusion criteria were used. Inclusion criteria were skeletal maturity, non-traumatic issue, and primary bunion complaint with no complaint related to the arch. Any patients with prior surgery on the 1st metatarsal or arch structure were excluded. The radiographs where then evaluated by 2 fellowship trained foot and ankle specialist with predetermined radiographic parameters. The included measurements regarding the HAV deformity were IM angle, HAV angle, sesamoid position, DMAA, and axial sesamoid rotation. The measurements captured in relation to arch height included Meary’s angle, talonavicular coverage angle, medial cuneiform arch height, navicular height, and lateral talocalcaneal angle. Results: The collected information was then initially checked for inter-observer reliability and found to be consistent between the two observers. Collected values allowed the subjects to be placed into 3 initial categories labeled as planus, normal, and cavus based on the arch measurements. The imaging studies related to the HAV deformity was then classed initially as mild, moderate and severe. The HAV deformities were then further classified based on frontal plane rotation deformity and categorized as rotated, rotated and subluxed, subluxed, or no rotation. All of the individual group measurements were determined and quantified using the same radiographic software and uniform points of measurement. The information was then feed into algorithms that included direct comparisons as well as regression analysis of the defined subsets. Conclusion: After review of the data it was noted that there was no significant correlation between arch height measurements, HAV deformity and frontal plane rotation of the 1st metatarsal.

The Role of Platonism in Augustine's 386 Conversion to Christianity

AbstractAugustine′s conversion to Christianity in A.D. 386 is a pivotal moment not only in his own life, but in Christian and world history, for the theology of Augustine set the course of theological and cultural development in the western Christian church. But to what exactly was Augustine converted? Scholars have long debated whether he really converted to Christianity in 386, whether he was a Platonist, and, if he adhered to both Platonism and Christianity, which dominated his thought. The debate of the last thirteen decades spans an immense body of literature in multiple languages. In this literature, four major views on Augustine′s conversion may be discerned. The first view is associated with Gaston Boissier and Adolph von Harnack, and was famously championed by Prosper Alfaric: that Augustine in 386 converted to neo‐Platonism but not to Christianity. Second, there is the view recently promoted by Catherine Conybeare: that Augustine in 386 converted to Christianity and rejected neo‐Platonism. Third, there is the view that he converted to Christianity and was also a neo‐Platonist; the most famous adherents of this view are Robert J. O′Connell and Pierre Courcelle. Finally, there is the view recently promoted by Carol Harrison: that Augustine committed to Christianity in 386, yet did not utterly reject neo‐Platonism; rather, he aimed to develop a Christian faith that was informed by neo‐Platonic insight. In this article, I first explain and distinguish these four general views, and then I explain why I prefer the fourth view.

Pedicle axis view combined by sacral mapping can decrease fluoroscopic shot count in percutaneous iliosacral screw placement

BackgroundPercutaneous iliosacral screw fixation of the posterior pelvic ring is a demanding procedure with high exposure to radiation. The conventional technique includes the use of three classical projections with the C-arm: inlet, outlet, and true lateral views. A projection in the axis of the upper sacral alar pedicles with a 30° cephalad and 30° ventral oblique view would help in obtaining a more accurate visualization of the safe corridor. Two subcutaneously placed K-wires, one placed horizontally and one vertically, may facilitate the starting point and aim changes by offering the surgeon an option for exactly matching the position of the sacrum with the image. The purpose of this study was to detect if the radiation application could be decreased by our new methodology. MethodsSeventeen patients with pelvic posterior ring disruptions, in which percutaneous iliosacral screw placement was indicated, were included in the study. Group 1 comprised 7 patients in whom conventional projections and technique were used. Group 2 comprised 10 patients in whom 30°–30° projection and sacral mapping technique via two subcutaneous K-wires were applied. Radiation exposure time, total fluoroscopic shot count, fluoroscopic shot count needed for only guide wire and screw placement, radiation dose, and complications were compared between the two groups. ResultsThe median number of fluoroscopic images for guide and screw placement was 132 (56–220) and 29.5 (19–83) in Groups 1 and 2, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.001). The median total fluoroscopic radiation time was 138 (68–234) and 52 (28–77)s in Groups 1 and 2, respectively, and the difference was significant (p<0.001). Group 1 had a significantly higher median radiation dose than Group 2 [3020 (1502–6032) vs. 1192 (426–2359); (p=0.001)]. ConclusionsIliosacral screw placement with the help of sacral mapping and a fourth view, “30°–30°”, helps the surgeon to markedly reduce the fluoroscopic shots, radiation time and dose during guide wire and screw placement. Level of evidenceTherapeutic, Level II.

Truthy psychologism about evidence

What sorts of things can be evidence for belief? Five answers have been defended in the recent literature on the ontology of evidence: propositions, facts, psychological states, factive psychological states, all of the above. Each of the first three views privileges a single role that the evidence plays in our doxastic lives, at the cost of occluding other important roles. The fifth view, pluralism, is a natural response to such dubious favouritism. If we want to be monists about evidence and accommodate all roles for the concept, we need to think of evidence as propositional, psychological and factive. Our only present option along these lines is the fourth view, which holds that evidence consists of all and only known propositions. But the view comes with some fairly radical commitments. This paper proposes a more modest view—‘truthy psychologism’. According to this view, evidence is also propositional, psychological and factive; but we don’t need the stronger claim that only knowledge can fill this role; true beliefs are enough. I first argue for truthy psychologism by appeal to some standard metaethical considerations. I then show that the view can accommodate all of the roles epistemologists have envisaged for the concept of evidence. Truthy psychologism thus gives us everything we want from the evidence, without forcing us to go either pluralist or radical.

The Cameroon ‘Anglophone Question’ in International Law

The Republic of Cameroon sprang from a partial reconstitution of the German protectorate of Kamerun created in 1884 and dissolved with the defeat of the Germans at the end of World War I. The Treaty of Versailles split the territory into two halves. The larger one went to France and was rechristened French Cameroon, and the smaller one was taken over by Great Britain to be known as the British Cameroons, made up of the Southern and Northern Cameroons and run as an integral part of the Federation of Nigeria. Both became League of Nations mandates from 1920 and were transformed into UN trust territories in 1945. The aim was to prepare them for independence. However, forty years of a separate existence broke the unity of the territory. It was no longer the inhabitants of the German protectorate of Kamerun that called for independence in the 1960s, but Frenchand English-speaking Cameroonians. While there were those that advocated independence as part of the Federation of Nigeria on the English-speaking side, there were equally French-speaking Cameroonians who were eager to avoid the complications of coexisting with a minority, if the British Cameroonians returned to the fold after four decades of life out of the motherland. From these conflicting views developed a third opinion, the Kamerun idea advocated by nationalist intellectuals on both sides of the colonial divide. It stood for the restoration of the territory on the boundaries of the defunct German protectorate. The argument was that a Cameroon nationhood had been hewn out of the German presence from 1884 to 1920 and not even the forty years of separation instituted by the Treaty of Versailles interfered with this state of affairs. The ‘Kamerun people’ remained unmarred. The bonds developed from the German protectorate survived the interlude of the partition between Britain and France. There was even a fourth view that the territory of British Cameroons

The epistemology of climate models and some of its implications for climate science and the philosophy of science

I bring out the limitations of four important views of what the target of useful climate model assessment is. Three of these views are drawn from philosophy. They include the views of Elisabeth Lloyd and Wendy Parker, and an application of Bayesian confirmation theory. The fourth view I criticise is based on the actual practice of climate model assessment. In bringing out the limitations of these four views, I argue that an approach to climate model assessment that neither demands too much of such assessment nor threatens to be unreliable will, in typical cases, have to aim at something other than the confirmation of claims about how the climate system actually is. This means, I suggest, that the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s (IPCC׳s) focus on establishing confidence in climate model explanations and predictions is misguided. So too, it means that standard epistemologies of science with pretensions to generality, e.g., Bayesian epistemologies, fail to illuminate the assessment of climate models. I go on to outline a view that neither demands too much nor threatens to be unreliable, a view according to which useful climate model assessment typically aims to show that certain climatic scenarios are real possibilities and, when the scenarios are determined to be real possibilities, partially to determine how remote they are.

Physicians’ Strikes and the Competing Bases of Physicians’ Moral Obligations

Many authors have addressed the morality of physicians' strikes on the assumption that medical practice is morally different from other kinds of occupations. This article analyzes three prominent theoretical accounts that attempt to ground such special moral obligations for physicians--practice-based accounts, utilitarian accounts, and social contract accounts--and assesses their applicability to the problem of the morality of strikes. After critiquing these views, it offers a fourth view grounding special moral obligations in voluntary commitments, and explains why this is a preferable basis for understanding physicians' moral obligations in general and especially as pertaining to strikes.

The impact of the financial–economic crisis on sustainability transitions: Financial investment, governance and public discourse

The paper distinguishes four views on the impact of the financial–economic crisis on sustainability transitions (operationalized as diffusion of green niche-innovations). The first three views highlight the possibility of positive impacts of the financial–economic crisis on sustainability transitions and joint solutions: (a) a comprehensive transformation of the capitalist system, (b) a green Industrial Revolution, linked to a sixth green Kondratieff wave, and (c) green growth. The fourth view perceives the impact as mainly negative, because the financial–economic crisis weakens public, political and business attention for environmental problems. The paper confronts these views with secondary data on three analytical categories: (1) financial investment, (2) policy and governance, and (3) public opinion and civil society. Data focus on renewable energy and climate policy in the UK, Europe and the world. The paper concludes that the early crisis years (2008–2010) created a window of opportunity for positive solutions. But since 2010–2011 this window appears to be shrinking, with the financial–economic crisis having negative influences on sustainability transitions that may cause some slow-down.

Foundational Semantics I: Descriptive Accounts

AbstractDescriptive semantic theories purport to characterize the meanings of the expressions of languages in whatever complexity they might have. Foundational semantics purports to identify the kind of considerations relevant to establish that a given descriptive semantics accurately characterizes the language used by a given individual or community. Foundational Semantics I presents three contrasting approaches to the foundational matters, and the main considerations relevant to appraise their merits. These approaches contend that we should look at the contents of speakers’ intuitions; at the deep psychology of users and its evolutionary history, as revealed by our best empirical theories; or at the personal‐level rational psychology of those subjects. Foundational Semantics II examines a fourth view, according to which we should look instead at norms enforced among speakers. The two papers aim to determine in addition the extent to which the approaches are really rival, or rather complementary.

Foundational Semantics II: Normative Accounts

AbstractDescriptive semantic theories purport to characterize the meanings of the expressions of languages in whatever complexity they might have. Foundational semantics purports to identify the kind of considerations relevant to establish that a given descriptive semantics accurately characterizes the language used by a given individual or community. Foundational Semantics I presents three contrasting approaches to the foundational matters, and the main considerations relevant to appraise their merits. These approaches contend that we should look at the contents of speakers’ intuitions; at the deep psychology of users and its evolutionary history, as revealed by our best empirical theories; or at the personal‐level rational psychology of those subjects. Foundational Semantics II examines a fourth view, according to which we should look instead at norms enforced among speakers. The two papers aim to determine in addition the extent to which the approaches are really rival, or rather complementary.

Different attitudes during breastfeeding consultations when infant formula was given: a phenomenographic approach

BackgroundWHO and UNICEF believe that both antenatal and maternity care organizations are in an excellent position to protect and, if necessary, reinstate a culture that promotes breastfeeding, and that they are responsible for doing so. In Sweden, the number of breastfeeding women has been decreasing annually since 1996. Thus the aim of this study is to identify, describe and analyze the attitude midwives have towards the mother, child and breastfeeding when infant formula is given.MethodsFrom the theoretical standpoint of Buber's I-Thou and I-It concept, the different attitudes during breastfeeding consultations are interpreted. By using a phenomenographic approach based on 101 accounts of varying lengths from 39 midwives, different attitudes or approaches were identified.ResultsFour different approaches are distinguished in the breastfeeding consultation. The first is the family as a whole, the second is mother and child as separate and equal, the third views the mother as superior and the fourth views the child as superior.ConclusionsThe approach of the midwife is related to how she defines the overall perspective of the mother-child relationship and how she looks upon her relationship to the mother-child dyad. Her approach varies depending on whether she meets the mother and child as a subject, similar to herself, or whether she sees one of them as an object. A midwife may also take an outside position, as an object, thus excluding a genuine relationship with the mother. The results also indicate that health care professionals focus on parts of the whole instead of maintaining a holistic perspective.

Forms of Transcendence in Science and in Religion

The paper compares Barbour's four ways of relating science and religion with Kuhn's theory of scientific revolutions and Lindbeck's classification of views on the nature of religious doctrine. It turns out that these three theories can be brought into correlation. On the one hand, in the framework of Kuhn's theory, three kinds of scientific revolutions can be distinguished, which, together with normal science, correspond to Barbour's four ways that science and religion relate to each other. On the other hand, Lindbeck's three views on the nature of doctrine can be complemented by a fourth view, and so brought into correspondence with Barbour's theory. This fourth view understands doctrines as forms of transcendence. We will analyze the theological motifs in the works of Galileo, Descartes, and Newton and show how the scientific revolution relates to the integration of science and religion in Barbour's sense.

Moral Views of Market Society

Upon what kind of moral order does capitalism rest? Conversely, does the market give rise to a distinctive set of beliefs, habits, and social bonds? These questions are certainly as old as social science itself. In this review, we evaluate how today's scholarship approaches the relationship between markets and the moral order. We begin with Hirschman's characterization of the three rival views of the market as civilizing, destructive, or feeble in its effects on society. We review recent work at the intersection of sociology, economics, and political economy and show that these views persist both as theories of market society and moral arguments about it. We then argue that a fourth view, which we call moralized markets, has become increasingly prominent in economic sociology. This line of research sees markets as cultural phenomena and moral projects in their own right, and seeks to study the mechanisms and techniques by which such projects are realized in practice.