Fourth Term Research Articles

Spin Hamiltonian with large fourth order terms: triple well potentials and Bloch sphere visualization

Abstract We present a study of a general spin Hamiltonian with terms up to fourth order. The semiclassical potential is obtained as the expectation value of the parameter dependent Hamiltonian in the coherent state basis, and using catastrophe theory its parameter space is constructed. Considering the components of the magnetic field as the free parameters, we found regions where the semiclassical potential has three stability wells when the parameters of the fourth order terms are large. Using the coherent states we are able to visualize the localization of the ground state eigenfunction on the Bloch sphere as the magnetic field is varied.

A simple and efficient finite difference scheme to the Cahn–Hilliard–Navier–Stokes system equations

Central difference schemes are usually not suited to convective terms in a transport equation due to its oscillation nature when convection effect is pronounced. However, this work found that applying the standard central difference scheme to the convective term along with another central difference scheme to the fourth order diffusive term in the Cahn–Hilliard equation can realize nearly an order of magnitude speed rise, in the framework of a fully explicit finite difference scheme. The discretization was done on a semi-staggered grid where pressure was stored at the cell center and other variables were stored at the cell corners. To accelerate computation, a simple parallelism based on OpenMP was used. The scheme was tested in a number of cases and was compared with both analytical and experimental outcomes. The results showed that the scheme is efficient compared with a previous fully explicit finite difference scheme for the Cahn–Hilliard equation, and that a time step more than five times larger can be employed.

Digital Technology in Quality Management: Bibliometric Computational Mapping Analysis

This study used the bibliometric method and computational mapping analysis using VOSviewer to examine the development of research on the use of digital technology in quality management. Article data were obtained from Google Scholar using the Publish or Perish Reference Manager application. Data collection was conducted based on the keywords "quality management" and "digital technology”. The search found 779 relevant articles. The study period was the last 20 years (2003–2022) and the articles were indexed by Google Scholar. The results showed that research on digital technology in quality management could be divided into four terms. The first term was "quality management”, with 91 links, 1695 total link strength, and 530 related events. The second term was "total quality management”, with a total of 84 links, a total link strength of 1386, and 309 related events. The third term was "quality management system”, with a total of 61 links, the total link strength of 425, and 121 related events. The fourth term was "digital technology”, with a total of 53 links, the total link strength of 551, and 251 related events. The analysis also showed that the number of publications on digital technology in quality management tended to increase over the past 22 years, although it fluctuated every year. The peak occurred in 2020 with 78 articles. The results of this study could serve as a starting point for further research on this topic.

Automated model discovery for textile structures: The unique mechanical signature of warp knitted fabrics

Textile fabrics have unique mechanical properties, which make them ideal candidates for many engineering and medical applications: They are initially flexible, nonlinearly stiffening, and ultra-anisotropic. Various studies have characterized the response of textile structures to mechanical loading; yet, our understanding of their exceptional properties and functions remains incomplete. Here we integrate biaxial testing and constitutive neural networks to automatically discover the best model and parameters to characterize warp knitted polypropylene fabrics. We use experiments from different mounting orientations, and discover interpretable anisotropic models that perform well during both training and testing. Our study shows that constitutive models for warp knitted fabrics are highly sensitive to an accurate representation of the textile microstructure, and that models with three microstructural directions outperform classical orthotropic models with only two in-plane directions. Strikingly, out of 214=16,384 possible combinations of terms, we consistently discover models with two exponential linear fourth invariant terms that inherently capture the initial flexibility of the virgin mesh and the pronounced nonlinear stiffening as the loops of the mesh tighten. We anticipate that the tools we have developed and prototyped here will generalize naturally to other textile fabrics–woven or knitted, weft knit or warp knit, polymeric or metallic–and, ultimately, will enable the robust discovery of anisotropic constitutive models for a wide variety of textile structures. Beyond discovering constitutive models, we envision to exploit automated model discovery as a novel strategy for the generative material design of wearable devices, stretchable electronics, and smart fabrics, as programmable textile metamaterials with tunable properties and functions. Our source code, data, and examples are available at https://github.com/LivingMatterLab/CANN. Statement of significanceTextile structures are rapidly gaining popularity in many biomedical applications including tissue engineering, wound healing, and surgical repair. A precise understanding of their unique mechanical properties is critical to tailor them to their specific functions. Here we integrate mechanical testing and machine learning to automatically discover the best models for knitted polypropylene fabrics. We show that warp knitted fabrics possess a complex symmetry with three distinct microstructural directions. Along these, the behavior is dominated by an exponential linear term that characterize the initial flexibility of the virgin mesh and the nonlinear stiffening as the loops of the fabric tighten. We expect that our technology will generalize naturally to other fabrics and enable the robust discovery of complex anisotropic models for a wide variety of textile structures.

Analysis of Computational Bibliometric Mapping in Multimedia for Art Learning Media Publications using VOSviewer

This research explores the development of fine arts learning media using interactive multimedia research. The goal can be a reference for researchers in conducting and defining research themes, especially around multimedia learning. The method is used through a bibliographic approach with computational mapping analysis using VOSviewer. Article data is retrieved from the Google Scholar database using a publish-or-perish reference management application. Article titles and abstracts serve as guidelines when searching for keywords like "art," "learning media," and "multimedia." We found 447 seemingly related articles. The study period used as learning material is a paper from the last five years (2018 to 2023) indexed by Google Scholar. The results of research on fine arts learning media using interactive multimedia can be classified into four terms. The first term "Training" belongs to cluster 2 with a total of 34 links, an overall link strength of 138, and 59 events. The second term, "Media", belongs to cluster 2, with a total of 30 links, an overall connection strength of 142, and 74 events. The third term, "Multimedia", belongs to cluster 2, with a total of 27 links, an overall connection strength of 110, and 55 events. The fourth term "art" belongs to cluster 1 with a total of 34 links, an overall link strength of 138 and 59 events. From 2018 to 2020, the survey found research fluctuations in several media-based art learning media studies (65, 110, and 124 publications per year, respectively). The number of studies decreased from 44 (2021) to 16 (2023) from 2021 to 2023. Thus, there are still many opportunities for researchers to discuss it.

Stakeholders’ Perceptions on Influence of Energy Efficiency Practices Adopted on Economic Performance of Selected Small and Medium Sized Manufacturing Enterprises in Nakuru County, Kenya

The adoption of environmental policy among large manufacturing firms has been recognized for enhancing their economic performance. This is crucial for achieving Kenya's Vision 2030, the fourth medium term plan (2023-2027) and the Bottom-Up Economic Transformation Agenda (BETA) for Inclusive Growth. Despite the slow pace, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are now adopting these policies to reduce their environmental footprint. However, there is limited documentation on how these practices affect their economic performance. Hence, this study aimed at examining stakeholders' perceptions on the influence of adopting energy efficiency practices on the economic performance of selected manufacturing SMEs in Nakuru County. The study was guided by the ecological modernization theory (Win-Win principle). An explanatory sequential mixed-method research design was employed, targeting SME proprietors in the manufacturing sector with a sample size of 76 respondents. Descriptive and inferential statistics (linear regression) was used to analyze quantitative data, while content analysis was used to analyze qualitative data. The study found out that SMEs largely adopted the use of energy-efficient bulbs and turned off lights when not in use. However, they used solar lighting as an energy efficiency practice to a lesser extent because they consider this practice expensive. The study also found that stakeholders perceived that energy efficiency practices adopted had a significant influence on the economic performance of selected manufacturing SMEs. This finding implied that energy efficiency practices adopted by manufacturing SMEs would have an influence on SMEs economic performance. This study recommends that the government, both national and county should sensitize the SMEs as well as allocate financial and technical resources to support SMEs implement and upscale their energy efficiency practices within their operations. The focus of energy efficiency practices should be on those that reduce production costs and enhance competitiveness such as those that improve SMEs customer base

M-shaped, W-shaped and dark soliton propagation in optical fiber for nonlocal fourth order dispersive nonlinear Schrödinger equation under distinct conditions

The formation of soliton in optical fiber governed by nonlocal nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation with fourth order dispersion is studied. The model of nonlocal NLS equation with fourth order dispersion is solved using the new extended auxiliary method and the solutions are obtained. The solutions are in the form of hyperbolic and trigonometric functions which are based on Jacobi elliptic function m. Shape changing soliton in optical fiber for nonlocal fourth order dispersive NLS equation is discussed by suitably choosing the values of kerr and quintic nonlinearities and by varying fourth order dispersion term. The effect of fourth order dispersion on soliton in fiber for different conditions of kerr and quintic nonlinearity is also discussed. In addition, the phase portraits of the system have been investigated and the stability of wave in optical fiber for nonlocal NLS equation is discussed using fourth order Runge-Kutta algorithm. This paper addresses a significant gap in the current literature by examining the impact of fourth order dispersion on the nonlocal NLS equation in optical fiber.

RESULTS OF LOCAL ELECTIONS IN HARGHITA COUNTY, SEPTEMBER 27, 2020

The results of the local elections in Harghita County, 27th September 2020. This study aims to faithfully depict the territorial distribution of the electoral decisions taken by the inhabitants of Harghita County at the local elections held on 27th September 2020. Based on official statistical data from the Central Electoral Office (https://locale2020.bec.ro/rezultate), the voting for mayors, local and county councilors, as well as president of Harghita County Council was thoroughly examined. 67 mayors were elected in the 21st Electoral District ‒ Harghita County, their political affiliation being as follows: DUHR (48), SDP (7), HAT (5), IC (5), FHP (1) and NLP (1). Of the 835 local councilor seats, most were won by DUHR (570), followed by HAT (138), SDP (49), NLP (34), FHP (14), CI (13), PMP (8), SRU-LUSP (3), PRO ROMÂNIA (2), while the Magyar Civic Party, National Unity Block, Humanist Power Party (Social-Liberal) and the Liberal and Democrat Alliance won a single seat each. Harghita County Council is comprised of 30 county councilors (with one less seat than in the 2016-2020 legislature), 19 being DUHR members, 4 HAT, 3 SDP, 2 FHP and 2 NLP. Borboly Csaba, the DUHR candidate, received a total of 69 822 votes (64.54% of the votes), thus winning his fourth term as president of Harghita County Council.

Implementation of Small Term Reduction in Taylor Series in Analytical Physics Problem

This research is motivated by the low ability of students to apply mathematical solving methods to analytic physics. The purpose of this research is to show the implementation of small term reduction in Taylor series on analytic physics problems. The analytical physics material described in this study is the pendulum oscillation material, heat conduction and the perturbation quantum state function. This research method involves a mathematical derivation of the Taylor series formation. The epicenter of the idea of reducing the Taylor series in this study is the use of very small terms in the Taylor series to reduce terms with values reaching towards zero, namely the third term and the fourth term. This small term reduction method is spread into problems of mechanics, oscillations, heat, electricity, magnetism and quantum mechanics. The results of this study show that after using the small term reduction principle, the equations to be solved are like first-order and second-order differential equations. By solving these equations we get a variable physical quantity.

Analytical Study of Nonlinear Flexural Vibration of a Beam with Geometric, Material and Combined Nonlinearities

This article explores the nonlinear vibration of beams with different types of nonlinearities. The beam vibration was modeled using Hamilton’s principle, and the equation of motion was solved using method of multiple time scales. Three models were developed assuming (a) geometric nonlinearity, (b) material nonlinearity and (c) combined geometric and material nonlinearity. The material nonlinearity also included both third and fourth nonlinear elasticity terms. The frequency response equation of these models were further evaluated quantitatively and qualitatively. The models capture the hardening effect, i.e., increase in resonant frequency as a function of forcing amplitude for geometric nonlinearity, and the softening effect, i.e., decrease in resonant frequency for material nonlinearity. The model is applied on the first three bending modes of the cantilever beam. The effect of the fourth-order material nonlinearity was smaller compared to the third-order term in the first mode, whereas it is significantly larger in second and third mode. The combined nonlinearity models shows a discontinuous frequency shift, which was resolved by utilizing a set of transition assumptions. This results in a smooth transition between the material and geometric zones in amplitude. These parametric models allow us to fine tune the nonlinear response of the system by changing the physical properties such as geometry, linear and nonlinear elastic properties.

Some New Aspects of Quantum Gravity

We have proposed the quantization of the gravitational field in a synchronous reference frame taking as independent position fields, the six spatial components of the metric tensor. The Einstein-Hilbert Lagrangian is quadratic in the space time derivatives of these metric tensor components and hence in particular, the momentum fields become linear functions of the space-time derivatives of the position fields. It is this fact that gives a simple form to the Hamiltonian density of the gravitational field in a synchronous frame, this simple form of the Hamiltonian being a quadratic function of the momentum fields with a shift that is linear in the spatial derivatives of the metric, very much like the Hamiltonian of a non-relativistic particle moving in a vector potential. Differential equations for the gravitational field propagator are derived and we explain how approximations to this propagator can be derived and used to deduce the graviton propagator corrections caused by nonlinear interactions of the graviton field with itself. We explain how this corrected graviton propagator can be used to deduce how much mass the graviton acquires due to these self-interactions of cubic and higher order. We then consider the important problem involving the coupling of a nonlinear field theory described by its Lagrangian density to a quantum noisy bath and explain how the resulting Hamiltonian of the field plus bath can be used to derive the Hudson-Parthasarathy noisy Schrodinger equation (HPS) which is a quantum stochastic differential equation for the joint unitary evolution of the field interacting with the noisy bath. We explain this in the context of gravity coupled to a noisy bath like a noisy electromagnetic field. The HPS equation contains linear as well as quadratic terms in the white bath noise with the linear terms representing quantum annihilation and creation/quantum Brownian motion process differentials and the quadratic terms representing quantum conservation/Poisson processes differentials. Finally we explain how using Feynman path integrals for fields for evaluating the quantum effective action produced by higher order cumulants of the current field, we can calculate corrections to the quantum effective action produced by higher order cumulants of the current field and hence demonstrate how gauge symmetries of the classical action get broken when we pass over to the quantum effective action with additional symmetry breaking terms produced by the presence of higher order cumulants of the current. This kind of approximate symmetry breaking is known to give masses to massless particles or more generally, corrections to the masses of already massive particles and we illustrate this idea in the context of interactions of the gravitational field with a random electromagnetic field being regarded as the current. This interaction is the standard Maxwell action used in general relativity. The drawback of our approach to quantum gravity is that is its not diffeomorphic invariant since we have chosen our frame to be always synchronous. Further work on how one can incorporate interactions of the gravitational field with a random non-Abelian gauge field is in progress which becomes important because it generates non only quadratic but also cubic and fourth degree terms in the gauge field when it interacts with gravity.

Modified Fourth Derivative Block Method and its direct applications to third-order initial value problems

A theoretical order eight Modified Fourth Derivative four-step block method (MFDFBM) has been derived, analysed and numerically applied to solve multiple problems originating from Fluid Dynamics, engineering and other sciences. The MFDFBM was derived by applying collocation and interpolation techniques to a power series approximation. Further introducing fourth derivative terms at each of the collocating points yields a block method with an improved order of accuracy. It was observed that the order of the block method increases with the number of fourth derivative terms introduced into the integration interval. Numerical experiments are presented to test MFDFBM on numerical examples, including non-linear homogeneous thin film flow (NHTFF) problems and two non-linear initial value problems(IVPs). The experiments confirm the good impact of adding the fourth derivative terms, which help improve the order of accuracy of the derived MFDFBM, thereby minimising error and agreeing with analytical solution up to at least seven decimal places.

Tıp Fakültesi Öğrencilerinin Farmakoloji Dersine Yönelik Tutumları: Ölçek Geliştirme ve Uygulama Çalışması

Aim: The objective of this study was to develop a valid and reliable attitude scale by determining the attitudes of medical school students towards pharmacology course, and to examine these attitudes in terms of selected variables.
 Methods: This study was conducted with the participation of 498 students, 250 female and 248 male, from the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth terms of XXXX University Faculty of Medicine. A 21-item 5-point Likert-type scale was used as a data collection tool. The survey was performed face-to-face with term 4, 5, and 6 students, and online with term 3 students. While developing the scale, factor analysis with Principal Axis Factoring method, and reliability analyses with Cronbach Alpha and McDonald's Omega levels were performed.
 Results: The attitude scale of medical school students towards pharmacology course was developed as 12 items and two factors. Two factors were determined in the scale, namely "indispensable course pharmacology" and "useless course pharmacology". Although the students reached high mean and median values in two negative items of the pharmacology attitude scale, they reached high mean and median values in mostly positive items. In general, the students considered the pharmacology course necessary and displayed a positive attitude. While the gender of the students did not make a difference in the attitude, the term, the reasons for choosing the medical school, scope of medical resource usage, and their desire to be an expert created a significant difference in their attitudes towards pharmacology course.
 Conclusions: The results of this study show that the developed pharmacology attitude scale is a reliable and valid measure of students' attitudes towards the pharmacology course. These findings can be used to improve pharmacology teaching and encourage positive attitudes towards the course among medical students.

PENGARUH KEDISPLINAN DAN MINAT BELAJAR MAHASISWA TERHADAP PEMBELAJARAN DARING T Di STABN RADEN WIJAYA

Every student is required to behave in accordance with the rules and regulations that apply both in online learning and in everyday life. In addition, having an interest will make students concentrate and enthusiastic in learning. The aims of this research are: (1) to determine and to examine the effect of discipline in online learning, (2) to determine and to examine the student interest in online learning, and to determine and (3) to examine the effect of discipline and student’s interest in online learning. The research was quantitative methods with multiple regression research. The research populations were all of students in STABN Raden Wijaya, while the samples were 49 students of the second term, fourth term, and sixth term on Pendidikan Keagamaan Buddha Study Program. The data collection techniques were through questionnaires, observations, and interviews. The results of this study showed that based on assessment and data analysis the regression equation constant is 2.768, it’s meaning that if the discipline and interest in learning is 0, so the value of online learning is 2.768. The regression coefficient of disciplinary variable is 0.577. So there is discipline influence in online learning. The regression coefficient of learning interest variable is 0.060. So there is no effect of learning interest in online learning. The magnitude of R Square is 0.731. Its means that the variables of discipline and learning interest simultaneously effect on online learning variable in the mount of 73.1%.

Media Coverage of Gordon Brown’s ‘Bigotgate’ in the 2010 British General Election

The aim of the paper is to gain a better understanding of the effect of media on public opinion, with particular attention to Gordon Brown’s ‘bigotgate’ taking place in April 2010 during his campaign for the British general election. The paper seeks to argue that the event had a major impact on Brown’s political career as well as Labour’s image on the British political landscape. The corpus of the study includes a selection of 100 articles from The Guradian which are qualitatively analysed, using media agenda-setting and framing, and juxtaposed to 30 Ipsos Mori opinion polls dealing with the event and related issues. Results show that the event had major repercussions on the British political scene. It damaged Brown’s political career, contributing to Labour’s inability to secure their fourth term in Ten Downing Street and increased Britons’ concern about mass migration, particularly from Eastern Europe.

Songwashing: Russian Popular Music, Distraction, and Putin’s Fourth Term

AbstractThis article investigates how the Russian state apparatus, in its diverse, loose, and undercoordinated points of affiliation, used contemporary popular music to its own advantage during Vladimir Putin’s fourth term and before the full‐scale war in Ukraine. I propose that the different state branches’ efforts at appropriating music in order to distract audiences can be grouped into a single, novel framework of “songwashing.” This entails the state utilization of the allure of music to cover up domestic political issues, such as problems with legitimation, civic discontent, and minority rights, while promoting a different, positive image abroad. Following two case studies—the 2019 summer festivals Shashlik Live and Meat & Beat in Moscow, and Tajik‐born singer Manizha’s participation in the 2021 Eurovision Song Contest—the article also assesses how songwashing mechanisms are exposed and resisted.

Flat bands with high Chern numbers and multiple flat bands in multifold staggered-flux models

Topological flat bands (TFBs) have been proposed in Chern-insulator lattice models. Some two-dimensional monolayer systems can host TFBs with the Chern number $|\mathcal{C}|=1$, and some TFBs with higher Chern numbers are achieved in multilayer or multicomponent systems. In this work, we construct a series of TFBs with higher Chern numbers in the monolayer star lattice by adding several distant-neighbor hopping terms with staggered magnetic fluxes. By considering the third and the fourth nearest-neighbor hopping terms, we find the $|\mathcal{C}|=2$ and $|\mathcal{C}|=3$ TFBs with large flatness ratios, respectively. We also obtain the $|\mathcal{C}|=4$ and $|\mathcal{C}|=5$ TFBs when the fifth and the sixth nearest-neighbor hopping terms are added. Intriguingly, we also observe multiple flat bands with various Chern numbers by tuning the distant-neighbor hopping amplitudes and the staggered-flux parameters. Furthermore, a series of fractional Chern insulator (FCI) states have been numerically observed when hard-core bosons are filled into these TFB models, with fractional fillings $\ensuremath{\nu}=1/3, 2/5, 3/7$ and $\ensuremath{\nu}=1/4, 2/7$ in the $|\mathcal{C}|=2$ and $|\mathcal{C}|=3$ TFBs, respectively. Our findings provide an approach to search for more TFBs with higher Chern numbers and further investigate more interesting FCIs.

A Family of Developed Hybrid Four-Term Conjugate Gradient Algorithms for Unconstrained Optimization with Applications in Image Restoration

The most important advantage of conjugate gradient methods (CGs) is that these methods have low memory requirements and convergence speed. This paper contains two main parts that deal with two application problems, as follows. In the first part, three new parameters of the CG methods are designed and then combined by employing a convex combination. The search direction is a four-term hybrid form for modified classical CG methods with some newly proposed parameters. The result of this hybridization is the acquisition of a newly developed hybrid CGCG method containing four terms. The proposed CGCG has sufficient descent properties. The convergence analysis of the proposed method is considered under some reasonable conditions. A numerical investigation is carried out for an unconstrained optimization problem. The comparison between the newly suggested algorithm (CGCG) and five other classical CG algorithms shows that the new method is competitive with and in all statuses superior to the five methods in terms of efficiency reliability and effectiveness in solving large-scale, unconstrained optimization problems. The second main part of this paper discusses the image restoration problem. By using the adaptive median filter method, the noise in an image is detected, and then the corrupted pixels of the image are restored by using a new family of modified hybrid CG methods. This new family has four terms: the first is the negative gradient; the second one consists of either the HS-CG method or the HZ-CG method; and the third and fourth terms are taken from our proposed CGCG method. Additionally, a change in the size of the filter window plays a key role in improving the performance of this family of CG methods, according to the noise level. Four famous images (test problems) are used to examine the performance of the new family of modified hybrid CG methods. The outstanding clearness of the restored images indicates that the new family of modified hybrid CG methods has reliable efficiency and effectiveness in dealing with image restoration problems.

Common Features of Free Particle Wave Functions in Curved Space-times

Quantum equations for massless particles of any spin and for massive spin one-half particles are considered in curved space-times. It is demonstrated that in stationary axially symmetric space-times the angular wave functions up to a normalization function are the same as in a Minkowski space-time. The radial wave functions satisfy second order nonhomogeneous differential equations with three nonhomogeneous terms which depend in a unique form on the ratio of time to space curvatures. For a Dirac spin one-half particle, in addition to these three terms a fourth term which depends on the particle rest mass is added.

TARİHSEL PERSPEKTİFTEN TÜRKİYE'DE SİVİL TOPLUM VE DEVLET İLİŞKİSİ: MÜSİAD'IN DEĞİŞEN SİYASAL SÖYLEMİ

This paper analyzes the political discourse of the MÜSİAD under different political contexts since the establishment of the association. The analysis consists of three periods: (I) the formation years of MÜSİAD between 1990 and 1998; (II) the aftermath of the 28 February 1997 military intervention that covers the period from 1998 to the end of the 2000s; and (III) the third and fourth terms of Islamically-oriented Justice and Development Party (JDP) in the office as well as the first term of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan as the president that corresponds to the period after 2011. By a critical discourse analysis focusing on MÜSİAD’s publications—namely, the association’s periodical Çerçeve, its annual reports on Turkish economy and special reports, booklets, and books MÜSİAD published concerning specific themes such as privatization, foreign trade, constitutional reform and the EU, this paper argues that MÜSİAD’s claim of being independent of the state rooted in the clash between secular state policies and Islamic identity of the association rather than a bourgeois suspicion towards the state as seen in the Western European countries. While MÜSİAD reformulated its erstwhile critique after February 28 around democratic values, the claims of independence and critical tone of MÜSİAD’s discourse has waned after 2010 since an Islamically-oriented political party started to dominate the political system in Turkey and ended the ideological clash between the state and MÜSİAD.