Fourth Law Research Articles

Why isn't the law of gravitation called Newton's fourthlaw?

Teachers and textbooks often obscure the very fundamental difference between Newton's three laws and his law of gravitation. There is implicit recognition of this difference in the fact that we do not refer to the gravitational law as Newton's fourth law. This is an important semantic recognition of the difference. The three laws play an epistemological role in classical mechanics quite distinct (one might even say disjoint) from that of the gravitational law. In this article we examine the axiomatic nature of the three laws. Indeed Newton himself referred to them as axioms in the Principia. The three laws do not allow the calculation of any forces (save the net force) if no other information is available. As axioms they allow us to begin our reasoning with experimental data. In contrast, the law of gravitation led for the first time to the calculation of a fundamental force. This is an essential difference frequently not appreciated by beginning students.

La nueva Ley del Suelo de 1998 en el contexto del neoliberalismo postmoderno

La llegada a España del sistema productivo postindustrial ha coincidido con la elaboración de Planes Generales de Ordenación Urbana de cuño claramente industrial, basados en el modelo urbanístico que la Ley del Suelo de 1958 y sus sucesivas reformas han consolidado. En 1990, desde la legislación estatal, se dan tímidos pasos urbanísticos hacia la liberalización postindustrial que serán desautorizados por la Sentencia del Tribunal Constitucional (STC) de 1998 al desapoderar al Estado en gran parte de estas competencias. Paralelamente a la STC, en 1998, verá la luz la cuarta Ley del Suelo española que, con pretensiones también liberalizadoras, plantea, entre otros, un nuevo esquema metodológico para la clasificación del suelo. Sin embargo, el producto urbanístico de la nueva secuencia en la clasificación del suelo que ahora se plantea no es tan diferente del anterior como se ha pretendido. Ambas leyes (1990 y 1998) se inscriben en contextos postmodernos de liberalización de la actividad urbanística. Mientras tanto subsisten los viejos problemas del urbanismo español a los que ahora se añade la incertidumbre competencial que la STC ha provocado. Se abre así un período en que deberán ser la Comunidades Autónomas las que tomen el relevo en la apertura de nuevos caminos urbanísticos y quienes, ante la integración territorial y urbanística en escenarios europeos, tejan el descompuesto velo urbanístico estatal que la STC ha provocado.

The second law, the fourth law, recycling and limits to growth

Despite counter examples in nature, it has been argued that total recycling is impossible for an industrial society as a consequence of the second law of thermodynamics. In this paper it is shown that there is no such limitation. However, it is also shown that there must be a large stockpile of inactive materials as well as an exogenous source of exergy (e.g. from the sun) for a stable steady-state recycling system to function. The paper also discusses (briefly) some of the implications for economic growth.

Disconnection Transition in an Extended Delta-Function Bose Gas

A disconnection transition is a phase transition which accompanies a change in the connectedness of the fermi sea. The existence of such a transition is established in the context of a one-dimensional interacting model. The model considered is an extension of the delta function bose gas in which its fourth order conservation law is added to the original hamiltonian. For low density, the ground state of the model consists of two separated fermi seas and there are two distinct branches of excitations. At a critical density, one branch of excitations disappears, and there is a second order phase transition to a single fermi sea ground state.

The CD-ROM Novel Myst and McLuhan's Fourth Law of Media: Myst and Its “Retrievals”

Myst, the first CD-ROM multimedia novel to sell over one million copies, signals both the breakthrough of a new art form, and, in accordance with McLuban's fourth law of media, the retrieval of art forms long thought to be obsolete. Myst, in fact, resurrects forms ranging from the Homeric epic to medieval allegory, from Tristram Shandy to Jorge Luis Borges, from silent cinema to surrealist painting. In shaping these older art forms into a new genre of miniature theater, complete with multiple interactive pathways, Myst is less a herald of the Gutenberg Galaxy's demise than it is of its reinvention into something rich and strange—a new media form in which the “reader” becomes not only coauthor, but also theater goer, movie goer, museum visitor, and player, all at the same time. With one stroke, Myst has shifted forever the horizon of our communications expectations.

Spectrum efficiency for log-normal shadowed Rician/Rician channels

Analysis is carried out on the spectrum efficiency in a microcellular mobile radio environment using a fourth power path loss law. A new technique for evaluating outage probabilities for channels affected by Rician fast fading and log-normal shadowing is presented, and new spectrum efficiency against outage probability curves for these channels are obtained and discussed.

Signal-to-interference calculations for modern TDMA cellular communication systems

Signal-to-interference ratios (SIRs) for time division multiple access (TDMA) systems using frequency hopping, power control, and discontinuous transmissions are calculated for tessellated hexagonal cellular clusters where the transmissions are subjected to an inverse fourth power path loss law and log-normal fading. Graphs of SIR against the number of cells per cluster for different voice activity factors are presented. Sectorisation is considered, and particular attention is given to sectorisation in cells residing in cluster sizes of one, two and three cells per cluster. The calculations are made for both up-link and down-link transmissions. The effect of sectorisation on teletraffic is also considered where it is shown that gains in capacity are accompanied by a decrease in the reuse factor. The investigations focus on a GSM look-alike and it is shown that a three-cell cluster with omnidirectional sites gives the highest capacity, while sectorisation decreases the carried teletraffic but improves link quality.

The fourth law of black-hole thermodynamics

We show that black holes fulfill the scaling laws arising in critical transitions. In particular, we find that in the transition from negative to positive values the heat capacities C JQ, C ΩQ and C JΦ give rise to critical exponents satisfying the scaling laws. The three transitions have the same critical exponents as predicted by the universality hypothesis. We also briefly discuss the implications of this result with regards to the connections among gravitation, quantum mechanics and statistical physics.

Second...third...fourth laws

First Page

The Increasing Relevance of the Five Laws of Ranganathan

The Five Laws enunciated by Ranganathanare : Books are for use; Every reader his book; Every book its reader; Save the time of the reader; Lirary is a growing organismLater versions of these laws replaced books by 'documents' and then by 'information.' As is evident from these laws Ranganathan's focus was on 'the user.' The first four laws very clearly point this out. In fact, the first law 'Books are for use' is the summum bonum of librarianship. The second, third and fourth laws are only derivatives of the first law. Thus the First Law complimented by the rest) is the ultimate in librarianship; it explains the very purpose of the library. Justifies the very existence of libraries, and argues for professionalism in librarianship. Ranganathan called the Five Laws as the foundation of librarianship. It is in fact more than the foundation. The laws are the foundation, the structure, the exterior, the interior and everything. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dbit.12.5.3065

SCALING THEORY AND THE CLASSIFICATION OF PHASE TRANSITIONS

The recent classification theory for phase transitions (R. Hilfer, Physica Scripta 44, 321 (1991)) and its relation with the foundations of statistical physics is reviewed. First it is outlined how Ehrenfests classification scheme can be generalized into a general thermodynamic classification theory for phase transitions. The classification theory implies scaling and multiscaling thereby eliminating the need to postulate the scaling hypothesis as a fourth law of thermodynamics. The new classification has also led to the discovery and distinction of nonequilibrium transitions within equilibrium statistical physics. Nonequilibrium phase transitions are distinguished from equilibrium transitions by orders less than unity and by the fact that equilibrium thermodynamics and statistical mechanics become inapplicable at the critical point. The latter fact requires a change in the Gibbs assumption underlying the canonical and grandcanonical ensembles in order to recover the thermodynamic description in the critical limit.

Coarsening kinetics of solid and liquid silver particles in nickel

AbstractThe coarsening kinetics of solid and liquid silver particles in a nickel matrix have been investigated at temperatures in the ranges 850–935°C and 1000–1100°C. The silver particles and nickel matrix grow in a coupled manner that corresponds to a scaling enlargement. In both temperature ranges the observed growth data correspond to a fourth power rate law, but the rate constants are several orders of magnitude greater than those predicted by classical theories of Ostwald ripening. The accelerated coarsening kinetics are attributed to a coalescence mechanism resulting from the coupled migration of particles and grain boundaries. In the range where the particles are solid a kinetic model gives close agreement with the experimental data, the controlling mechanism being boundary diffusion. In the range where the particles are liquid, however, interpretation of the data is more problematic; an activation energy comparable to that for volume diffusion suggests either that diffusive flow between the leadi...

A Note on the Response Equations for Hot-Wire Anemometry

The various heat transfer laws describing the response of the hot-wire to the velocity normal to its axis have been evaluated on a common basis to judge their effectiveness in representing the raw calibration data. The models compared were the King’s law, the exponent power-law, the extended power-law and the polynomial heat transfer law. These models were compared in the high and low velocity ranges of 0–100 m/s and 0–35 m/s, respectively. The criteria chosen for comparison were the minimum sum of the errors squared in the velocity and the estimated uncertainties in the calibration constants evaluated. The results indicate that the differences in the various models based on the sum of the errors in velocity, are not significant. However, when an uncertainty analysis for the constants are included in the study, the extended power-law proves to be robust in both the velocity ranges besides yielding a low error in the velocity. The fourth order polynomial law produces the lowest error in velocity, but the uncertainty in the constants evaluated are considerable. The nonlinear method of calibration together with the crierion of minimizing the errors in velocity offers no significant improvement in a statistical sense as compared to the linear method and the criterion of minimizing the errors in E2.

A vacation realization about thermodynamics and a possible fourth law

A vacation realization about thermodynamics and a possible fourth law

視的流れの分凝とβ運動

As compared “visual stream segregation (VISS)”, found by Bregman and Achim (1973), with β movement between two stimuli, the followings were clarified: Korte's fourth law and the IST law of Kahneman for β movement with two-stimulus configuration are appliciable to VISS with four-stimulus configuration, too. As far as this goes, therefore, VISS is functionally equivalent to β movement, and in form, it is regarded as a compound phenomenon consisted of two β movements. But the value and the range of SOA, necessary for the optimal movement in VISS, are smaller and narrower than those of β movement between two stimuli. Moreover, as for configurations, the vertical stimulus pattern tends to increase the occurrence probability of VISS than the other stimulus patterns. Thus we can suggest the effect of the configurational property of stimulus on VISS. The orientation of movement, however, regulated by order of stimulus presentation, does not have any effect on the goodness of VISS.

Titius–Bode law: Kepler’s fourth law!

Titius–Bode law: Kepler’s fourth law!

Impedance and admittance matrices via Kirchhoff's third and fourth laws

Impedance and admittance matrices via Kirchhoff's third and fourth laws

Murphy's fourth law—exciting archeological find

Murphy's fourth law—exciting archeological find

Comment on a Limiting Temperature in Hadron Physics

It has been pointed out by Yang that if hadron physics were indeed governed by a limiting temperature ${T}_{0}\ensuremath{\sim}160$ MeV, then such a far-reaching conclusion would constitute no less than the establishment of a fourth law of thermodynamics. Here we comment briefly but critically on the basis for the limiting-temperature concept with particular emphasis on its implications for the production of massive exotic hadron states.

The extension of classical phenomenological thermodynamics to open systems (the chemical potential)

The traditional introduction of the chemical potential is through the assumption that the entropy is a differentiable function of U, V and the molar quantities of the chemical components; but entropy and energy functions are defined only for states of closed systems. An alternative introduction is accordingly given here. It meets this difficulty, and is in accordance with recent axiomatizations. An outline of the proposal is given, followed by a critical analysis of the assumptions involved. Traditional thermodynamics introduces the chemical potential starting from the assumption that the entropy S of an open system can be regarded as a differentiable function of the internal energy U, the volume V and the molar quantities of the different components Na, N However, the definitions of S and U refer to adiabatic linkage, and this presumes closed systems. Landsberg1 meets this criticism by the introduction of a fourth law which implies that for a certain class of systems (more precisely: for certain sets of states) the entropy is a first order homogeneous function of U, V, Na, N Tisza2 introduces a phase postulate: a simple system exists potentially in a number of phases, which are spatially homogeneous material extensions, for which a continuous first order homogeneous phase entropy function S(U, V. Na, Np,...) is defined. Both assume the existence of a function S(U, V, Na, Na,...) for a precisely defined class of open systems, abandoning an operational definition of entropy and internal energy. This paper intends to give an alternative, which does not take refuge in an assumption of the above kind, and is in accordance with the operational approach to entropy and internal energy of recent axiomatizations37: the domains of definition of entropy and energy functions remain restricted to closed systems. The approach is so simple, that it can serve to introduce the chemical potential in undergraduate courses. I will start with an outline, suitable for teaching; afterwards I will justify the assumptions which are involved and in doing so prepare a more formal theory. Outline of a simple introduction of the chemical potential Consider a system, which is materially connected with respect to the