Fourth Grade Students Research Articles

Handwriting Speed, Visual-Motor Skills, and Attitudes Toward Writing in the Context of Handwriting Legibility of Students with Learning Disabilities

Many studies on learning disability (LD) have focused on the reading skills of students; however, many students with LDs struggle with basic handwriting skills, which are fundamental for all ages in school and everyday functioning. The purpose of this study was to examine the handwriting legibility of students with LDs in conjunction with their handwriting speed, visual-motor skills, and attitudes toward writing. The sample included 75 third- to fourth-grade students in a metropolitan city in Türkiye. The assessment task aligned with the research purpose: for the students to copy the Turkish text, copy geometrical figures, and answer questions related to attitudes toward writing. Correlations among variables varied; however, the results confirmed that handwriting speed, visual-motor skills, and attitudes toward writing predicted the handwriting legibility of students with LDs. There are intricate relationships between handwriting speed, visual-motor skills, and attitudes toward writing. The results have implications for research and practice.

Decoding Motor Skills: Video Analysis Unveils Age-Specific Patterns in Childhood and Adolescent Movement

Motor skill development is crucial in human growth, evolving with the maturation of the nervous and musculoskeletal systems. Quantifying these skills, especially coordinative abilities, remains challenging. This study aimed to assess the performance of five motor tasks in children and adolescents using high-speed video analysis, providing data for movement and health professionals. Seventy-two volunteers were divided into three age groups: 27 first-grade primary school students (19 males and 8 females, aged 6.5 ± 0.5 years), 35 fourth-grade primary school students (16 males and 19 females, aged 9.2 ± 0.4 years), and 28 s-year middle school students (16 males and 12 females, aged 13.0 ± 0.3 years). Participants performed five motor tasks: standing long jump, running long jump, stationary ball throw, running ball throw, and sprint running. Each task was recorded at 120 frames per second and analyzed using specialized software to measure linear and angular kinematic parameters. Quantitative measurements were taken in the sagittal plane, while qualitative observations were made using a dichotomous approach. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney tests with Bonferroni correction. Significant differences were observed across age groups in various parameters. In the standing long jump, older participants exhibited a longer time between initial movement and maximum loading. The running long jump revealed differences in the take-off angle, with fourth-grade students performing the best. Ball-throwing tests indicated improvements in the release angle with age, particularly in females. Sprint running demonstrated the expected improvements in time and stride length with age. Gender differences were notable in fourth-grade students during the running long jump, with females showing greater knee flexion, while males achieved better take-off angles. Video analysis effectively identified age-related and gender-specific differences in motor skill performance. The main differences were measured between first-grade primary school and second-year middle school students while gender differences were limited to all age groups. This method provides valuable insights into motor development trajectories and can be used by professionals to objectively assess and monitor the technical aspects of motor skills across different age groups.

Enhancing multimodal output in CLIL education: the impact of VR games on fourth-grade students’ English poster designs and presentations in Taiwan

Despite the growing recognition of the importance of multimodal input and digital virtual reality (VR) games in enhancing EFL learners’ productive language skills, a significant gap remains in empirical research examining their impact on multimodal output—particularly writing and speaking—within content and language integrated learning (CLIL) science education. This quasi-experimental study addresses this gap by investigating the potential benefits of using VR games to enhance fourth-grade CLIL students’ productive language skills, specifically writing and speaking, through the analysis of their ability to convey scientific concepts in multimodal output. Grounded in self-regulated learning (SRL) theory, the study compares the effects of multimodal input embedded in VR games with those of traditional PowerPoint (PPT)-led games on students’ English poster designs (writing) and oral presentations (speaking), using the 4Cs (Content, Communication, Cognition, and Culture) framework in multimodal assessments. The study involved 81 fourth-grade students from three Taiwanese public elementary schools, divided into an experimental group (EG = 40) using VR-based games and a control group (CG = 41) using PPT-led games for content review. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining quantitative evaluations with rubrics based on the 4Cs framework and qualitative rater reflections to provide a comprehensive understanding of how different review methods influenced student performance and creative output. Quantitative findings revealed that students using VR review games significantly outperformed those using traditional PPT games in aspects of Content and Cognition for both poster designs and presentations, demonstrating greater depth, accuracy, and application of scientific concepts and higher-order cognitive skills. In terms of Communication, the EG showed higher target vocabulary usage and sentence complexity in presentations, but no significant differences were found in Culture outcomes between the groups or in Communication in posters. Expert raters’ reflections further highlighted that students using VR games exhibited more innovative and integrated use of scientific content, critical thinking, and multimodal expressions, reflecting deeper engagement with the material. This study empirically demonstrates that game-based virtual reality learning environments (VRLEs) significantly enhance students’ multimodal output in content and cognitive skills. Theoretically, it extends the application of SRL in CLIL contexts by highlighting the potential of VRLEs to foster advanced cognitive skills and emphasizes the importance of multimodal assessments in capturing comprehensive student learning outcomes. Future research should explore integrating cultural content into VR environments to enhance students’ cultural awareness and sensitivity.

Emerging Technologies of Interactive Learning Media with Wordwall for Students’ Interest as an Impact on SDGS

Aims: This study aims to determine the feasibility of emerging technologies of Wordwall learning media to increase student interest in understanding the material of Diversity of Ethnicity and Culture in Indonesia as an impact on SDGs for innovation. Using Wordwall to create educational games as emerging technologies will increase student interest to make innovations achieving SDGs. Method: This study used the Research and Development method, a rigorous approach involving iterative testing and product refinement. In this method, the product, in this case, the Wordwall learning media, is developed, tested, and refined in a cyclical process, ensuring its effectiveness and usability. The population was 100 fourth-grade elementary school students in Babakan Madang District to test the effectiveness of the product created with the One-Group Pretest and Posttest. The data in this study were analyzed using normality tests, homogeneity tests, t-tests, and effectiveness tests. Results: The normality test results achieved a significant p-value of 0.080 > 0.05, indicating the data has a normal distribution. The difference in the substantial value of 0.662 presents greater than 0.05, assuming that the data is homogeneous. Based on paired sample t-test with a significance value (2-tailed) 0.000 <0.05, showing that the value (2-tailed) is less than 0.05. Conclusion: The conclusion is that these results indicate that using the emerging technologies of the Wordwall platform can increase fourth-grade students' learning interest in reaching SDGs on the subject of Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Indonesia. Research Implications: The research implication of this study is that elementary school teachers can utilize Wordwall learning media to enhance students' interest, improving their engagement in the teaching and learning process. Originality/Value: The originality of this research is that the product displays a variety of local Indonesian wisdom.

Development of Canva-Based Science Infographic Learning Media to Improve Students’ Learning Outcomes

The aim of this research is to develop, test the feasibility, and effectiveness of Canva-based infographic learning media. This type of research and development (R&D) development research with the ADDIE development model, namely analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation). The research subjects were fourth grade students totaling 25 students, data collection techniques with observation, interviews, questionnaires, and documentation data. The results of media expert validation show a percentage value of 88.3% very feasible category, material experts with a percentage value of 86.66% very feasible category. Based on the pretest-posttest results, it is known that Canva-based infographic media is effective in improving student learning outcomes, which is indicated by an increase in the average pretest score from 52 to 80 on the posttest, with an N-Gain test result of 0.58 in the moderate category. Based on the response questionnaire distributed, a very positive response was obtained from teachers and students. From these results, it can be concluded that Canva-based infographic learning media is effective in improving student learning outcomes and is feasible and practical to use in IPAS learning on respiratory system material in grade V SD Negeri Tambakaji 05.

E-modul IPS Kekayaan Budaya Indonesia Berbasis Karakter Toleransi dan Cinta Tanah Air Untuk Kelas IV Sekolah Dasar

This research is motivated by the limitations of teachers in utilizing technology to develop engaging and effective teaching materials, which impacts students' motivation and understanding of learning. The study aims to produce a valid, practical, and effective character-based IPS e-module. The research employs the ADDIE model, which includes analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation stages. Data collection involved validation instruments from material, language, and media experts, as well as practicality questionnaires for teachers, student response questionnaires, and pretest and posttest questions. Data analysis utilized both qualitative and quantitative techniques. Subjects included teachers and 20 fourth-grade students from a public elementary school in Malang Regency. Results showed validation scores of 92.3% from material experts, 95% from language experts, and 97.5% from media experts, all categorized as very valid. Teacher practicality was rated at 98%, and student responses at 92.5%, both deemed very practical. Effectiveness, measured by the n-gain test, scored 78.06, indicating effectiveness. These results indicate that the character-based IPS e-module provides engaging material, making it easier for students to understand the content, increasing motivation and learning outcomes, and fostering student character development. The e-module makes learning interactive, with students feeling enthusiastic and actively engaged. The character-based IPS e-module can be used as an innovative learning media by integrating character values, making learning more meaningful.

TEKNOLOGI AUGMENTED REALITY SEBAGAI MEDIA BELAJAR BERBASIS ANDROID BAGI SISWA KELAS 4 SD NEGERI 11 SESETAN

Low learning interest among students, especially fourth-grade elementary school students, often becomes an obstacle in achieving optimal learning outcomes. To help make the learning process more effective and efficient, educational media are used as intermediaries between educators and learners that connect, provide information, and deliver messages. With the advancement of technology, the education world faces new challenges in applying technology to learning activities, particularly in the development of educational media. One technology that can support learning is Augmented Reality (AR). The main component of Augmented Reality is a 3D object that appears when a marker is scanned by software or an application. This will make students more interested in learning because of the animated 3D objects. In this research, the researcher developed "Augmented Reality Technology as an Android-Based Learning Media for Fourth-Grade Students at SD Negeri 11 Sesetan" to assist teachers and students in the learning process. With it students will become more interested in the learning process when using this AR-based educational media

Game On: A Journey into Computational Thinking with Modern Board Games in Portuguese Primary Education

Recent studies highlight the potential of modern board games (MBGs) to foster computational thinking (CT) skills in students. This research explored the impact of integrating MBGs into a primary education classroom through an embedded concurrent mixed-methods approach, with a pre-experimental design in its quantitative aspect and content analysis in its qualitative dimension, with 20 fourth-grade students from a school in Portugal. The students participated in 10 game sessions, each lasting 50 min, and their CT skills were assessed using Bebras tasks in both the pre-test and post-test phases. Statistical analysis, including the Shapiro–Wilk test for normality and paired sample t-tests, revealed significant improvements in key CT areas, particularly abstraction, algorithmic thinking, and decomposition. Descriptive statistics were also calculated, and content analysis using Nvivo software was conducted on field notes, corroborating the quantitative data. The results suggest that MBGs can serve as a valuable educational tool for developing CT skills in young learners. This study not only highlights the effectiveness of MBGs but also emphasises the need for further research using more robust experimental designs to enhance CT development in educational settings.

The Effect of Using Interactive Learning Media on Science Learning Outcomes of Class IV Students at SD Negeri 136 Palembang

This research aims to determine whether there is an influence of the use of interactive learning media on the science learning outcomes of class VI students at SD Negeri 136 Palembang. This research is a quantitative type using the True Experimental type of experimental research method with a Matching Pretest – Posttest Comparison Group Design. The population of this study were all fourth grade students at SD Negeri 136 Palembang. The sample for this research was students in class IV.A and IV.B with a total of 43 students. The sample selection technique used was simple random sampling. Data collection techniques in this research are observation and tests. Data analysis used the Independent sample T-test. The results of this research show that the average posttest learning outcome score for the experimental class is 78.18 and the control class is 67.62. The results of the t-test calculation of learning outcomes obtained t_count= 2.460 ≥ t_tabel= 1.6829 with a significance level = 0.05. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that there is a significant influence of the use of interactive learning media on the science learning outcomes of class IV students at SD Negeri 136 Palembang.

First insights in children’s health literacy in the Netherlands–results in a sample of 8-11 year olds

Abstract Background There are few valid, age-appropriate tools to assess children’s HL. The German-language European Health Literacy Survey Questionnaire Adapted for Children (HLS-Child-Q15-DE) is a self-report questionnaire adapted from the adult European Health Literacy Survey Questionnaire. In 2021, this instrument was translated and validated in the Netherlands. In this presentation, we will describe the distribution of Health literacy in a sample of Dutch children, and relate their Health literacy level to certain aspects of their health behaviour such as food intake and physical activity. Methods The HLS-Child-Q15-DE was translated following WHO guidelines and administered digitally to 209 Dutch schoolchildren (eight-to-eleven-year-olds). Its psychometric properties were assessed and the sample’s HL distribution was explored by demographic characteristics. Associations with food intake and physical activity were computed. Results Of the sample, 17.2% had a low health literacy score (first quintile), 61.1% medium (second to fourth quintile) and 21.7% high (fifth quintile). Higher HL scores were observed for ten-to-eleven-year-olds (compared with eight-to-nine-year-olds; p = 0.021) and fourth-grade students (compared with third-grade; p = 0.019). A positive association between children’s HL and their vegetable consumption and PA behaviour was observed. Conclusions Children’s health literacy can have an impact on some aspects of their lifestyle. This supports the idea that health literacy evolves throughout life and stresses the importance of both parents and schools in this process.

The Influence of The Problem-Based Learning (PBL) Model on The Learning Outcomes of Fourth Grade Students in Social Studies at SD N 040457 Berastagi

This research examines the impact of the Problem Based Learning (PBL) model on the learning outcomes of fourth-grade students in social studies at SD N 040457 Berastagi. Utilizing a quasi-experimental design, the study compares PBL-based learning methods with conventional teaching approaches. The findings reveal that students engaged in PBL-based learning demonstrate significantly improved academic performance compared to those using traditional methods. These results provide valuable insights for educators and policymakers, highlighting the effectiveness of PBL in enhancing students' understanding of social studies content. By focusing on the local context of SD N 040457 Berastagi, this research contributes to the development of teaching practices that meet students' specific needs. Furthermore, the study encourages future research to explore the potential of the PBL model across diverse educational settings, enriching the understanding of the most effective teaching methods. The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the PBL model in improving students’ academic achievement and to offer recommendations to educators and policymakers regarding the use of PBL as an approach to enhance the quality of learning in schools, particularly in social studies.

Flashcard Development to Improve Learning Outcomes in Private 4th Class Science Learning

This research aims to develop flashcard products equipped with barcodes, test the feasibility of flashcard media in science learning to improve student learning outcomes; and knowing the effectiveness of using flashcard media in increasing average scores. This type of research is Research and Development (R&D) using the Borg & Gall development model which includes eight stages, namely potential and problems, gathering information, product design, design validation, design improvement, product testing, product revision, and usage trials. The subjects of this research were fourth grade students at SDN 01 Bojongkoneng. The research results showed: Flashcard learning media, product validity as seen from the validation results by material expert validators got a percentage of 90%, and media experts got a percentage of 92%; The effectiveness of the product can be seen from the results of student responses which include small group trials getting an average pretest score of 54 and posttest 82, and large group trials getting an average pretest score of 51 and posttest 85. In the small class the score is n- the gain was 0.60 in the medium category, while the large class obtained an n-gain value of 0.68 in the medium category. Thus, the research results show that learning media in the form of flashcards and equipped with barcodes is feasible and effective in learning science and technology as an improvement in student learning outcomes.

The Effect of Using Open the Box Type Wordwall Educational Game on Students' IPAS Cognitive Learning Outcomes

The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is an effect of using the open the box type wordwall educational game on the cognitive learning outcomes of IPAS students at SDN Palumbonsari 1, East Karawang District. This study used a quantitative method of pre-experiment type with a one group pretest posttest design. The population in this study were all fourth grade students of SDN Palumbonsari 1, totaling 135 people. The sampling technique used purposive sampling technique, so the sample in this study was class IV A with a total of 46 people. Data collection techniques using multiple choice tests as many as 30 items before and after treatment. Then carried out feasibility testing with validity test obtained 20 valid items, reliability test obtained r11 0.73, differentiator test and difficulty level. Data analysis techniques using descriptive statistical analysis and inferential statistics. Then the statistical hypothesis test was carried out with the paired sample t-test test obtained a Sig (2-tailed) value of 0.001 < 0.05, meaning that H0 was rejected and H1 was accepted. So it can be concluded that there is an effect of using the open the box type wordwall educational game on the cognitive learning outcomes of IPAS students at SDN Palumbonsari 1.

Developing the Competence of Using Tools and Materials in Learning Mathematics for 4th-Grade Students in Geometry and Measurement Content

In Vietnam's general education program, Mathematics is a significant tool for many other subjects. Mathematics originates from practicality and serves as the "key" in most human activities, as well as in learning other subjects. In teaching Mathematics, teachers not only guide students to acquire knowledge but also form and develop students' abilities and intellectual qualities, training their critical thinking and creativity. The ability to use tools and learning materials for Mathematics is one of the five components of mathematical competence in the 2018 Mathematics curriculum for general education. This article focuses on proposing some basic measures to develop and nurture the ability of using tools and materials in learning Mathematics for fourth-grade students through teaching Geometry and Measurement content.

The Influence of the Index Card Match Model on Civics Learning Outcomes in Class IV Students at SD Inpres Kuanino 2, Kupang City

The Influence of the Index Card Match Model on Civics Learning Outcomes in Fourth Grade Students at SD Inpres Kuanino 2, Kupang City. Thesis of the Elementary School Teacher Education Study Program, Faculty of Education, Citra Bangsa University. Supervisor 1: Roswita Lioba Nahak, S. Pd., M. Pd., and Supervisor II: Kristina E Noya Nahak, S. Pd., M. Pd.The research aimed to determine the influence of the Index Card Match model on the learning outcomes of fourth-grade students at SD Inpres Kuanino 2, Kupang City. The study utilized a quasi-experimental design with a nonequivalent control group design type, involving a sample of 28 students. Data collection was done using multiple-choice test questions. Before hypothesis testing, the researcher conducted tests to meet the hypothesis requirements, including normality and homogeneity tests. The results showed that the data was normally distributed (0.121 > 0.05) and homogenous (0.188 > 0.05). The hypothesis testing used an independent sample t-test. The results of the independent sample t-test showed that the average score in the posttest for the control group was lower than the experimental group, with scores of 63.46 < 83.00 and a significance value of 0.000 < 0.05. This indicates a significant difference in the average scores between the control and experimental groups, leading to the rejection of the null hypothesis and acceptance of the alternative hypothesis. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the Index Card Match model has a significant influence on the learning outcomes of fourth-grade students.

Шкала родительского стресса: адаптация на русскоязычной выборке матерей школьников

<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Objective. </strong>Adaptation of the Parental Stress Scale by J. Berry and V. Jones on a sample of mothers of Russian schoolchildren – first and fourth grade students of elementary schools in Nizhny Novgorod and the Nizhny Novgorod region. <br><strong>Background. </strong>Modern parenting research highlights the complex nature of parenting experiences, the diversity of parental practices, the changes associated with the child's upbringing and the dynamics of the family system, and the combination of both positive and negative emotions in parenting. However, there is a noticeable shortage of tools in the Russian-language literature to measure both parental satisfaction and parental stress. <br><strong>Study design. </strong>The study was conducted using an online survey within the “Longitudinal study of factors of school failure”, implemented in Nizhny Novgorod and the Nizhny Novgorod region. <strong>Participants. </strong>The study included a sample of 900 mothers of fourth grade and 1120 mothers of the first grade school students. <strong>Measurements.</strong> Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and McDonald's Omega coefficients were used for psychometric data analysis. The PERMA Profiler questionnaire and correlation analysis were used to assess validity based on convergent and discriminant evidence. The data was analyzed in the Jamovi 2022 and R programs. <br><strong>Results. </strong>Factor analyses of the internal structure suggest two factors, including 8 items each. The subscales “Parental stress” and “Parental satisfaction” demonstrate a high level of internal consistency. The assessment of validity based on the convergent and discriminant evidence confirms the reliability and validity of the instrument. <br><strong>Conclusions. </strong>The scale demonstrates good psychometric properties and can be used for parenting research, as well as in applied projects to improve parental competence and emotional support for parents.</p>

PENDEKATAN BERDIFERENSIASI DALAM MODEL INQUIRY LEARNING TERHADAP PENINGKATAN HASIL BELAJAR PAI MATERI ANAK SALEH SISWA KELAS IV SD NEGERI 2 DONOTIRTO BANTUL

The purpose of this class action research is to determine the improvement of PAI learning outcomes for pious children through a differentiated approach in the inquiry learning model for grade IV students of SD Negeri 2 Donotirto Bantul. Through a differentiated approach, it seeks to find out the learning needs of students to the maximum, combined with an inquiry learning model that involves students to the maximum so that students are more actively involved. This class action research was carried out in two cycles. The subject of this study is a fourth grade student of SD Negeri 2 Donotirto Kretek totaling 20 children. Data collection techniques are carried out through tests, observations, and documentation. The data analysis technique uses quantitative descriptive analysis. The results of this study show that a differentiated approach in the inquiry learning model to improve the learning outcomes of PAI material for pious children in grade IV students of SD Negeri 2 Donotirto Bantul can improve the learning outcomes of grade IV students of SD Negeri 2 Donotirto. The improvement of learning outcomes can be seen based on the value of student learning outcomes from pre-cycle, cycle I, and cycle II. This can be seen from the completeness of the first cycle which shows 65% while in the second cycle it shows a completeness of 100%, from this there is an increase in completeness of 35%.

PENGEMBANGAN MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN KARTU PERTOLONGAN DAN TANTANGAN PADA MATA PELAJARAN PENDIDIKAN PANCASILA DI KELAS IV SDN 09 KOTO BARU

This study aims to develop a learning media in the form of help and challenge cards for the subject of Pancasila Education for fourth-grade students at SDN 09 Koto Baru. This media is designed using the 4-D model, which includes the stages of defining, designing, developing, and disseminating. The validity of the media was tested by three validators, including lecturers and education practitioners, with highly valid results in terms of graphics, content/material, and language. Practicality tests showed that this media is very practical, with a 100% positive response from teachers and students. The effectiveness of the media was tested through learning outcome tests, showing a completion rate of 89.47%, with 17 out of 19 students meeting the criteria. The results of this study indicate that the "PERTA" help and challenge card learning media is highly effective in increasing student motivation and learning outcomes in Pancasila Education.

Meningkatkan Efikasi Diri Dan Hasil Belajar Peserta Didik Melalui Model Problem Based Learning Pada Pelajaran Pendidikan Agama Katolik Dan Budi Pekerti Fase B Kelas IV di SDN 091374 Nagasaribu

Education is a need that must be met by every individual and is an inseparable part of all human activities. In all conditions, humans cannot avoid the impact of the application of education in everyday life. The subjects of the study were fourth grade students in an elementary school. This study aims to improve students' self-efficacy and learning outcomes in Catholic Religious Education and Character Education through the application of the Problem Based Learning (PBL) Learning Model. The method used is Classroom Action Research (CAR) which is carried out in two cycles, focusing on students' cognitive and affective development. The results of the study showed a significant increase in students' self-efficacy, with an average increase of 10.81%, as well as an increase in involvement and positive attitudes in the learning process. And the increase in learning outcomes was 15.91%.

Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Pak Siswa Kelas IV Secara Mandiri Melalui Pemberian Reward Dengan Model Problem Based Learning

This research aims to determine how the learning process is based on practical learning after giving reward with the Problem Based Learning (PBL) model. This Classroom Action Reserch has 4 stages, namely planning, implementation, evaluation and reflection. The subjects in this study were 12 fourth grade students, namely 3 males and 9 females. Data collection used in this study is 1. Test technique with the target achievement of mature, proficient, feasible, and newly developing2. Observation with the Pancasila Student Profile indicator with self-direction and mutual cooperation the result of the study show that the determination of the PBL model can improve learning outcomes where in Cycle 1 wich was included in the low category increased to 37% feasible, proficient 50%, Proficient 13%. And in cycle 2 it increased to proficient 37% and proficient 63%.