Fourth-grade Children Research Articles

Personality disorders of the parents of primary school students and its relationship to their oppositional defiant disorder

The current study aimed to examine the prevalence of certain personality disorders، including antisocial، borderline and narcissistic among parents of basic education students. Similarly، it aimed to examine the prevalence of oppositional defiant disorder among basic education students، and the differences in the prevalence of these disorders according to gender. The current study also aimed to investigate the contribution of parents’ personality disorders in the variance of children’s oppositional defiant disorder. The researchers prepared four measures to examine parent’s personality disorders، and oppositional defiant disorder according to DSM-5. Regarding the study sample، the data was collected throughout a multi-stages random sampling method. One thousand eight hundred parents (900 fathers and 900 mothers) of third، fourth and fifth grade children in Sulaymanyeah basic education schools participated in the current study. Along with the parents، sixty teachers also filled out the oppositional defiant disorder questionnaire.The results indicated that the prevalence of antisocial personality disorder was %1 for both parents، and the prevalence of borderline personality disorder among mother was %2 and was %3 for father respectively. The narcissistic personality reached %5 according to the mothers’ questionnaire and was %4 according to the fathers’ questionnaire. Concerning the prevalence of children’s oppositional defiant disorder، based on the parents report، it was found that %5 children suffer from this and %6 based on the teacher reports. The findings also showed no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of parent’s antisocial personality disorder. However، a significant difference was noticed in borderline personality disorder in favor of the fathers. In addition، the prevalence of narcissistic personality disorder was found to be higher among mother compared to fathers. Gender difference was also found in oppositional defiant disorder، suggesting that males manifested higher level of oppositional defiant disorder than females. Finally، the result of the study indicated a positive correlation between parents’ antisocial personality disorder and children’s oppositional defiant disorder.

Learning English Vocabulary for Young Learners' Through Song, Move and Video Methods

Foundational language abilities, particularly in English, are developed and nurtured throughout early childhood schooling. help get the next generation ready to compete on a global scale. Due to instructors' lack of information regarding effective methods of teaching English to primary school pupils, this research highlights the issue of kids not being exposed to the language at an early age. Activities and songs are used to educate youngsters the English language. With this study, I want to shed light on the ways in which SD Negeri 1 Gunung Tua, located in North Sumatra, use musical and kinetic video technology. This study used a qualitative descriptive research approach to investigate the usage of song, movement, and video using a sample size of twenty fourth-grade children. Young children benefit from singing and dancing together because it helps them develop their English language skills (children acquire English words by singing them), motor skills, and collaborative abilities. This study may help educators create a classroom setting that is conducive to English language acquisition.

Analisis Pemahaman Konsep Siswa Kelas 4 pada Materi Bilangan Bulat di Sekolah Dasar

This study examined how well fourth-grade children understood the concepts related to the integer material taught to elementary school students. A descriptive study employing a concept understanding test instrument was used as the research methodology. Three pupils in grade 4 mad e up the study sample. Data was gathered using a written test that was given to the pupils and covered basic school-level topics on integers. The analysis's findings indicate that many pupils struggle to comprehend the idea of integers, particularly the concepts of positive and negative numbers as well as integer multiplication and division operations. Ineffective teaching strategies, a lack of practice, and individual student characteristics like curiosity and willingness to study are all factors that hinder student comprehension. In order to improve students' comprehension of integer concepts, teachers can devise engaging, engaging, and active learning strategies. They can also provide students with more intensive practice and enrichment of pertinent material, pay attention to individual student factors, and promote positive learning interest and motivation. This study offers guidance to primary school instructors and administrators on how to improve their students' comprehension of integer concepts. Additionally, this study can serve as a springboard for future studies aimed at creating more efficient learning methods for complicated mathematical materials.

Personality disorders (antisocial, borderline, and narcissistic) among parents and their relationship to behavioral disorders among basic education students

The current study aimed to examine the prevalence of certain personality disorders، including antisocial، borderline and narcissistic among parents of basic education students. Similarly، it aimed to examine the prevalence of conduct disorder among basic education students، and the differences in the prevalence of these disorders according to gender. The current study also aimed to investigate the contribution of parents’ personality disorders in the variance of children’s conduct disorder. The researchers prepared three measures to examine parent’s personality disorders. A questionnaire by Abdullah (2019)، which was according to DSM-5، was utilized to assess conduct disorder. Regarding the study sample، the data was collected throughout a multi-stages random sampling method. One thousand eight hundred parents (900 fathers and 900 mothers) of third، fourth and fifth grade children in Sulaymanyeah basic education schools participated in the current study. Along with the parents، sixty teachers also filled out the conduct disorder questionnaire. The results indicated that the prevalence of antisocial personality disorder was %1 for both parents، and the prevalence of borderline personality disorder among mother was %2 and was %3 for father respectively. The narcissistic personality reached %5 according to the mothers’ questionnaire and was %4 according to the fathers’ questionnaire. Concerning the prevalence of children’s conduct disorder، based on the parents report، it was found that %08 children suffer from this disorder ، and %07 based on the teacher reports. The findings also showed no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of parent’s antisocial personality disorder. However، a significant difference was noticed in borderline personality disorder in favor of the fathers. In addition، the prevalence of narcissistic personality disorder was found to be higher among mother compared to fathers. Gender difference was also found in conduct disorder، suggesting that males manifested higher level of conduct disorder than females. Finally، the result of the study indicated a positive correlation between parents’ antisocial personality disorder and children’s conduct disorder.

A digital game-based training improves spelling in German primary school children – A randomized controlled field trial

Despite its potential to support reading and spelling development in children with or without dyslexia, research on the effectiveness of digital trainings carried out at home is scarce. This study investigated the effectiveness of a novel digital game-based spelling training for unassisted use at home (Prosodiya). The pedagogical approach differs from similar approaches as it systematically teaches orthographic knowledge in combination with syllable stress awareness. A sample of 116 German second- to fourth-grade children with mainly poor spelling skills participated in a randomized two-period, wait-list controlled field trial, in which children practiced at home over 9–10 weeks with Prosodiya. Results showed high participant engagement, as indicated by behavioral measures of student responsiveness, and they validate our novel pedagogical approach. Most importantly, results revealed significant training effects on syllable stress awareness and spelling abilities in trained and untrained domains. This training may thus expand the traditional pool of training methods.

Critical thinking predictors: the role of family-related and motivational variables

Critical thinking is key for discerning the usefulness of the available information in an ever-changing world. Research is needed to understand further critical thinking and variables likely to explain this construct. Extant literature lacks research focused on elementary school children; findings would help to improve educators’ practice because these competencies already emerge in this age group. This study examined the influence of a set of family-related and motivational variables on the critical thinking of fourth-grade children. The study comprised 625 students aged between eight and 11 years. A path analysis was conducted to learn the influence of family-related variables on critical thinking mediated by students’ aspirations and self-regulation. The most relevant results showed that the family-related variables influenced critical thinking indirectly through the students’ aspirations and their self-regulation competencies. Data indicate that strengthening parental engagement in school and helping families develop their children's aspirations and self-regulation might lead to increased critical thinking. Limitations and future research directions, as well as implications for practice, are provided.

Dietary and physical activity practices and preferences in children: An approach from school parliaments in educational public establishments

To know the opinions and suggestions of third and fourth-grade children from schools in the southern area of Santiago, Chile, regarding their eating practices and physical activity, as part of the FONDEF IT 1810016 project. Seven School Meetings were held in seven schools using a participatory qualitative methodology, collecting the opinions of 176 children regarding both their food and physical activity habits and preferences. The most consumed and preferred foods are those easy to prepare and highly available, such as bread, pasta, and milk. Foods that require preparation or are less available, such as fish, legumes, fruits, vegetables, and homemade preparations, are less consumed and have less preference. Regarding physical activities, video games and soccer stand out. Students propose increasing the hours of physical education and recesses and improving the availability and access to healthy foods in school environments as a solution strategy. School Meetings as a participatory strategy contribute to the joint generation of knowledge. The need to include communities as participants in health initiatives recognizes, through their role, children as subjects of rights.

Pengaruh Pengunaan Alat Peraga Origami Bilangan Real dan Observasi Partisipan terhadap Self Eficiency Diri Siswa SD/MI dalam Mengerjakan Materi Operasi Hitung Bilangan Real

To build a civilization that is able to understand, develop, manage, and apply science and technology, education is a very important instrument. Due to low self-efficacy, educational outcomes cannot be adapted to contemporary demands, which has a negative impact on student achievement. Learning outcomes in question, especially in mathematics, must require an understanding of the various factors that influence learning success. In general, both internal and external factors—which come from students—have an influence on how well they learn mathematics. Self-efficacy, curiosity, and study habits are just a few examples of the psychosocial elements that students bring themselves. Because elementary school children are very lazy to learn to count by using media such as origami to learn natural numbers, teachers have low self-efficacy in influencing students' mathematics learning. In this study, classroom action research (PTK) was used to conduct research on increasing students' self-efficacy by using fourth-grade children in the city of Medan as research subjects. The self-efficacy questionnaire was used as a research instrument. student observations on math exams. The planning phase, the promotion phase, and the observation phase are all used in data analysis. This implies that a scientific approach can increase student success and self-efficacy.

Outcomes of pediatric obesity-related lifestyle disease screenings in Kumamoto.

Obesity is an important issue causing both health hazards and socioeconomic loss to those affected. Kumamoto City regularly performs obesity-related lifestyle disease screenings for fourth grade children with obesity, including physical examinations, blood tests, and special examination referrals. We retrospectively analyzed the outcomes of the screenings conducted from 2011 to 2020. The percentage of overweight was calculated using data from the Lifestyle Disease Screening Board of Kumamoto City from 2011 to 2020. The percentage of overweight, abdominal circumference, blood pressure, and laboratory test outcomes of the Secondary Lifestyle Disease Test were evaluated. The proportion of children with obesity in grades 1-4 in Kumamoto was higher than the national average, while that in grades 5-6 was lower than the national average. Among the fourth graders screened, 6521 were eligible for the Secondary Lifestyle Disease Tests, of which 3291 children underwent the test. In the testing, 22.3% of the boys and 29.1% of the girls were nonobese. Moreover, 25.9% of the boys and 19.2% of the girls, including nonobese children, required further examination and intervention. Notably, 62.1% of the boys and 46.2% of the girls who were nonobese and required special examination had a waist circumference of ≥75 cm or waist-to-height ratios of ≥0.5. Obesity-related lifestyle disease screenings contributed to preventing obesity progression. Abdominal circumference measurements may be useful in determining nonobese children at a risk of lifestyle diseases.

Can school environmental education programs make children and parents more pro-environmental?

We evaluate the direct and indirect effects of an environmental educational program with value-laded content on children's and parents' knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding the consumption and disposal of plastics.We do this using a randomized field experiment targeting fourth-grade children in Chile.The educational program had a sizeable and a positive impact on children’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices, but no effect on parents' behavior.Heterogeneous effects indicate that the program had a larger effect among children in more vulnerable schools, but there was still no effect on parents.Finally, because parents may ultimately determine what constitutes acceptable behavior for children, promoting permanent changes in behavior will require interventions of this sort to be complemented with other initiatives targeting parents.

Influence of Parenting Styles, Teacher-Child Relationships, and Peer Relationships on Children’s Grit: Latent Profile Analysis of Parenting Styles

Objectives: This study investigates how parenting styles, teacher-child relationships, and peer relationships predict fourth-grade children’s grit. First, we explored the latent profiles of parenting styles that fourth-grade children perceived. Second, we investigated how latent profiles of parenting styles, teacher-child relationships, and peer relationships affect children’s grit.Methods: We used the dataset from the first wave of KCYPS conducted in 2018, whose participants were 2,607 fourth-grade children. A latent profile analysis (LPA) was used to explore the types and patterns of parenting styles. In addition, a multiple regression analysis was conducted to verify the effects of latent profiles of parenting styles, the quality of the teacher-child relationships and peer relationships on children’s grit.Results: For the first research question, the LPA showed that the children perceived the parenting styles of their caregivers as the following three types of latent profiles: positive, negative, and lower-positive. We found that the parenting styles of the lower-positive and negative profiles may have a statistically significant effect on children’s grit level. Regarding the effects of other variables, we found that trusting teacher-child relationships and positive peer relationships can significantly predict higher grit.Conclusion: Positive parenting style, highly trusting relationships between teachers and children, and healthy peer relationships are positive predictors of higher grit scores in fourth-grade children. Positive environmental factors, including home and school contexts, significantly encourage children’s grit. Educational programs should be conducted for increasing grit based on building positive parenting styles and positive relationships with teachers and peers.

THE INFLUENCE OF NUMBERED HEAD TOGETHER WITH INTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIA ASSISTANCE OF GCD MATERIALS ON LEARNING MOTIVATION OF ELEMENTARY SCHOOL STUDENTS

Students at SDN 164 Pekanbaru who get therapy with the Numbered Head Together (NHT) cooperation model employing interactive multimedia on FPB content and students who only receive treatment with traditional learning are the subjects of this quantitative experimental research. This study used the experimental and control classes as research samples. Using the Numbered Head Together (NHT) cooperation paradigm and interactive multimedia, each class will be given a pre-test before therapy and a post-test after treatment. According to our findings, the Numbered Head Together (NHT) collaboration model, helped by interactive multimedia FPB material, had a significant impact on the learning motivation of fourth-grade children at SDN 164 Pekanbaru, as measured by pretest and posttest results of 94.03% and 109.41%, respectively, for the experimental class, whereas the control class received an averge score of 94.03% and a posttest score of 87.53%. The results show that the NHT cooperation model and interactive multimedia FPB material have an impact on the learning motivation of fourth grade students at SDN 164 Pekanbaru, with an average motivation of the experimental class being stronger than that of the control class.

Relationship between children's skills in school subject learning and athletic ability.

Japanese elementary school children are trained in arts and crafts, music, arithmetic, the Japanese language, life environment studies, physical education, and so on. Children must learn through doing as they develop physically, because the range of activities in their daily lives is still narrow. Subject learning is inseparable from daily life. Teachers should plan lessons with an awareness of the physicality of activities. Therefore, this study clarified the relationship between the ability for skillful and quick physical movement and subject learning among Japanese elementary school students. For the second to fourth grades of elementary school, the measurement results and subject evaluation (skill) were compared at the individual level. Students were divided into a group with high grades in subject learning and one with middle and lower grades, and a t-test was conducted to observe if there was a significant difference in the records of two physical activities: repeated side jump and softball throw. Significant difference was found for repeated side jumps depending on whether the arts and crafts grades were high for all children in grades 2-4. Additionally, there was a significant difference in softball throwing records between the second and third graders, depending on whether the children's performance in arts and crafts was high. Conversely, there was no significant difference between the second to fourth grade children's musical scores and repeated side jump records. There was a negative correlation between sophomore and senior year music performances and the softball throwing record. Thus, the development of children's dexterity is related to subject learning. Considering that elementary school teachers spend sufficient time with children on a daily basis teaching subjects such as physical education and music, it may be beneficial for them to be aware of dexterity's importance across multiple subjects. Furthermore, it allows for an approach that engages children in physical activities from early childhood which can help in preparing them for learning a variety of subjects in school.

The Relationship of Technoference in Conjugal Interactions and Child Smartphone Dependence: The Chain Mediation between Marital Conflict and Coparenting.

With the increasing use of smartphones in our lives, technoference has become a new threat to family relationships and child development. The present study explored the impact of technoference in conjugal interactions on child smartphone dependence and its underlying mechanism. The participants were 6923 fourth grade children (55.0% boys; the average age was 10.60 years) in 545 primary schools and their parents (35.3% fathers). We found that technoference in conjugal interactions was significantly associated with child smartphone dependence. Technoference in conjugal interactions indirectly affected child smartphone dependence through marital conflict or coparenting and a chain mediation between marital conflict and coparenting. These findings support the spillover theory and provide relevant empirical evidence and advance our understanding of parental functioning on child smartphone dependence within the Chinese culture.

The Role of Subjective Poverty in the Association Between Material Deprivation and Subjective Well-Being Among Fourth and Sixth Grade Children in Israel

This study investigates the correlation between subjective poverty, material deprivation and subjective well-being (SWB) among a representative sample of fourth and sixth grade children in Israel (N=2673). The findings show that subjec-tive poverty has a moderating effect on the association between material depriva-tion and SWB; however, the direction of this moderation differentiates between the two types of subjective poverty measures. Possible explanations are discussed, referring to the complexity of measuring and understanding the perspective of children regarding their material well-being.

Making Sense of Data: Identifying Children’s Strategies for Data Comparisons

ABSTRACT The statistical properties of data are not present in any individual value, but rather, emerge only by perceiving the set as a whole. Summarizing the statistical properties of sets (e.g., creating ensembles) is ubiquitous in cognition, yet one unanswered question is how this process changes over development. The properties of number sets (e.g., means) provide a unique opportunity to investigate the mechanisms underlying summarization. We presented fourth (~ten-year-old) and sixth grade (~twelve year-old) children from the Midwestern region of the United States with a data comparison task, determining which of two golfers produced the farthest drive, and measured their accuracy, confidence, and eye fixation patterns while solving each trial. Children’s data strategies were identified by coding their eye tracking patterns. The results demonstrated that accuracy and confidence were related to the statistical properties of the sets. Older US children consistently used a strategy that demonstrated attention to diagnostic set properties (e.g., attending to most numbers in a set), whereas most younger children used a variety of strategies, many of which were less accurate (e.g., attending to only one number in a set) or used the same strategies less efficiently than older children (e.g., attending to non-diagnostic place values). The results add to our understanding of US children’s quantitative reasoning by identifying strategies children use to make sense of data, their developmental transitions, and how changes in children’s strategy use is a key component in understanding the developmental improvements in summarizing complex information in the environment.

Children's anxiety, academic self-efficacy, and intergenerational transmission of worries regarding the transition to middle school.

Worries about school transition were related to poor academic adjustment during middle school. However, limited studies simultaneously investigated individual and contextual factors that may shape the children's reaction related to transition. The first aim of this present study was to assess how children's anxiety and academic self-efficacy, including the parents' worries about school transition, are related to children's worries regarding the transition from primary to middle school. Our second aim was to explore the moderating role of children's academic self-efficacy in the relation to children's anxiety symptoms and children's worries. A sample of 292 fourth-grade children (Mage =10.43; 53.4% girls) completed scales assessing their anxiety, academic self-efficacy and worries about the transition to middle school. Parents also filled out a scale assessing the worries regarding their children's transition from primary to middle school. The results show that children's anxiety is positively related to their worries about the transition to middle school, whereas children's academic self-efficacy is negatively related to their worries. Parents' worries regarding their children's school transition are positively related to their children's worries regarding the transition. Furthermore, academic self-efficacy moderates the relation between children's anxiety and their worries about school transition. Children with lower levels of anxiety reported lower worries for the transition when their academic self-efficacy was higher, whereas children with higher anxiety reported higher worries for school transition at every level of self-efficacy. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings for successful school transition are discussed.

The association between non-symbolic number comparison and mathematical abilities depends on fluency.

Numerous studies have explored the correlation between non-symbolic number comparison and mathematical abilities in children, but the results have been inconsistent. The underlying mental processing featuring fluency may affect the correlation. The current study tested the fluency hypothesis that non-symbolic number comparison is associated with mathematical fluency in the development of mathematical ability. Non-symbolic number comparison, arithmetic computation, mathematical reasoning, non-symbolic number estimation, symbolic number comparison, and a series of basic cognitive processing tasks, including mental rotation, non-verbal matrix reasoning, and choice reaction time, were administered to 1072 first- to fourth-grade children. The results show that non-symbolic number comparison (measured via numerosity comparison) was the only independent predictor of arithmetic computation in higher grades, even after controlled for age, gender, basic cognitive processing, non-symbolic number estimation (measured via numerosity estimation), and symbolic number comparison (measured via digit comparison). However, it did not correlate with mathematical reasoning in any grade. These findings support the fluency hypothesis for developmental correlation between non-symbolic number comparison and mathematical abilities. That is, non-symbolic number comparison correlates with mathematical ability featuring fluency.

“I'm embarrassed and scared to speak a different language”: The complex language beliefs and emotions of bi/multilingual children of immigrants in monolingual U.S. schools

ABSTRACT The purpose of this sociolinguistic study is to examine language beliefs, emotions, and practices of twenty bi/multilingual fourth-grade children of immigrants in monolingual U.S. schools in relation to societal language ideologies. This qualitative multiple case study included individual semi-structured interviews with bi/multilingual children focusing on their language beliefs, emotions, practices, and agencies. We utilised qualitative thematic analysis to examine links to societal language ideologies and issues of power. Children generally identified positively with their heritage language(s) and considered bilingualism beneficial, but they also displayed negative emotions towards their heritage language(s), English, and bi/multilingualism depending on the context and the audience. Additionally, children’s evolving language proficiencies and practices at home and school favoured English. We connect the children’s emotions, beliefs, and practices to hegemonic language ideologies in U.S. society and schools and propose a solution towards change.

Do Gender Conformity Pressure and Occupational Knowledge Influence Stereotypical Occupation Preferences in Middle Childhood?

This study investigates how perceived occupational knowledge, gender stereotypes, and pressure to conform to gender norms influence children’s career interests in a sample of fourth and fifth grade children (n = 178, Mage = 9.78 years, 46.6% girls). Children were interested in and perceived that they knew more about own gender dominated occupations, compared to other gender dominated occupations. Gender moderated the effect of gender conformity pressure and gender stereotypes on interest in female-dominated but not male-dominated occupations. Boys were less interested in female-dominated occupations when they felt pressure to conform to gender norms and held more stereotypical beliefs about those occupations. These results suggest that perceived occupational knowledge is an important, yet overlooked, factor in understanding gender differences in children’s occupational interests.