Fourth Generation Mobile Communication Research Articles

Study of Consumer Behaviour Towards Reliance Jio

The main objective of this project is to study the awareness of Reliance Jio amongst the customers compared to other telecom service providers. The satisfaction of customers is very important and with various products and services offered by the company its customers seem to be meaningless if it‟s not beneficiary to the customer from their end, so the second objective of this research is to study the customer satisfaction level of customers towards Reliance Jio and its services. To achieve success in long run a company needs a thorough study of its SWOT analysis (Strength, Weakness, Opportunities, and Threats). So the third objective of this research is to find the market potential and market penetration of Reliance Jio products and services. Reliance JioInfocomm Limited (Commonly called RJIL) is an Indian Internet access (commonly called „Broadband‟) and telecommunications company headquartered in Mumbai India‟s largest private sector company, is the first telecom operator to hold pan India Unified License. Reliance Jio is setting up a pan India telecom infrastructure to provide fourth generation LTE TDD high speed wireless internet and mobile communication services which was then launched in June 2015. Reliance Jio was founded in 2010 by MukeshAmbani. Reliance Jio offers mobile telephony and wireless broadband. Parent company of Reliance Jio is Reliance Industries and its subsidiary is LYF. To study the objectives discussed two types of sources were used to collect the data: - Primary and Secondary data. Primary data is also called as „First-hand data‟ or „Raw data‟. The primary data primarily means the unfiltered raw data collected by the researcher in the research process. In this project for the primary data a sample of 40 people were surveyed.

Highly Integrated Multifunctional Antenna for Global Navigation Satellite System

This communication proposes a new highly integrated multifunctional global navigation satellite system (GNSS) antenna used for navigation or surveying high-precision area, the fourth-generation (4G) mobile communication, and short-distance wireless communication. The antenna consists of four elements, saying: 1) a low-profile navigation element on one substrate covering all the GNSS bands and 2) two long-term evolution multiple-input–multiple-output (LTE-MIMO) elements and one Wi-Fi element uniformly distributed on the edge of the substrate. This symmetrical configuration ensures the navigation element’s low axial ratio (AR) and radiation pattern symmetry, as well as navigation accuracy. In addition, to enhance the isolation between the GNSS element and other three elements under high integration, these three elements are designed to avoid resonating within the GNSS bands. The measured peak gains of the GNSS element are 6.0 dBi from 1.16 to 1.28 GHz and 6.5 dBi from 1.52 to 1.62 GHz. The −6 dB impedance bandwidth of the LTE-MIMO elements can cover 840–960, 1800–2200, and 2500–2700 MHz. The distance communication of the Wi-Fi element is 80 m. The experimental results indicate that the proposed multifunctional antenna features low profile, high integration, and wideband, implying potential application in the multifunctional satellite navigation system.

LTE Modulation and Coding Schemes for 6G Networks

Background: Long Term Evolution (LTE) is the fourth generation (4G) mobile communication technology developed by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). In comparison to previous generations of cellular systems, LTE incorporates several innovative technologies. These innovative technologies are used to increase spectrum efficiency and data speeds, as envisioned by designers Methods: This study provides a comprehensive investigation of orthogonal frequency division multiple access and Single carrier frequency division multiple access transmission model and investigate physical layer performance of LTE system using MATLAB – Simulink Environment. Results: By providing spectrum flexibility, the SC-FDMA-OFDMA 16 QAM with AWGN Channel Transmission model achieves a higher outcome and has a packet loss rate of 0%. The numerical evaluation is used to illustrate the trade-off between loss of capacity in the time and frequency domains. Conclusion: SC-FDMA has a lower multipath propagation rate and peak to average power ratio than OFDM; therefore, multipath must be eliminated to make it more efficient. The final section of this study contains a full description of the techniques required in simulating a simple communication model.

Cellular V2X Standardization in 4G and 5G

Recently connected car called Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) has been attracted for smart automotive mobility. Among V2X technologies, cellular V2X (C-V2X) discussed and specified in 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) is generally regarded as possibly utilized one. In 3GPP, the fourth generation mobile communication system (4G) and the fifth generation (5G) including new radio (NR) provide C-V2X standards specifications. In this paper, we will introduce C-V2X standards and share our views on future C-V2X.

Adjusting Large-Scale Propagation Models for the Amazon Region Using Bioinspired Algorithms at 1.8 and 2.6 GHz Frequencies

In this work, a new method employs Bioinspired Computational (BIC) optimization from the genetic algorithm, bat algorithm, and flower pollination algorithm. Robust and accurate modeling of the input parameters adjusts the propagation models Stanford University Interim, Electronic Communication Committee, and Floating Interception that consider environments with characteristics specifically of urban regions in the Amazon. The lack of research related to the development of propagation models for Amazonian environments motivated this work. Thus, this application proves the effectiveness of using BIC techniques for modeling the communication channel. Measurement campaigns were carried out in the city of Belem, Brazil, for large-scale channel modeling on the frequencies of 1.8 and 2.6 GHz, belonging to the long-term evolution or fourth-generation mobile communications system (4G). After being adjusted by the optimum values calculated by the BIC techniques used, the models showed better results compared to modeling without optimization. Additionally, it was verified an error reduction of about 80% concerning the metrics root-mean-square error and standard deviation.

Application Research of Tethered UAV Platform in Marine Emergency Communication Network

In order to meet the needs of emergency communication for major emergency disaster rescue, a wireless emergency communication relay system based on tethered UAV platform is studied. From the perspective of practical application, the characteristics and network coverage of the emergency communication system are analyzed. The mooring UAV platform is equipped with various communication loads such as MESH(wireless grid network communication), 4G-LTE( Long term evolution fourth generation mobile communication) base station, AIS (Automatic Identification System) and so on, which are kept on the communication support ship. When the communication support ship enters the scene of maritime emergencies, the tethered UAV platform lifts off ,stays for a long time and realizes the relay communication service of various carriers within a radius of tens of kilometers through its various communication payloads, which provides key communication support for the Marine emergency communication network. The actual field test of the prototype system shows that the data transmission is stable and reliable, and the short message transmission is normal, which can meet the emergency communication demand of disaster rescue.

On the Measurement of Human Exposure to Cellular Networks

The measurement of Human Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields (EMFs) is an important topic in today's scenarios. Indeed, the even more pervasive diffusion of cellular networks (also with incoming 5G technology), as well as short-range and personal wireless devices, has increased interest in human exposure issues. Focusing the attention on cellular systems, although regulators and normative committees are conveying specific guidelines for the measurements of EMFs generated by second-generation (2G), third-generation (3G) and fourth-generation (4G) mobile communication systems, there are still several issues to be addressed regarding the most reliable measurement procedures and evaluation of the related measurement uncertainties. In particular, the high variability of voice and data traffic makes it very difficult to achieve reliable forecasting of human exposure to 3G and 4G systems in both narrowband and dosimetric measurements. Therefore, refinement of measurement methods and procedures, as well as data post-processing and averaging techniques, are still open issues that must be investigated in detail by the measurement and networking community.

PAPR reduction of MIMO-OFDM system with reduced computational complexity SLM scheme

Multiple input and multiple output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) is a prominent technology for fourth generation mobile radio communication. OFDM is a special case of multi-carrier-modulation (MCM) technique that divides the high data rate input bit streams into large number of lower rate sub streams and each sub stream is transmitted over orthogonal subcarriers. The main advantage of MIMO-OFDM system is the efficient utilization of band width, multipath delay spread tolerance and mitigation of inter symbol interference (ISI) in frequency selective fading channels. However, the main drawback of MIMO-OFDM system is high peak to average power ratio (PAPR) for large number of sub carriers which causes serious degradation in performance. One of the well-known peak to average power ratio (PAPR) reduction schemes for MIMO-OFDM systems is selected mapping (SLM) scheme. In this work computational complexity of MIMO-OFDM system is reduced by adding mapping signal sequences to the OFDM signal sequences. It also increases the PAPR reduction performance of the MIMO-OFDM system.

Evaluation and Substantiation of the Necessity to Revise Guidelines for Measuring Electromagnetic Radiation of Cellular Base Stations

Introduction: Measurements of electromagnetic radiation of the radio frequency range are of great relevance due to the increasing number of transmitting radio facilities in the densely populated territories, constant cell site upgrades, and emerging communication standards. The paper presents a brief description of the biological effects of radio frequency electromagnetic radiation and shows basic mechanisms of the negative effect on the most vulnerable organs and systems. Our objective was to evaluate valid guidelines for measuring electromagnetic radiations of the radio frequency range in residential areas, in houses and public buildings. Materials and methods: We reviewed specific characteristics of cellular base and radio relay stations, compared and described electromagnetic radiation measuring devices. The provided recommendations for their selection were based on frequencies at which the communication equipment operates. We also analyzed the current guidelines with account for characteristics of transmitting radio equipment of cellular base stations and the applied measuring instruments. Results: The results of assessing established significant differences are discussed. The analysis of the requirements for measurements demonstrated significant discrepancies and contradictions between the valid documents. The evaluation results demonstrated impossibility of simultaneous measurements of electromagnetic radiation from cellular BS and RRS due to violations of requirements for measurement procedures. We concluded that, according to the current method documents, measurements of electromagnetic radiation from the fourth (4G) and fifth (5G) generation mobile communications systems were not possible. Conclusions: We revealed the necessity to revise the compared guidelines МUК 4.3.1167–02 and МUК 4.3.1677–03, to harmonize regulatory requirements for measurements, and to develop a single document guiding measurements of radio frequency electromagnetic radiation. Recommendations for taking measurements are provided.

Intra-Operator Customer Churn in Telecommunications: A Systematic Perspective

Customer churn as a common but extremely harmful phenomenon haunts service operators in telecommunications industry for a long time. Discriminating customers prone to churning in the early stage and taking precaution measures can mitigate customer churn effectively. Unlike previous works which mainly considered the inter-operator customer churn, we focus on a new problem of intra-operator customer churn, that is, customers abandon their fourth generation (4G) mobile communication services and switch to third generation/second generation (3G/2G). Due to quite different mechanisms and causes, previous studies cannot tackle this new problem well. In this paper, we propose a novel profit maximizing framework to solve this special customer churn problem. Specifically, we first build a profit maximizing classifier to predict whether a customer is prone to churn or not, in which profitable customers have more probability to be classified correctly. Then, we describe and quantify the switching behaviors of 4G customers by introducing a notion of switching score. Finally, we investigate relations between operators and customers, finding that some features of 4G service plans provided by operators indeed affect switching behaviors of 4G customers remarkably. This provides insight into reasonable design of 4G service plans for operators in the future. Our framework uncovers the root causes of intra-operator customer churn and solve the problem well. Experimental results based on real data demonstrate the effectiveness of our framework.

An Integrated Shark-Fin Antenna for MIMO-LTE, FM, and GPS Applications

A roof automobile antenna for Long Term Evolution, navigation system, and frequency modulation (FM) applications is presented. The proposed antenna is installed in shark-fin housing on the roof of a car, which includes a 4G (the fourth generation mobile communication system) main antenna, 4G diversity antenna, navigation antenna, and FM antenna. Some miniaturization and multiband techniques are utilized to fit the available space of the shark-fin housing, such as the grounded and parasitic radiating elements, meandered radiating elements, and lumped elements. It is worth noting that the proposed 4G main antenna with a compact size of 55 mm × 25 mm × 2 mm can cover two wide bands including 698–960 MHz and 1710–2690 MHz. Both the main antenna and diversity antenna have omnidirectional radiation patterns in the azimuthal plane. All the designs are planar printed antennas fully integrated into the printed circuit board, which significantly reduces the cost. The simulation and measurement results are in good agreement.

Recent Activities of 5G Experimental Trials on Massive MIMO Technologies and 5G System Trials Toward New Services Creation

In order to cope with recent growth of mobile data traffic and emerging various services, world-wide system trials for the fifth-generation (5G) mobile communication system that dramatically extends capability of the fourth-generation mobile communication system are being performed to launch its commercial service in 2020. In addition, research and development of new radio access technologies for 5G evolution and beyond 5G systems are beginning to be made all over the world. This paper introduces our recent activities on 5G transmission experiments that aim to validate Massive MIMO technologies using higher frequency bands such as SHF/EHF bands, that is, 5G experimental trials. Recent results of 5G system trials to create new services and applications in 5G era in cooperation with partners in vertical industries are also introduced.

A Portable Electric Field Detector With Precise Time Base for Transient Electromagnetic Radiation Source Location

An electric field ( $E$ -field) detector with the features of precise time base, full-waveform storage, and wireless data transmission has been developed, which can be used in combination with location algorithm for accurate location of the transient electromagnetic radiation source over a large-scale area. The maximum sampling rate is 2 GS/s, and the memory depth is up to 128 kB and can be adjustable. The measurement range can be adjusted from hundreds of V/m to tens of kV/m with different lengths of antennas. With the help of the global positioning system (GPS), both the clock and the position of the detector can be synchronized. In particular, the time instant triggered by the signal could be recorded with the time resolution of tens of nanoseconds. Therefore, the precise time base alignment among multiple detectors could be achieved, which is crucial for location accuracy. Then, all data including the signal, the position, and the time instant could be sent to a remote server by the fourth-generation mobile (4G) communication technology. The calibration results show that the bandwidth of the detector could vary from 10 kHz to 500 MHz, while the time base alignment error between any two detectors is less than 50 ns. An experiment was performed by means of electromagnetic time reversal (EMTR) method to prove the applicability of the detector and its location accuracy. The detector could be used to measure and locate lightning, partial discharge, or fault.

Сравнительный анализ и выбор предпочтительной технологии мобильной связи четвертого и пятого поколения

Сравнительный анализ и выбор предпочтительной технологии мобильной связи четвертого и пятого поколения

MIMO Antenna System for Multi-Band Millimeter-Wave 5G and Wideband 4G Mobile Communications

A multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna system is proposed for fifth generation (5G) and fourth generation (4G) mobile communication. The design meets all of the requirements of both 5G and 4G antennas using only a single structure. Since 5G will work at millimeter-wave (mm-Wave), the proposed design serves triple bands at mm-Wave (28, 37 and 39 GHz) for 5G in addition to 2 GHz band (1.8–2.6) for 4G. Each MIMO element consists of a slot-based antenna, fed by two microstrip feeders for the 5G and 4G bands. The design works as a tapered slot antenna at mm-Wave offering end-fire radiation for 5G and works as an open-ended slot antenna for a 2 GHz band offering omni-direction radiation for 4G. The slot antenna type used in the proposed design produces wide bandwidths for the 5G and 4G. The overall volume of each MIMO antenna element is $0.21\times 0.10 \times 0.003\,\,\lambda ^{3}$ , where $\lambda $ is the wavelength of the lowest operating frequency. As a proof of concept, a prototype is developed and tested. The measured results show a wide impedance bandwidth of $|S_{11}| −10 dB covering the band 27.5–40 GHz for 5G, and impedance bandwidth of $|S_{11}| −6 dB covering the band 1.8–2.6 GHz for 4G.

A Review: Analysis of PAPR Reduction Techniques of OFDM System

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is an efficient multicarrier modulation scheme in wireless communication. It is used in applications like 4G (fourth generation) mobile Communications, wireless networks, digital television, power line networks and audio Broadcasting. It offers both advantages and disadvantages for multicarrier transmission. The main advantages are the elimination of Inter Carrier Interference (ICI) and Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) in the signal. But OFDM’s one of the main detrimental aspects are high Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) value of the transmitted signal which highly affects the power amplifiers complexity.

Synchronization Requirements for 5G: An Overview of Standards and Specifications for Cellular Networks

This article studies the importance, requirements, and trends of synchronization for radio communications. Fifth-generation (5G) wireless communication is expected to be a forthcoming revolution in the wireless world, achieving communications with a high peak rate, high spectral efficiency, multiple device connectivity, low end-to-end latency, and high reliability. From a historical perspective, we review the synchronization required for first-generation (1G) to fourth-generation (4G) mobile communications to achieve performance metrics and provide various new services. New synchronization specifications and standards may depend on specific new applications and are, therefore, more service oriented. This article surveys the progress and trends of synchronization requirements in standardizations and specifications.

Online Monitoring for Public Transport using Mobile Applications

Combined with the increasing density of mobile telephony in Brazil, the monitoring of bus routes and alert of possible dangers becomes a reality. In this context, a monitoring tool can support the safety of users and qualitatively improves the control of the location of collective vehicles. This work describes and exposes the relevance of using the system called Security System for Bus (SSBus). The SSBus consists of two software that were produced for Android and a web management system. The efficiency of this proposal was evaluated through experiments carried out in three Brazilian cities that use the third and fourth generation mobile communications networks. During the tests data were collected to generate statistics based on the precision of the implemented algorithm.

WITHDRAWN: Quality-of-service support in LTE-A systems with the DRX mechanism

Abstract Long-Term Evolution-Advanced (LTE-A) is a standard adopted for fourth-generation mobile communication systems. To support various mobile applications, the Third-Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) defined multiple Quality-of-Service (QoS) class identifiers so that application data can be treated differently to meet the QoS requirements. Meanwhile, to prolong the battery lifetime of mobile devices, the 3GPP specified the Discontinuous Reception (DRX) mechanism for LTE-A systems as a power saving function. More energy saving often implies performance degradation or worse QoS support. In this study, we address the issue of energy saving with DRX while maintaining QoS support for LTE-A systems. Unlike previous studies that analyzed average packet delay under the DRX mechanism, we evaluate the effect on packet loss ratio due to the violation of delay bound requirements. The problem is formulated by maximizing the energy saving efficiency subject to the constraint that the packet loss ratio does not exceed a predetermined threshold. We derive packet loss ratio as a function of DRX parameters and propose an algorithm to efficiently configure these parameters. The proposed analytical model is verified through simulations. According to numerical results, the energy saving efficiency achieved by the proposed algorithm is very close to that of the optimum setting.

SGMA: Semi-granted multiple access for non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) in 5G networking

With the rapid prosperity of mobile Internet, proliferating smart terminals, and deep penetration of Internet of things (IoTs), the fourth generation mobile communication system (4G) has become increasingly unable to meet the human needs. Therefore, the fifth generation mobile communication system (5G), being studied world-widely, needs to directly face to ultra-huge network capacity and the massive wireless connectivity. Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), enabling different user equipments (UEs) sharing overlapping wireless resources, is regarded as one of the most promising key technologies of 5G, and has attracted great attention in both industry and academia in recent years. In order to guarantee the quality of service (QoS) and achieve low access latency and signaling overhead, NOMA needs to support two kinds of access methods: scheduling access and random access, named granted access and grant-free access respectively. However, how to efficiently support both granted and grant-free access simultaneously becomes a tricky challenge. In this article, we propose semi-granted multiple access, named SGMA. Other than strictly separating the wireless resources between granted and grant-free access, SGMA allows both of them to share the same resources. SGMA is a general method that can be used in several potential NOMA solutions. We also model SGMA and analyze the performance. Moreover, a heuristic resource allocation algorithm for SGMA is proposed. The simulation results show that SGMA further improves the network capacity and user connectivity of NOMA in 5G networking, and also adapts to the dynamic time-varying services. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to propose a multiple access method to allow the granted and grant-free access sharing the same wireless spectrum and further design the resource allocation algorithm in 5G NOMA system.