Fourth Element Research Articles

The Narcissistic dynamics of submission: the attraction of the powerless to authoritarian leaders.

Ferenczi’s conception of identification with the aggressor, which describes children’s typical response to traumatic assaults by family members, provides a remarkably good framework to understand mass social and economic trauma. In the moment of trauma, children instinctively submit and comply with what abusers want—not just in behavior but in their perceptions, thoughts, and emotions—in order to survive the assault; afterwards they often continue to comply, out of fear that the family will turn its back on them. Notably, a persistent tendency to identify with the aggressor is also typical in children who have been emotionally abandoned by narcissistically self-preoccupied parents, even when there has not been gross trauma. Similarly, large groups of people who are economically or culturally dispossessed by changes in their society typically respond by submitting and complying with the expectations of a powerful figure or group, hoping they can continue to belong—just like children who are emotionally abandoned by their families. Not surprisingly, emotional abandonment, both in individual lives and on a mass scale, is typically felt as humiliating; and it undermines the sense that life is meaningful and valuable.But the intolerable loss of belonging and of the feeling of being a valuable person often trigger exciting, aggressive, compensatory fantasies of specialness and entitlement. On the large scale, these fantasies are generally authoritarian in nature, with three main dynamics—sadomasochism, paranoid–schizoid organization, and the manic defense—plus a fourth element: the feeling of emotional truth that follows narcissistic injury, that infuses the other dynamics with a sense of emotional power and righteousness. Ironically, the angry attempt to reassert one’s entitlements ends up facilitating compliance with one’s oppressors and undermining the thoughtful, effective pursuit of realistic goals.

Effect of Different Mo Addition on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Cu-15Ni-8Sn Alloy.

In the present study, Mo was added to Cu–15Ni–8Sn alloy as the fourth element to solve the limitation of service performance of the alloy by composition design. The phase composition, microstructure transformation and mechanical properties of Cu–15Ni–8Sn–xMo (x = 0.3, 0.9, 1.5 wt.%) alloy were systematically studied by simulation calculation and experimental characterization. The results show that the addition of Mo can improve the as-cast structure of Cu–15Ni–8Sn alloy and reduce segregation and Cu–Mo phase precipitates on the surface with the increase in Mo contents. During solution treatment, Mo can partially dissolve into the matrix, which may be the key to improving the properties of the alloy. Furthermore, the discontinuous precipitation of Sn can be effectively inhibited by adding the appropriate amount of Mo to Cu–15Ni–8Sn alloy, and the hardness of alloy does not decrease greatly after a long-time aging treatment. When Mo content is 0.9 wt.%, the alloy reaches the peak hardness of 384 HV at 4 h of aging. These results provide new ideas for composition optimization of Cu–15Ni–8Sn alloy.

Review on the Basic Circuit Elements and Memristor Interpretation: Analysis, Technology and Applications

Circuit or electronic components are useful elements allowing the realization of different circuit functionalities. The resistor, capacitor and inductor represent the three commonly known basic passive circuit elements owing to their fundamental nature relating them to the four circuit variables, namely voltage, magnetic flux, current and electric charge. The memory resistor (or memristor) was claimed to be the fourth basic passive circuit element, complementing the resistor, capacitor and inductor. This paper presents a review on the four basic passive circuit elements. After a brief recall on the first three known basic passive circuit elements, a thorough description of the memristor follows. Memristor sparks interest in the scientific community due to its interesting features, for example nano-scalability, memory capability, conductance modulation, connection flexibility and compatibility with CMOS technology, etc. These features among many others are currently in high demand on an industrial scale. For this reason, thousands of memristor-based applications are reported. Hence, the paper presents an in-depth overview of the philosophical argumentations of memristor, technologies and applications.

Improving Primary Health Care Data With ICPC-3: From a Medical to a Person-Centered Perspective.

The World Organization of Family Doctors (WONCA) developed the third edition of the International Classification of Primary Care (ICPC-3) to support the shift from a medical perspective to a person-centered perspective in primary health care. The previous editions (ICPC-1 and ICPC-2) allowed description of 3 important elements of health care encounters: the reason for the encounter, the diagnosis and/or health problem, and the process of care. The ICPC-3 adds function-related information as a fourth element, thereby capturing most parts of the encounter in a single practical and concise classification. ICPC-3 thus has the potential to give more insight on patients' activities and functioning, supporting physicians in shifting from a strict medical/disease-based approach to care to a more person-centered approach. The ICPC-3 is also expanded with a new chapter for visits pertaining to immunizations and for coding of special screening examinations and public health promotion; in addition, it contains classes for programs related to reported conditions (eg, a cardiovascular program, a heart failure program) and can accommodate relevant national or regional classes. Classes are selected based on what is truly and frequently occurring in daily practice. Each class has its own codes. Less frequently used concepts pertaining to morbidity are captured as inclusions within the main classes. Implementation of the ICPC-3 in an electronic health record allows provision of meaningful feedback to primary care, and supports the exchange of information within teams and between primary and secondary care. It also gives policy makers and funders insight into what is happening in primary care and thus has the potential to improve provision of care.

Co[formula omitted]Fe[formula omitted]Ge[formula omitted]: A single-phase full Heusler alloy with highest magnetic moment and Curie temperature

Elemental substitution by a different element is a well utilized technique of stabilizing a single-phase compound, in case the parent alloy is multi-phase, and this has been demonstrated specifically in a number of Heusler systems. This can, however, give an increased propensity for chemical disorder as well as adding complexity to synthesis and characterization.In this paper, we present the successful synthesis of a single-phase compound, Co2Fe1.25Ge0.75, by tuning the parent Co2FeGe stoichiometry (which exhibits multi-phase structure) rather than introducing a fourth element. The compound is found to crystallize in L21 structure (space group # 225). Magnetization measurements reveal Co2Fe1.25Ge0.75 has a saturation magnetization as high as 6.7±0.1μB/f.u. at 5 K and a Curie temperature of 1135 ± 5 K – both being the highest reported to date for cubic full Heusler alloys to our knowledge. Thin films of Co2Fe1.25Ge0.75 deposited on Al2O3(110) and MgAl2O4(100) substrates show excellent expitaxial quality, among the reported for Heusler films to date, and exhibit magnetic properties comparable to bulk samples. First principle calculations suggest the system exhibits total energy minimum at the experimentally-observed lattice parameter. Furthermore, the calculations corroborate the observed enhancement in magnetization and point to the importance of on-site Coulomb interactions. While our novel approach of substitution led to the discovery of stable Co2Fe1.25Ge0.75 alloy with very high moment and Curie temperature that can be readily grown as a high-quality epitaxial thin film, making it a candidate for device applications, this approach can be taken as a new paradigm for the discovery of novel single-phase Heusler compounds with enhanced magnetic properties.

Comparative Analysis of Reconfigurable Platforms for Memristor Emulation.

The memristor is the fourth fundamental element in the electronic circuit field, whose memory and resistance properties make it unique. Although there are no electronic solutions based on the memristor, interest in application development has increased significantly. Nevertheless, there are only numerical Matlab or Spice models that can be used for simulating memristor systems, and designing is limited to using memristor emulators only. A memristor emulator is an electronic circuit that mimics a memristor. In this way, a research approach is to build discrete-component emulators of memristors for its study without using the actual models. In this work, two reconfigurable hardware architectures have been proposed for use in the prototyping of a non-linearity memristor emulator: the FPAA (Field Programing Analog Arrays) and the FPGA (Field Programming Gate Array). The easy programming and reprogramming of the first architecture and the performance, high area density, and parallelism of the second one allow the implementation of this type of system. In addition, a detailed comparison is shown to underline the main differences between the two approaches. These platforms could be used in more complex analog and/or digital systems, such as neural networks, CNN, digital circuits, etc.

The Simplest Memristor Circuit With Hyperchaos

In recent years, with the in-depth study of the memristor, meminductor, and memcapacitor, the fourth basic element has been developed vigorously. The chaotic circuit including the meminductor, memcapacitor, and memristor is designed in this study. The equation of state for the chaotic system is obtained according to Kirchhoff’s volt–current law, and the mathematical model of the chaotic system is obtained through dimensionless processing. The stability of the equilibrium point is analyzed in detail, and the dynamic behaviors of the system are analyzed by traditional methods such as LEs and bifurcation diagram. Moreover, some special phenomena exist in the system, such as state transition and coexistence of attractors. Finally, the circuit is implemented by DSP to prove the realizability of chaotic circuit.

Pandemonium in Yemen: A Historical Analysis of Yemen's Socio-political State

Pandemonium in Yemen:A Historical Analysis of Yemen's Socio-political State Naif Al Bidh (bio) Introduction In 2011, the domino effect of the Arab Spring had finally reached Yemen, initiating the mobilization of the peaceful youth within the capital, Sana'a. The frustrated Yemeni youth and women kindled the flames of socio-political change after decades of rule under Ali Abdullah Saleh's kleptocracy. Initially, the Yemeni uprising and other Arab uprisings were perceived as events that would instantly engender democratic transition after the ousting of their respective dictators. However, in hindsight, the 'Democratic Domino Theory' is irrelevant in the case of the Arab Spring. The Yemeni uprising was the result of the culmination of political and economic events that involved internal and external actors during the past two to three decades of Yemeni history. Hence, the Arab Spring should be viewed as a catalyst, and not the principal cause, for the Yemeni uprising. The West miscalculated the uprising in Yemen and elsewhere by failing to notice that the Yemeni socio-political infrastructure could not yet accommodate democracy. Thus, the events signaled the start of liberalization rather than democratization within Yemen. [End Page 84] This article argues that the Yemeni uprising and crisis stemmed from several factors. First, the injustices inflicted by Saleh's praetorian regime upon the Southern population before, during, and after the war of 1994, which allowed the Southern Secessionists to penetrate the political arena. Second, the consecutive wars against the Houthi movement and its gradual rise to power. Third, a self-destructing tribal-elite patronage system that led to rampant unemployment, inequality, and corruption, infuriating an already exhausted youth, and paving the way for the emergence of a counter-revolutionary opposition led by General Ali Mohsen and Sheikh Abdullah Al-Ahmar, which is the fourth crucial element to the events that led up to Yemeni uprisings. Diverse Historic Experiences Among the many misperceived concepts about Yemen is the notion of a united Yemeni state and identity. Prior to the union of the Yemeni Arab Republic (YAR or North Yemen) and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (PDRY or South Yemen), these two lands had never united under one polity for centuries.1 The multiple identities existent within Yemen today is the result of regionally distinct historical experiences. Arabia Felix2 was the name given to the ancient lands of Yemen and South Arabia. Within ancient Greek and Roman texts, it is evident that Arabia Felix was made up of several kingdoms and not a unified polity.3 The works of the Greek geographer Eratosthenes of Cyrene perhaps provide an idea of the diverse identities that exist within Yemen's history. Eratosthenes speaks of four distinct peoples residing within Yemen–namely, the Sabaens, the Minaeans, the Hadhramis and the Qatabanians who he named the Sabaioi, the Minaioi, the Chatramotitai and the Katabaneis.4 Today, this division is still noticeable, and there is a pattern about the polities within the regions comprising the Yemeni territory. The conquest or unity of Yemen, although rarely successful throughout history, was common by the hands of the northern polities, especially within the highlands, due to their more massive demographic structure and their aggressive nature. The existence of two or four civilizations, kingdoms, or states has predominated Yemen's history. These polities form within specific regions, namely, the northern [End Page 85] highlands (Sana'a and Sa'ada), the canyons of Hadhramaut, the Red Sea coast, and the Desert of Marib. This is mainly due to the diverse geographic terrain within Yemen, which is a vital factor in accumulating various distinct identities within a region smaller than most ancient civilizations. The geography of Yemen allowed for multiple societies to develop in isolation from one another and thus created diverse regional identities, cultural traits, and languages.5 These facts are crucial in understanding the socio-political issues within contemporary Yemen since the existence of a prolonged centralized united polity was rare. As the Ottoman and European Empires scrambled for influence and land, Yemen turned into a battlefield as various groups aligned themselves with one another to secure their interests. During the age of empires, cynicism became the status quo. As the Turks...

Computationally efficient memristor model based on Hann window function

Memristor is a fourth fundamental passive electric circuit element. A great deal of effort is devoted to the mathematical modeling of a memristor to figure out its complex and dynamic behavior. This research aims to address the demerits of existing mathematical models of the memristor such as computational inefficiency and inaccuracy. A novel model of the memristor with a Hann window function is developed for a Pt–TiO2–Pt based memristive devices. The threshold values for voltage, frequency and device length are identified. Unlike the existing models, the proposed model has the capability to work with a frequency between 0.5 to 100 Hz. The threshold for a voltage range varies between 0.02 to 3 V. The memristance was observed only if a device length of the proposed model varies between 5 to 250 nm. It is inferred that a memory window skews with an increase in applied voltage frequency and device length. Whereas memory window increases with the increase in applied voltage. The scaling parameter (j) is incorporated in the proposed model to make it more scalable and flexible. Results depict that the proposed model simulation runtime and elapsed time improved by 36% and 33% respectively. The accuracy of the presented model is 1.748 in terms of relative root mean square error. The proposed model exhibits low complexity with sufficient accuracy in simple, intuitive and closed-form.

Moral CSR

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is about the moral purpose of business and its proper relationship to society. We map the logical structure of CSR—its canonical core—and identify the view of CSR that is most consistent with CSR as driven by moral purpose as Moral CSR ( CSRM). The numerous perspectives of CSR, which we term CSR memes, are complements to CSRM. A meme is an idea or usage diffusing within communities. Moral norms and what we term normatively injunctive warrants are implicit in many CSR memes but have received a relative lack of explicit and systematic attention. A norm is an accepted standard for behavior. A warrant is an authoritative or authorizing instruction for behavior. All CSR memes contain three elements—a corporate actor, a relation, and nonmoral normative warrants, which we term constructive warrants. We argue that any CSR meme should include a fourth element—moral normative (injunctive) warrants linking explicitly to moral reasoning. Through sorting key CSR memes by their epistemological and compositional characteristics, we reveal the paucity of explicit attention to injunctive warrants. We resort memes according to social gains or losses, which are the outcomes of societal demand for and business supply of CSR. This analysis yields two proposed improvements for CSR reasoning. The first is a clearer picture of variable use of the term CSR in extant research. The second is how scholars can incorporate more explicitly moral elements of CSR in future work.

Vibrio cholerae Chromosome Partitioning without Polar Anchoring by HubP.

Partition systems are widespread among bacterial chromosomes. They are composed of two effectors, ParA and ParB, and cis acting sites, parS, located close to the replication origin of the chromosome (oriC). ParABS participate in chromosome segregation, at least in part because they serve to properly position sister copies of oriC. A fourth element, located at cell poles, is also involved in some cases, such as HubP for the ParABS1 system of Vibrio cholerae chromosome 1 (ch1). The polar anchoring of oriC of ch1 (oriC1) is lost when HubP or ParABS1 are inactivated. Here, we report that in the absence of HubP, ParABS1 actively maintains oriC1 at mid-cell, leading to the subcellular separation of the two ch1 replication arms. We further show that parS1 sites ectopically inserted in chromosome 2 (ch2) stabilize the inheritance of this replicon in the absence of its endogenous partition system, even without HubP. We also observe the positioning interference between oriC1 and oriC of ch2 regions when their positionings are both driven by ParABS1. Altogether, these data indicate that ParABS1 remains functional in the absence of HubP, which raises questions about the role of the polar anchoring of oriC1 in the cell cycle.

Elements of Biblical Exegesis: A Basic Guide for Students and Ministers

Elements of Biblical Exegesis: A Basic Guide for Students and Ministers

PHARMQUIT: AN INTERACTIVE COMMUNITY PHARMACIST-ASSISTED SMARTPHONE APPLICATION FOR SMOKING CESSATION

Smoking is a major cause of worldwide morbidity and mortality. This study describes the development of an interactive app, PharmQuit, based on a user experience framework in collaboration with pharmacist counseling. There were three phases in the development process. First, clinical practice guidelines were researched together with discussions with experienced counsellors. Second, a diagram was developed to support two-way communication between smokers and pharmacists. Third, user testing was done by conducting a satisfaction survey and a one-month trial. The development of PharmQuit was based on five elements: strategy, scope, structure, skeleton, and surface. The first element was strategy. The aim of the app was to encourage smokers to quit smoking, stay with the program, and stay in contact with a community pharmacist. The second element, scope, included the features of daily encouragement, health status tracking, and community connection. The third element, structure, explained the connections between features. The fourth element, skeleton, showed the arrangement of buttons and fields that made up seven pages of the app. The last element, surface, covered color and cartoon figures. PharmQuit was linked to the web system for clinical information. The highest satisfaction scores were Design (4.3+0.9), Beauty (4.1+1.0), and Objective (4.1+0.9). The one-month trial for PharmQuit showed an average access of 21 times with a continuous abstinence rate of 31 percent. In conclusion, PharmQuit was developed with the needs of smokers and pharmacists in mind. The features and users’ testing showed that the app was able to properly function corresponding to its objectives and design.

Machine Learning-Aided Catalyst Modification in Oxidative Coupling of Methane via Manganese Promoter

To enhance CH4 conversion values in oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) reactions under an O2-lean condition (CH4/O2 = 6.0), a support vector regression (SVR) and one-hot encoding manner implemented machine learning (ML) is examined. From an open-source high-throughput screening (HTS) database of 300 OCM catalysts made by random sampling from a materials space, the top 10 three-element-supported catalysts with C2 yield higher than 11.0% and C2 selectivity higher than 80.0% at CH4/O2 = 6.0 were selected as targets for modification. Then, ML-aided investigation of an additive fourth element as a promoter was performed at the SVR field based on the HTS database among 350 catalysts (40,330 data points). Application of one-hot encoding to ascertain positive elements for CH4 conversion revealed that manganese (Mn) frequently appears at CH4 conversion higher than 44.0%. After the 10 selected catalysts were prepared with the Mn additive, their OCM performance was compared with those of pristine three-element-supported catalysts. Results show that four catalysts represent positive features on C2 yield in the presence of additive Mn working as a promoter. Consequently, 5 wt % Mn-loaded LiFeBa/La2O3 and LiBaLa/La2O3, respectively, show attractive OCM performance of 16.3% C2 yield with 88.4% selectivity and 13.8% C2 yield with 71.9% selectivity, even under an O2-lean condition (CH4/O2 = 6.0).

Memristors in Advanced Computing [The Editors’ Desk

The memristor was first reported in the 1970s as the fourth fundamental two-terminal circuit element (the other three are the resistor, capacitor, and inductor) and has since attracted scientists working on advanced computing. The memristor is expected to become a key technology enabler for several applications, including neural networks and artificial intelligence as well as the Internet of Things. It is our pleasure to introduce Prof. Shahar Kvatinsky and Prof. Marco Ottavi as the guest editors of this special issue of <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">IEEE Nanotechnology Magazine</i> .

Applying enquiry and problem based learning to mission-oriented innovation policy: from policy to pedagogy to teaching and learning practice

PurposeThis study aims to present theory, practice and original research findings to support the proposition that broad enquiry and problem-based learning (EPBL) approaches provide an appropriate pedagogical lens for sustainability educators to develop the knowledge and skills needed to work effectively within mission-oriented innovation policy (MIP) environments.Design/methodology/approachThe research study comprised four elements, each of which used different research methods. The first element involved a literature review mapping the synergies between MIP and EPBL; the second element piloted the use of EPBL for undergraduate modules related to sustainability challenges; the third element involved external stakeholders in the co-creation of a postgraduate programme that brought together innovation and sustainability, with EPBL fundamental to the design and development; the fourth element curated and comparatively analysed international cases of EPBL in the context of MIP, and sustainability challenges in particular, highlighting the versatility of EPBL and the importance of creativity in EPBL design and implementation.FindingsThe systematic literature review reveals synergies between the key features of EPBL and defining characteristics of MIP, indicating the relevance of applying EPBL to support MIP. Two in situ pilots generated 13 recommendations on the benefits and operational challenges of applying EPBL. These recommendations informed the design and development of a postgraduate programme, involving a transdisciplinary consultation process with key industrial and societal stakeholders. Comparative analysis of four international case studies describing EPBL applied in practice in different international settings show there is no “one size fits all”. Instead, the application of EPBL to different sustainability challenges and for different learner groups demonstrates the versatility of the pedagogical approach and the creativity of the sustainability educators.Originality/valueA discourse around the appropriate pedagogical methods and teaching/learning practice to equip the current and future workforce with the knowledge and skills to respond to MIP and global sustainability challenges is nascent but emerging. This paper makes a scientific and practical contribution to the discourse. The authors show how EPBL can underpin the design of programmes to provide learners with the knowledge and skills to support organisations working effectively within an MIP context, especially addressing sustainability challenges. The authors provide recommendations for educators seeking to embed EPBL within their curriculum and call for external stakeholders to proactively engage with educators to co-create programmes with context-specific outcomes.

Exploring the Process of Transformative Learning in Executive Coaching

ProblemThe important role played by executive coaching in the development of leaders is well established in the literature. While some scholars suggest that executive coaching fosters transformative learning (TL), there is insufficient empirical evidence to support this.SolutionThis study set out to investigate the process of TL in executive coaching from the coachee’s perspective. A longitudinal multiple case study was adopted to examine how three key transformative learning elements—disorienting dilemma, critical reflection, and rational dialogue—occurred in an executive coaching engagement and the learning outcomes that emerged. A key finding was that, in addition to the three accepted elements, there is a fourth element (acceptance) that precedes the rational dialogue. The results of this study informed the development of a transformative learning model, which could guide future research, theory, and practice in the field of human resource development (HRD).StakeholdersThe study will benefit scholars and practitioners in the fields of human resource development, executive coaching and leadership development.

Facilitation of detwinning through controlling crystal structure in Ti–Zr–Ni–Pd high temperature shape memory alloys

Ti–(Zr, Hf)–Ni alloys, in which Zr or Hf is added to Ti–Ni shape memory alloys, are expected to be excellent high temperature shape memory alloys because they have martensitic transformation temperatures above 100°C and high strength at elevated temperatures by utilizing H-phase precipitation. However, during reorientation of martensite variants, deformation stress increases with applied strain without showing a plateau region, making it difficult to obtain a large shape recovery strain. In the martensite phase of Ti–(Zr, Hf)–Ni alloys, thin and dense (001)B19′ compound twins are introduced during the martensitic transformation, and the detwinning of martensite variants becomes difficult to occur, resulting in the increase in deformation stress during the variant reorientation. Therefore, we propose a new alloy-design concept to control the crystal structure by adding a fourth element in order to facilitate detwinning. In this paper, we first considered the cause of (001)B19′ compound twinning in Ti–(Zr, Hf)–Ni alloys, and then selected Pd as the fourth element to change the crystal structure for preventing the formation of (001)B19′ compound twins. Experimental investigations of the effects of alloy composition on the crystal structure, transformation temperatures, and precipitate formation realized this alloy-design concept through presenting a candidate composition range of Ti–(15–20)Zr–49.7Pd and surrounding Ni-containing alloys for new high temperature shape memory alloys which readily undergo detwinning.

Recent Advances in Magnetostrictive Tb-Dy-Fe Alloys

As giant magnetostrictive materials with low magnetocrystalline anisotropy, Tb-Dy-Fe alloys are widely used in transducers, actuators and sensors due to the effective conversion between magnetic energy and mechanical energy (or acoustic energy). However, the intrinsic brittleness of intermetallic compounds leads to their poor machinability and makes them prone to fracture, which limits their practical applications. Recently, the addition of a fourth element to Tb-Dy-Fe alloys, such as Ho, Pr, Co, Nb, Cu and Ti, has been studied to improve their magnetostrictive and mechanical properties. This review starts with a brief introduction to the characteristics of Tb-Dy-Fe alloys and then focuses on the research progress in recent years. First, studies on the crystal growth mechanism in directional solidification, process improvement by introducing a strong magnetic field and the effects of substitute elements are described. Then, meaningful progress in mechanical properties, composite materials, the structural origin of magnetostriction based on ferromagnetic MPB theory and sensor applications are summarized. Furthermore, sintered composite materials based on the reconstruction of the grain boundary phase also provide new ideas for the development of magnetostrictive materials with excellent comprehensive properties, including high magnetostriction, high mechanical properties, high corrosion resistance and high resistivity. Finally, future prospects are presented. This review will be helpful for the design of novel magnetostrictive Tb-Dy-Fe alloys, the improvement of magnetostrictive and mechanical properties and the understanding of magnetostriction mechanisms.

Discussion on classification and naming scheme of fine-grained sedimentary rocks

Based on reviews and summaries of the naming schemes of fine-grained sedimentary rocks, and analysis of characteristics of fine-grained sedimentary rocks, the problems existing in the classification and naming of fine-grained sedimentary rocks are discussed. On this basis, following the principle of three-level nomenclature, a new scheme of rock classification and naming for fine-grained sedimentary rocks is determined from two perspectives: First, fine-grained sedimentary rocks are divided into 12 types in two major categories, mudstone and siltstone, according to particle size (sand, silt and mud). Second, fine-grained sedimentary rocks are divided into 18 types in four categories, carbonate rock, fine-grained felsic sedimentary rock, clay rock and mixed fine-grained sedimentary rock according to mineral composition (carbonate minerals, felsic detrital minerals and clay minerals as three end elements). Considering the importance of organic matter in unconventional oil and gas generation and evaluation, organic matter is taken as the fourth element in the scheme. Taking the organic matter contents of 0.5% and 2% as dividing points, fine grained sedimentary rocks are divided into three categories, organic-poor, organic-bearing, and organic-rich ones. The new scheme meets the requirement of unconventional oil and gas exploration and development today and solves the problem of conceptual confusion in fine-grained sedimentary rocks, providing a unified basic term system for the research of fine-grained sedimentology.