Fourth Criterion Research Articles

P158 Cutaneous vasculitis in systemic lupus erythematosus: trends of incidence and risk factors

Abstract Background/Aims Cutaneous vasculitis (CV) is the most common form of vasculitis observed in patients with SLE; however, the precise epidemiological trends and underlying risk factors remain uncertain. The aim of this study was to define the incidence, prevalence, and risk factors of CV in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients over a period of 20 years. Methods The Birmingham Lupus Cohort is a longitudinal observational cohort of patients with SLE. All patients fulfilled the 1997 ACR Updated Classification Criteria for SLE. Inception patients were recruited within three years of their fourth ACR criterion. Disease activity was assessed using the classic BILAG index and laboratory results recorded. The BILAG vascular domain was used to determine the incidence rate, which refers to the rate at which new cases of minor and major CV attributed to active SLE occur. Cox proportional hazards frailty models were developed to identify clinical and laboratory variables associated with development of CV. Results We analysed 392 patients, of whom 375 (92.5%) were females. There were 213 (55.0%) White, 72 (18.6%) African-Caribbean, 82 (21.1%) South Asian, 9 (2.3%) East Asian, and 11 (2.8%) other ethnicities. The median (IQR) age at enrolment was 33 (26 - 44) years and the median duration of follow up was 9.2 (5.1 - 14.7) years. The incidence rates of minor and major CV were reported in Table 1. In Cox proportional hazards models, there was a positive association between CV and discoid rash (hazard ratio [HR] 2.16 [95% CI: 1.01, 4.61]), Raynaud’s phenomenon (HR 5.67 [95% CI: 4.11, 7.81]), livedo reticularis (HR = 4.69 [95% CI: 1.83, 12.0]), arthritis (HR 3.02 [95% CI: 2.20, 4.15]), renal involvement (OR 2.40 [95% CI: 1.55, 3.71]), haematological involvement (HR = 2.46 [95% CI: 1.80, 3.36]), and Afro-Caribbean descent (HR 1.96 [95% CI: 1.03, 3.74]). In addition, CV was positively associated with anti-dsDNA (HR = 2.33 [95% CI: 1.67, 3.27]), low C3 or C4 (HR 2.29 [95% CI: 2.18, 4.10]), and history of anti-Ro or anti-La (HR = 1.92 [95% CI: 1.15, 3.21]). Conclusion The incidence rates of CV decrease over the duration of follow-up and are associated with defined clinical and serological features. Disclosure A. Saleh: Grants/research support; A.S. is a sponsored PhD student by the Egyptian ministry of higher education represented by The Egyptian Bureau for Cultural & Educational Affairs in London. C. Gordon: None. J. Reynolds: None.

"Terminal anorexia nervosa" may not be terminal: An empirical evaluation.

Gaudiani et al. (2022) presented terminal anorexia nervosa (T-AN) as a potential new specifier to the anorexia nervosa (AN) diagnosis, with criteria including (a) AN diagnosis, (b) age > 30 years, (c) previously participated in high-quality care, and (d) the clear, consistent determination by a patient with decision-making capacity that additional treatment would be futile, knowing death will result. This study's purpose was to empirically examine a subgroup of participants with AN who met the first three criteria of T-AN-and a smaller subset who also met a proxy index of the fourth criterion involving death (TD-AN)-and compare them to an adult "not terminal" anorexia nervosa (NT-AN) group and to a "not terminal" subset 30 years of age or older (NTO-AN). Patients at U.S. eating disorder treatment facilities (N = 782; T-AN: n = 51, TD-AN: n = 16, NT-AN: n = 731, NTO-AN: n = 133), all of whom met criteria for a current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition diagnosis of AN, were compared regarding admission, discharge, and changes from admission to discharge on physiological indices (i.e., white blood cell counts, albumin levels, aspartate aminotransferase levels, and body mass index), as well as self-report measures (i.e., eating disorder, depression, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms). In contrast to the tight syndromal symptom interconnections of, and inevitable spiral toward death expected for, a terminal diagnosis, results suggest substantial variability within the T-AN group and TD-AN subset, and an overall trend of improvement across physiological and self-report measures. This study thus provides some empirical evidence against the specification of the T-AN diagnosis. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Rethinking the Salini Test: A Comprehensive Examination and Proposal for Improvement in Defining International Investment

This dissertation critically examines the Salini test, a foundational tool in international investment law (IIL), with a specific focus on its fourth criterion: "Contribution to the Host State's Economic Development." Through an in-depth analysis of various case studies, the research highlights the inherent challenges and controversies surrounding the Salini test, particularly its potential rigidity and the subjectivity embedded in the economic contribution criterion. The study underscores the need for the Salini test to evolve in response to contemporary investment trends, such as green investments, social impact ventures, and the increasing importance of intangible assets. Drawing from past arbitration decisions, academic research, and expert opinions, the dissertation offers suggestions for refining the Salini test to make it more adaptable and relevant in the modern investment landscape. These recommendations encompass defining clear parameters for economic contribution, balancing economic inputs with other considerations, and introducing mechanisms for periodic review. Furthermore, the research forecasts the future of IIL with an improved Salini test, outlining both the opportunities, such as enhanced consistency and predictability, and challenges, including implementation hurdles and potential over-complexity. In conclusion, as the international investment domain continues to transform, the Salini test must be rethought and refined to remain a robust and pertinent instrument in this ever-evolving field.

In Search of Clear Scientific Criteria for Including New Substances and Methods on the WADA Prohibited List

In the World Anti-Doping Code and in the practice of its application in the sports world, four criteria were elaborated to guide the process of including new substances and methods on the Prohibited List, namely representing an actual or potential risk to the health of athletes, enhancing sport performance, violating the spirit of sports, masking the use of other prohibited substances or prohibited methods. However, these criteria do not fully address the question of how the selection should be carried out when a substance or method is included on the Prohibited List. The approach according to which the presence of any two out of the three following criteria — enhancing sport performance, representing a risk to the health of athletes, violating the spirit of sports — in a specific case can hardly be considered exhaustive and definite (the fourth criterion — masking the use of other prohibited substances or methods — is self-evident). The authors identify new problems that need to be taken into account in the future. These are, in particular, the need to improve the decision-making procedure for including new substances and methods on the List and to make it more transparent and the need to normatively settle the issue of using new technological devices, more specifically nanotechnologies and nanomaterials (technological doping).

Focused on Pedagogy: QR Grading Rubrics for Written Arguments

Institutional assessments of quantitative literacy/reasoning (QL/QR) have been extensively tested and reported in the literature. While appropriate for measuring student learning at the programmatic or institutional level, such instruments were not designed for classroom grading. After modifying a widely accepted institutional rubric designed to assess QR in written arguments, the current mixed method study tested the reliability of two QR analytic grading rubrics for written arguments and explored students’ reactions to the grading tools. Undergraduate students enrolled in a business course (N = 59) participated. A total of 415 QR artifacts from 40 students were assessed; an additional 19 students provided feedback about the grading tools. A new QR writing rubric included three main criteria (numerical evidence, conclusions, and writing), while a second rubric added a fourth criterion for assignments with data visualization. After two coders rated students’ QR assignments, data analysis found both new QR rubrics had good reliability. Cohen’s kappa found the study’s raters had substantial agreement on all rubric criteria (κ = 0.69 to 0.80). Both the QR writing (α = 0.861) and data visualization (α = 0.859) grading rubrics also had good internal consistency. When asked to provide feedback about the new grading tools, 89% of students shared positive comments, reporting the rubrics clarified assignment expectations, improved their performance, and facilitated the writing process. This paper proposes slight modifications to the phrasing of the new rubrics’ writing criterion, discusses best practices for use of rubrics in QR classrooms, and recommends future research.

What the grey literature can contribute to addictive behaviour disorder classification •.

This commentary examines the proposal made by Brand et al. (2022) regarding a framework outlining relevant criteria for considering possible behavioural addictions within the current World Health Organisation's International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) category of ‘other specified disorders due to addictive behaviours’. We agree with the framework as it highlights the clinical perspective requiring agreed-upon classifications and criteria to produce effective diagnostic procedures and efficacious treatments. Additionally, we propose to add the need of recognising potential addictive behaviour through the inclusion of a fourth meta-level criterion: ‘grey literature evidence’. Utilising non-academic evidence can provide validity in the social context where the behaviour takes place, and it can support authorities in taking action to prevent and treat the resultant behavioural problems. The inclusion of the proposed fourth criterion will aid comprehensibility of the current proposal and provide clarity, as indicated in the present commentary, which includes the fourth criterion analysis for problematic pornography use, shopping/buying and social networking site use.

Typology of corruption: theoretical and applied criteria

Corruption as a social phenomenon is the subject of scientific analysis of many sciences. We are convinced that the analysis of not only its nature but also its species is important for the characterization of any phenomenon. The typology of corruption plays an important role in this task. Given the complex and ambiguous nature of corruption, as well as the lack of a unified scientific approach to the interpretation of its essence, in scientific circles there is no single vision of distinguishing types of this phenomenon.
 The meaning of classification is always essential and dualistic: conceptual and applied. So, conceptuality is that for more optimal development of the essence of concepts, phenomena, processes, categories they are divided. Therefore, the study of the views of individual jurists is always associated with the analysis of typologies (classifications), as they provide an opportunity to clarify the views of the scientist on the nature of corruption, its criminal law and criminology. Applied element: the classification of corruption makes it easier to identify and develop strategies to combat this phenomenon, identifies trends in updating and supplementing laws, outlines the activities of public authorities in general and law enforcement agencies.
 The purpose of the article is to highlight the criteria for classifying corruption and characterize their essence.
 We propose to analyze several approaches to the typology of corruption. The first typology is based on the level of corruption. According to this criterion, corruption is inert, gradual, and active.
 The second typological criterion is the scope of implementation. According to him, there is corruption in the legislature, executive, judiciary, and corruption in the activities of legal entities under private law and persons providing public services. The third typology of corruption is based on the criteria of periodicity of corruption. According to this criterion, corruption can be accidental, systemic and kleptocratic.
 According to the fourth typological criterion, it is proposed to divide corruption into gradual and sudden.
 The fifth typological criterion is based on the degree of organization and prevalence of corrupt relations. According to this criterion, there is corruption at the grassroots, regional, political, and international levels.

An analytic network process model to prioritize supply chain risks in green residential megaprojects

Megaprojects and specifically ‘green’ construction of residential megaprojects can contain significant risks of failure. To design proper risk mitigation strategies, after identifying key risk factors, the next step is to conduct assessments that would facilitate the process of risk element prioritization. Risk assessment comprises the establishment of factor interrelation and discerning the indicators of importance. This research proposes a novel version of an integrated prioritization method and analyzes twelve all-inclusive key supply chain oriented risk factors identified in a previous study. Through a comprehensive literature review three criteria, impact, probability, and manageability are selected. Also, a fourth criterion namely influence rate is included in the model, based on the driving powers that can also be derived from the Interpretive Structural Modeling’s (ISM) assessment. Fundamentally, the calculations hinge on the Analytic Network Process (ANP) method which provides an assessment of the alternatives’ weights based on pairwise comparisons concerning the criteria specified. To enhance the accuracy of the perceptive judgments of the expert panelists, a bell-shaped fuzzy function is used to convert the verbal statements to crisp values. In addition, Row Sensitivity Analysis is administered to check the stability of the results and provide predictive scenarios. To validate the model, a case study, located in Iran, was conducted, where an expert panel consisting of four individuals made the pair-wise comparisons through an ANP questionnaire. Results indicate priority and sensitivity of the alternatives concerning criteria, for the case under study.

The BILAG-2004 index is associated with development of new damage in SLE.

To determine whether BILAG-2004 index is associated with the development of damage in a cohort of SLE patients. Mortality and development of damage were examined. This was a multicentre longitudinal study. Patients were recruited within 12 months of achieving fourth ACR classification criterion for SLE. Data were collected on disease activity, damage, SLE-specific drug exposure, cardiovascular risk factors, antiphospholipid syndrome status and death at every visit. This study ran from 1 January 2005 to 31 December 2017. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse mortality and development of new damage. Poisson regression was used to examine potential explanatory variables for development of new damage. A total of 273 SLE patients were recruited with total follow-up of 1767 patient-years (median 73.4 months). There were 6348 assessments with disease activity scores available for analysis. During follow-up, 13 deaths and 114 new damage items (in 83 patients) occurred. The incidence rate for development of damage was higher in the first 3 years before stabilizing at a lower rate. Overall rate for damage accrual was 61.1 per 1000 person-years (95% CI: 50.6, 73.8). Analysis showed that active disease scores according to BILAG-2004 index (systems scores of A or B, counts of systems with A and BILAG-2004 numerical score) were associated with development of new damage. Low disease activity (LDA) states [BILAG-2004 LDA and BILAG Systems Tally (BST) persistent LDA] were inversely associated with development of damage. BILAG-2004 index is associated with new damage. BILAG-2004 LDA and BST persistent LDA can be considered as treatment targets.

Comparing the U.S.–Colombia Partnership to the U.S.–U.K. Special Relationship

This article characterises the US–Colombia Partnership (USCP) by comparing it to the U.S.–U.K. Special Relationship (USUKSR). For this purpose, both dyads are graded within Lake’s typology of international hierarchies. Then Xu’s three minimum criteria for SRs – and a fourth criterion derived from Harnisch – are applied to the USCP, with references to the USUKSR. In the security dimension, the USCP could be graded as a weak (soft) protectorate under Plan Colombia, and it might be still today. The USUKSR is seen heading toward a weak protectorate due to Britain’s even closer post-Brexit alignment to the U.S. (by launching an Indo-Pacific tilt, clinching the AUKUS pact, and helping to broker a broader anti-China coalition, while remaining the staunchest NATO ally). In the economic dimension, the USUKSR until recently could be rated as market exchange, but now it has been approaching an economic zone (as Britain is courting America for more trade and investment, while shedding Huawei, shelving a bilateral FTA with China, and seeking CPTPP accession). The USCP classifies as an economic zone, since the U.S. is still Colombia’s largest export market and preferred investor, and Colombia has been very cautious with China (refraining from an FTA, and from joining the BRI). The USCP (by combining a weak protectorate with an economic zone) is rated as an informal empire, while the USUKSR may be close to it. The USCP is unlikely to become an SR, because U.S. substituted Colombian governance functions are focused on domestic security, and the U.S. public does not judge Colombia positively, and is far from regarding it as an ally. The paper ends with a note on the dominant partner.

Have a CCOW: A CRAAP alternative for the internet age

The CRAAP Test is a popular tool for teaching students to evaluate information. Its simplicity and ease of understanding make it suitable for teaching in the limited time of a typical one-shot library instruction session. However, it has recently come under criticism for being unequal to the internet age. Critics hold that students treat the CRAAP criteria as a checklist, rarely leaving the source under evaluation to gather more information to aid their assessment, an activity crucial for internet factchecking. This paper details a new set of evaluation criteria that seeks to retain the convenient conceptual packaging of CRAAP while encouraging an investigative mindset. Students are asked to actively investigate the Credentials, Claims, and Objectives behind the information they are evaluating. A fourth criterion, Worldview, prompts metacognition and builds the self-awareness critical to making good judgements about information. This paper explores the CCOW criteria and details a flipped, online guide and exercise which has been successfully used to teach information literacy (IL) to college students in their first year of study using CCOW.

The role of collegiality in academic review, promotion, and tenure

Review, promotion, and tenure (RPT) processes at universities typically assess candidates along three dimensions: research, teaching, and service. In recent years, some have argued for the inclusion of a controversial fourth criterion: collegiality. While collegiality plays a role in the morale and effectiveness of academic departments, it is amorphic and difficult to assess, and could be misused to stifle dissent or enforce homogeneity. Despite this, some institutions have opted to include this additional element in their RPT documents and processes, but it is unknown the extent of this practice and how it varies across institution type and disciplinary units. This study is based on two sets of data: survey data collected as part of a project that explored the publishing decisions of faculty and how these related to perceived importance in RPT processes, and 864 RPT documents collected from 129 universities from the United States and Canada. We analysed these RPT documents to determine the degree to which collegiality and related terms are mentioned, if they are defined, and if and how they may be assessed during the RPT process. Results show that when collegiality and related terms appear in these documents they are most often just briefly mentioned. It is less common for collegiality and related terms to be defined or assessed in RPT documents. Although the terms are mentioned across all types of institutions, there is a statistically significant difference in how prevalent they are at each. Collegiality is more commonly mentioned in the documents of doctoral research-focused universities (60%), than of master's universities and colleges (31%) or baccalaureate colleges (15%). Results from the accompanying survey of faculty also support this finding: individuals from R-Types were more likely to perceive collegiality to be a factor in their RPT processes. We conclude that collegiality likely plays an important role in RPT processes, whether it is explicitly acknowledged in policies and guidelines or not, and point to several strategies in how it might be best incorporated in the assessment of academic careers.

On the Liceity of Previable Induction of Labor

An ongoing debate in Catholic bioethical circles today centers around the liceity of inducing labor in a woman with a healthy previable fetus in order to save her life. Many Catholic bioethicists have defended the view that such inductions are morally licit even though the fetus itself has no medical issues and it is the combination of the pregnancy along with a weakened heart of the mother that is causing problems. Typically the basis for this view is the procedure’s satisfaction of the four criteria of the principle of double effect, namely: the act itself is not evil, the evil effect is not intended, the evil effect is not produced by means of the good effect, and there is proportionate reason for the procedure. A few Catholic bioethicists have worried that the procedure does not satisfy the fourth criterion, the principle of proportionate reason. Here I present arguments showing that it is also unlikely to satisfy the first criterion, that the act itself is not evil. This hinges on the principle that it is only permissible to perform acts from which evil effects follow necessarily when such acts only directly target a pathology. Fortunately such vital conflict cases are rare and hopefully medical advances will eliminate them.

Nature and Norm: Judaism, Christianity, and the Theopolitical Problem

Nature and Norm: Judaism, Christianity, and the Theopolitical Problem

Promoting the Rule of Law in the EU Enlargement Policy: A Twofold Challenge

Since the rule of law was introduced into the EU enlargement policy, its role within the conditionality policy has advanced gradually so that it has become the cornerstone of the accession process. This paper analyses the evolution of the rule of law promotion in the process of EU enlargement with a focus on the Western Balkans and strives to identify what the main challenges are in this regard and the main reasons why the EU has made the rule of law central to its new enlargement methodology. Drawing on the experience of the Europeanisation process of the CEE countries, the paper examines the different approaches in terms of the promotion of the rule of law within the Copenhagen political accession criteria. It finds that with regard to the accession process of the Western Balkans, the EU is no longer satisfied with ‘reforms on paper’ and strives to apply more active leverage. However, the internal challenges for the rule of law within the EU and the often ‘neglected’ fourth Copenhagen criterion – absorption capacity of the Union itself referring to its capability to include new members – also affect the process. Rule of law conditionality has been compromised not only by more focus on the box-ticking benchmark fulfilment exercise than on substance, but also by the lack of credibility on the side of the EU that has undermined the pre-accession conditionality. The most illustrative case in this regard is the accession process of North Macedonia that is analysed as a case study in order to identify the main challenges and shortcomings of the EU enlargement policy. The paper proposes that the rule of law promotion and the overall Europeanisation process must rest on a credible merit-based accession process that involves clear commitments on both sides – candidate countries but also the EU.  Keywords: European Union, rule of law, enlargement policy, conditionality, accession process, Western Balkans.   This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution − Non-Commercial − No Derivatives 4.0 International License.   Suggested citation: L Ognjanoska, ‘Promoting the Rule of Law in the EU Enlargement Policy: A Twofold Challenge’ (2021) 17 CYELP 237.

ΕΠΙΒΟΛΗ ΤΗΣ ΔΙΑΝΟΙΑΣ: REFLECTIONS ON THE FOURTH EPICUREAN CRITERION OF TRUTH

AbstractThis paper discusses ἐπιβολαὶ τῆς διανοίας, which later Epicureans are supposed to have elevated to a fourth criterion of truth to complement perceptions, preconceptions and feelings. By examining Epicurus’ extant writings, the paper distinguishes three different senses of the term: ‘thought in general’, ‘act of attention’ and ‘mental perception’. It is argued that only the sense ‘mental perception’ yields a plausible reading of ἐπιβολαί as a criterion of truth. The paper then turns to the textual evidence on ἐπιβολαί in later authors. While the term ἐπιβολή (or its Latin equivalent) is not used by Cicero, Lucretius and Philodemus in the sense of mental perception, it is argued that this still is the most plausible way of understanding ἐπιβολή as a criterion of truth.

First-trimester fetal heart evaluation: time to move forward.

First-trimester fetal heart evaluation: time to move forward.

SUSPENSIVE CIVIL REMEDIES FOR THE RIGHTS TO MEANS OF INDIVIDUALIZATION FROM UNFAIR COMPETITION: CIVIL-LAW RATIONALE

The article presents an analysis of the concept and methods of civil protection of rights to the means of individualization. The study provided grounds to identify common features of liability and protection measures: aimed at their impact on the offender; aim to protect the rights and interests of the victim; can be implemented both voluntarily and compulsorily; directly enshrined in law; have a retrospective character; can be used alone or in combination. Distinctive features are also available. The following criteria are defined: the first criterion is the presence of non-equivalent property deprivations in civil liability; the second criterion: invariability of protection measures and variability of liability measures; the third criterion is the temporal (temporal) criterion; the fourth criterion for distinguishing between liability and protection measures are the forms of their implementation. Thus, the study provides grounds to identify common features of liability and protection measures: aimed at their impact on the offender; aimed at protecting the rights and interests of the victim. The study provided grounds to identify common features of liability and protection measures: aimed at their impact on the offender; aim to protect the rights and interests of the victim; can be implemented both voluntarily and compulsorily; directly enshrined in law; have a retrospective character; can be used alone or in combination. Distinctive features are also available. The following criteria are defined: the first criterion is the presence of non-equivalent property deprivation in civil liability; the second criterion: invariability of protection measures and variability of liability measures; the third criterion is the temporal (temporal) criterion; the fourth criterion for distinguishing between liability and protection measures are the forms of their implementation. Thus, the study provides grounds to identify common features of liability and protection measures: aimed at their impact on the offender; aimed at protecting the rights and interests of the victim.Key words: civil - legal protection of rights; means of individualization; intellectual property; unfair competition; measures of responsibility and protection.

Correlation of protection against varicella in a randomized Phase III varicella-containing vaccine efficacy trial in healthy infants

BackgroundVaricella vaccination confers high and long-lasting protection against chickenpox and induces robust immune responses, but an absolute correlate of protection (CoP) against varicella has not been established. This study models the relationship between varicella humoral response and protection against varicella. MethodsThis was a post-hoc analysis of data from a Phase IIIb, multicenter, randomized trial (NCT00226499) conducted in ten varicella-endemic European countries. Healthy children aged 12–22 months were randomized 3:3:1 to receive one dose of measles-mumps-rubella and one dose of varicella vaccine (one-dose group) or two doses of measles-mumps-rubella-varicella vaccine (two-dose group) or two doses of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine (control group) six weeks apart. The study remained observer-blind until completion, except in countries with obligatory additional immunizations. The objective was to correlate varicella-specific antibody concentrations with protection against varicella and probability of varicella breakthrough, using Cox proportional hazards and Dunning and accelerated failure time statistical models. The analysis was guided by the Prentice framework to explore a CoP against varicella. ResultsThe trial included 5803 participants, 5289 in the efficacy (2266: one-dose group, 2279: two-dose group and 744: control group) and 5235 (2248, 2245 and 742 in the same groups) in the immunogenicity cohort. The trial ended in 2016 with a median follow-up time of 9.8 years. Six weeks after vaccination with one- or two-dose varicella-containing vaccine, more than 93.0% of vaccinees were seropositive for varicella-specific antibodies. Estimated vaccine efficacy correlated positively with antibody concentrations. The fourth Prentice CoP criterion was not met, due to predicted positive vaccine efficacy in seronegative participants. Further modelling showed decreased probability of moderate to severe varicella breakthrough with increasing varicella-specific antibody concentrations (ten-year probability <0.1 for antibody concentrations ≥2-fold above the seropositivity cut-off). ConclusionsVaricella-specific antibody concentrations are a good predictor of protection, given their inverse correlation with varicella occurrence.Clinical trial: NCT00226499.

КРИТЕРИИ ОТНЕСЕНИЯ ПРЕСТУПЛЕНИЙ К ДЕЛАМ ЧАСТНОГО ОБВИНЕНИЯ

The paper analyses the legal nature of criminal cases of private prosecution. Based on the principle of publicity of criminal proceedings it is argued that these cases also have a publiclaw nature. Manifestation of discretion in cases of private prosecution is limited only to the right of the victim to initiate criminal proceedings and its termination through reconciliation with the accused. In all other aspects, private prosecution cases are subject to the rules of publicity. In particular, the victim has no other means of disposing of the fate of the case than reconciliation. In view of the above, the statement about the identity of criminal cases of private prosecution with civil lawsuits is criticised. The author analyzes the views expressed in science regarding the scope of private prosecution. It is argued that significant expansion of private prosecution contradicts the objectives of criminal proceedings, and therefore is inadmissible. The paper formulates criteria for including crimes into the category of private prosecution cases. The first criterion is that in the course of the crime the interests of a particular person are primarily encroached upon, and the public interest only to a minimal extent. At the same time, the victim should not suffer serious negative consequences. With these factors in mind, it is up to the victim to assess the criminal nature of the act. The second criterion is the preventive nature, i.e. preventing the commission of similar, more serious crimes as a result of criminal prosecution. The third criterion is the possibility of collection of evidence by a victim who does not have state power. Cases of private prosecution should not include those where seizure of physical evidence is required. The fourth criterion is the possibility of autonomous resolution of the conflict through reconciliation between the victim and the accused. In this case, the law should provide for a conciliation procedure. Private prosecutions should have the ultimate aim not of convicting the perpetrator, but of ending the criminal case. This is how the prevention of private prosecution of offences is achieved. On the basis of these factors, it is appropriate to classify offences against the person and personal rights as private prosecution cases. At the same time, specific decisions on the private nature of criminal prosecution should be made through analysis of individual offences. These studies require a systematic approach and should be carried out jointly by specialists in criminal law and criminal procedure.