Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer Research Articles

Optical, mechanical, structural, and antimicrobial properties of tamarind kernel powder, halloysite, and cinnamaldehyde nanocomposite films

AbstractWith paramount pressures from the laws enforcing agents and the general public in greenhouse gas emission and environmental issues, the importance of biodegradable materials with suitable properties for potential applications in the food packaging has received serious attention. In this work, tamarind kernel powder (TKP)/halloysite (HS)/cinnamaldehyde (CND) nanocomposite (NC) films were successfully developed using the solution casting method. CND with selected concentrations (0.5%–3%, w/w) were loaded into TKP (5% w/w)/HS (2% w/w) matrix. The NC films were characterized by optical measurement (e.g., color, transparency), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR), barrier, and mechanical properties. The CND concentration significantly influenced the film properties. The developed nanocomposite films exhibited excellent antimicrobial efficacy against Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative foodborne pathogens (Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella Typhimurium). Film with 2% CND was found to be a good candidate for active packaging application.Practical applicationsIn the present times, there have been increased interests in the fabrication of biodegradable films for food packaging applications to reduce the usage of plastic‐based materials. This trend has urged researchers to develop bio‐based packaging materials with increased functionality. Tamarind kernel powder possesses excellent film‐forming properties, and their reinforcement with nanoclays and essential oil makes them useful as a food packaging material. In the present study, the optical, barrier, and antimicrobial properties of tamarind kernel powder films were improved by incorporating halloysite nanoclay and cinnamaldehyde. Therefore, the developed antimicrobial films with improved functionality have high potential as a food packaging material.

Antibacterial Activity of Copper Nanoparticles Synthesized by Using Peumus boldus Leaf Extract

The green synthesis method, which is one of the methods of obtaining nanoparticles; It is a preferred method because it is simpler, environmentally friendly, economical and turns into a product in a short time. In this study, it was aimed to investigate CuNp synthesis possibilities and antimicrobial activity of this Np by using the extract of Peumus boldus, an endemic plant. The synthesized CuNps were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). It was determined that the NPs synthesis was successful, and the overall geometry was spherical; besides, the diameters were less than 50 nm. The antibacterial activity of CuNps was tested by the broth dilution method. It was observed that CuNps synthesized with Peumus boldus extract used at 125 to 250 µgr/ml concentrations suppressed the viability of E. coli and S. aureus by 60%.

Structural, optical and radiation shielding properties of ZnS nanoparticles QDs

In this paper, the structural, optical and radiation shielding properties of ZnS nanoparticles (NPs) Quantum Dots (QDs) were studied by changing the molarity of the sulfur source used for the synthesis. The molarity change method of the sulfur source is suitable for the fabrication of ZnS nanoparticles of different sizes. X-ray diffraction (XRD), transition electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR), Photoluminescence (PL) and UV–visible spectroscopy were used to study the structure and optical properties of ZnS QDs. XRD analyses exhibit cubic structure with the average crystallite size in the range (3.8–2 nm). The spherical shape is observed from TEM images. Analyses of FTIR and PL emission peaks, with different molarity of the sulfur source, confirmed the structural deformation resulting from the different concentrations of S. The analyses of absorption spectra measured by UV–visible spectroscopy indicated a strong quantum confinement effect for the ZnS samples prepared with different molarity of S source. The linear attenuation coefficient (LAC), half-value layer (HVL), tenth value layer (TVL) and the mean free path (MFP) at the photon energy from 0.015 to 15 MeV, were evaluated using Phy-X / PSD software program. It is found that the LAC increases with increasing nanoparticle size, while HVL, TVL and MFP decrease as the particle size decreases. Moreover, the fast neutron removal cross-section ƩR has been evaluated.

Study on improving the hydrophilicity of coal by a biosurfactant-producing strain screened from coal

In order to improve the hydrophilicity of coal and solve the potential environmental problems caused by chemical surfactants, in this study, a biosurfactant-producing bacteria (PLD01) was screened from coal through biochemical test screen. The species, biosurfactant types and composition analysis of the strain were studied. PLD01 was identified by 16S rRNA, and exhibited 99% sequence similarity with Pseudomonas bacteria. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR) analysis showed the presence of N-H, carboxyl groups, and glycosidic bonds in biosurfactants, which were determined as glycolipids. Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis showed that the biosurfactants had Mono-rhamno-mono-lipidic congeners (Rha-C12), Di-rhamno-mono-lipidic congeners (Rha-Rha-C10), and Mono-rhamno-di-lipidic congeners (Rha-C12-C10/Rha-C10-C12). Finally, the analysis of the potential and performance of PLD01 to produce surfactants revealed that it was an effective biosurfactant. The yield of biosurfactant was 4.35 g/L when OD600 = 1.34 and cultured for 7 d. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the separated biosurfactant was as low as 50.0 mg/L, which reduced the surface tension of water from 72.8 mN/m to 40.6 mN/m. The modified wetting effect was better than the common chemical surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Therefore, the biosurfactant-producing bacteria have good engineering application prospects.

Synthesis, Characterization, and Antifungal Activity of Cd2SnO4 Nanoparticles Prepared by Sol-Gel Technique

In this study, Cd2SnO4 nanoparticles were produced using a sol-gel technique. X-ray diffraction was used to investigate the Cd2SnO4 nanoparticles. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) with Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR), FE-SEM images show that manufactured Cd2SnO4 nanoparticles have cubic structures with some irregular cubic shaped nanoparticles. XRD patterns of the prepared thin films showed that the nanoparticles have a polycrystalline structure. The wide bands between 551 and 854 cm-1 are attributable to the framework vibrations of the Sn-O bond in SnO2, and the band at 551 cm-1 is also due to cadmium and oxygen in this area, according to the FTIR analysis. The TEM result shows the presence of cubic shaped nanoparticles. The interaction between the cadmium nanoparticles and the cellular contents of the fungi may be the reason for the antifungal effectiveness of Cd2SnO4 nanocomposites.

Solar light-driven photocatalytic degradation of methyl blue by carbon-doped TiO2 nanoparticles

Sol-gel method was used to synthesize carbon doped TiO2 nanoparticles with excellent photocatalytic activity under solar light irradiation. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR), and UV–vis spectrometer were used to analyze the absorption spectra and methyl blue concentration in water at different time intervals throughout the photodegradation experiment. The results revealed that pure TiO2 and carbon doped TiO2 nanopowders are anatase phase with crystallite sizes ranging from 8 to 13 nm. The doping was found to decelerate the grain development of the nanopowder. Although carbon doping in TiO2 may effectively expand the light absorption capabilities towards visible light, too much doping is deleterious to light absorption ability. The optimal doping quantity for maximum photocatalytic degradation of MB in our experiment was 2 atoms %; above this doping, the catalyst's photocatalytic activity diminishes.

Green Synthesis of Gold and Silver Nanoparticles Using Opuntia dillenii Aqueous Extracts: Characterization and Their Antimicrobial Assessment

In the present study, gold (Au) and silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized from aqueous extracts of Opuntia dillenii, characterized by various advanced techniques and investigated for antibacterial and antifungal potential. Phytochemical screening of O. dillenii showed the presence of alkaloids, betacyanin, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, and phlobatannins. The characterizations of the synthesized metal NPs were performed such as UV-visible spectrophotometer, FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) spectrophotometer, SEM (scanning electron microscopy) and EDX (energy-dispersive X-ray). Through the application of such advance techniques, the UV-visible spectrophotometer showed the bands of absorbance for AgNPs and AuNPs at 420 nm and 525 nm range, respectively. The FTIR spectra for both and AgNPs also appeared in the range of 4000-400 cm-1. SEM was performed for the textural and morphological characteristics of the NPs such as shape, size distribution, and surface structure. Elemental analysis was recorded for the synthesis of Au and AgNPs, which confirmed its purity. The O. dillenii extract and their synthesized Au and AgNPs showed a clear zone of inhibition against the E. coli, S. aureus, K. pneumonia, and P. aeruginosa bacteria and T. viride, C. albicans, C. krusei, and A. niger fungal species.

Velvet-like carbon nitride as a solid-phase microextraction fiber coating for determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by gas chromatography

In this study, velvet-like carbon nitride (V-g-C3N4) was prepared from urea aqueous solutions by one-step thermal polycondensation. The V-g-C3N4 material was then characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FT-IR), and nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms. The specific surface area of V-g-C3N4 (60.66 m2/g) was 1.8 times that of the carbon nitride (g-C3N4) prepared by the traditional method. V-g-C3N4 was modified on the surface of stainless-steel wire by a sol-gel technique to obtain a solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coating for the extraction of five polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from water samples. The chromatography signal of the PAHs extracted using the V-g-C3N4 coating was 1.5 times that when using a g-C3N4 coating, and 5–10 times that when using commercial PDMS. Under the optimized extraction conditions, the linear range of the method developed for the determination of five PAHs was 0.05–100 µg/L, the limits of detection were 0.005–0.012 µg/L, and the recoveries from actual water samples were 85.94–103.47%. Furthermore, the developed SPME device is remarkably durable and can be reused up to 160 times.

Surface functionalization of nano graphene oxide by amino acid

In this study, nano graphene oxide (NGO) was synthesized by modified Hummer's method, the functionalization surface of nano graphene oxide (NGO) by amino acid (methionine, cysteine) by covalent functionalization of NGO with amino acid group using microwave 20% power (140 W) and characterization by Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), and field emission scanning electronic microscopy (FESEM). The calculated particle size of prepared compounds GO, GOM, and GOC is dependent on the pattern X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), XRD using (Debye – Scherer) and (Williamson – Hall) equation GO (16 nm), GOM (16.83nm), and GOC (19.nm). The FESEM exhibited for graphene oxide surface has many layers of light grey and has kinked regions and wrinkled edges, while re-stacked layers are light colored. The surfaces of GOM and GOC have sharp edges, crumpled and rippled.

PRODUCTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF WASTE MASK REINFORCED POLYESTER COMPOSITE

In this research, waste masks (WM) that pollute the environment have been evaluated in the polyester composite. Some physical and chemical properties of the obtained composite have been characterized. In particular, its density, Shore D hardness, thermal conductivity, thermal stability, and porosity have been determined. Waste masks were collected, disinfect, ground, dried and added into unsaturated polyester (UP) at the rates of 0 %, 2 %, 5 %, 7 %, and 10 % by mass as a filler. Mask wastes were reinforced to the unsaturated polyester in certain proportions and were homogenized thoroughly for 10 minutes at a mixing speed of 1000 rpm. Then, the chemical reaction has been carried out with the help of methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP) and cobalt octoate (Co Oc) catalysts. The chemical bond structure of the produced polyester composites was determined by Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR). According to the results, both density and Shore D hardness of the composites decreased as the WM ratios in the composites increased. It has been evaluated that the mechanical strength of the polyester composite and porosity raises with increasing WM ratio. The increase in WM by mass in the polyester composite raises thermal conductivity and activation energy.

Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activity of Ziziphus oenoplia Seed Extract

The present aimed to analysis the phytochemical and pharmacological activities of Ziziphus oenoplia seed extract. Hence the ethanolic extract was prepared and analyzed Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR). The GC-MS analysis of Ziziphus oenoplia showed 24 major peaks revealing the presence of 16 major phytochemical compounds in the Ziziphus oenoplia extract. Further, the FTIR analysis also confirmed the presence of alcohols, aromatic compound, alkanes, aldehydes, ketones, alkenes, amines, amides, nitro compounds, carboxylic acids, ethers and ester. Antimicrobial activity was tested against S. typhi, S. aureus and E.coli. The extracts showed significant inhibition towards the selective microbes. The identified compounds are further in needed to study in their pharmacological activities. Hence, the further studies are warranted. It could be expected Ziziphus oenoplia Seeds extract might be great helpful for human ailments.

Optical properties, energy transfer and thermal stability of spherical nano-phosphor YPO4:Eu3+:Sm3+

A series of phosphors of Sm3+ and Eu3+ single-doped or co-doped YPO4 matrix are synthesized by the hydrothermal method. X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), fluorescence spectrophotometer (FL), ultraviolet–visible near infrared spectrometer (UV) and Fourier transform-infrared (FI-IR) spectrophotometer are used to analyze and characterize composition, structure, morphology, luminescent properties, fluorescence lifetime and fluorescence thermal stability of the sample. The analysis results show that the phosphor has a tetragonal crystal structure, and the morphology is the nano-sphere with the diameter of 60–100 nm. Under excitation of 395 nm and 404 nm near-ultraviolet light, YPO4:Sm3+:Eu3+ emits intense red and orange red light. In the phosphor YPO4:Sm3+:Eu3+, Sm3+ and Eu3+ undergo a process of mutual energy transfer; the critical distance of energy transfer is 1.109–2.392 nm; the energy transfer mechanism is electric dipole-electric dipole interaction; the energy transfer efficiency can reach over 65%. For the optimum product YPO4:2%Sm3+:8%Eu3+, the color coordinates are X = 0.6137, Y = 0.3813; and the fluorescence lifetime is 0.219 ms. The phosphor has good thermal stability, and the thermal quenching activation energy is 0.2053 eV. The tailored yttrium orthophosphate nanoparticles significantly displayed potentiality in the field of optical displays, and also demonstrated the applicability in the biological field.

Antibacterial Effect and Mode of Action of Secondary Metabolites from Fungal Endophyte Associated with Aloe ferox Mill

The constant increase in drug resistance, occurrence of incurable diseases and high medical costs, have necessitated bio-prospecting of fungi as alternative sources of therapeutic compounds. This study aimed at assessing the antibacterial effect and mode of action of secondary metabolites from fungal endophyte associated with Aloe ferox Mill. Endophytic fungus was isolated from the gel of A. ferox and identified by internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rRNA gene sequence analysis. The targets of antibacterial activity were assessed based on minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the effect of the extract on respiratory chain dehydrogenase (RCD) and membrane integrity. Fourier transform-infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR) was employed to ascertain functional groups. The fungus with the most promising antibiotic-production was identified as Aspergillus welwitschiae MK450668.1. Its extract exhibited antibacterial activity with the MIC values of 0.5 and 1 mg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25925) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922). It demonstrated the inhibitory effect on the RCD activity and destruction of membrane integrity on the test bacteria. FTIR spectrum revealed hydroxyl, amine and alkene groups. A. welwitschiae MK450668.1 serves as a potential source of effective compounds to combat the challenge of drug resistance.

Effect of Formulation Variables for the Production of WGA-Grafted, Levodopa-Loaded PLGA Nanoparticles

Levodopa is used for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease (PD) for the last few decades. However, adverse reactions such as dyskinesia, somnolence, nausea, itching, rash, as well as the need for frequent dosing and low bioavailability problems affect the success of the treatment. To prevent side effects caused by conventional therapy, a nanoparticular drug delivery system has been developed, in which receptors are constantly stimulated, and the frequency of dosing is reduced. In this study, levodopa was loaded in Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (NP) which modified with Wheat Germ Agglutinin (WGA) To increase the effectiveness of levodopa, reduce its side effects and apply to the nasal area which is an alternative way for brain targeting with lower doses. To obtain the optimum levodopa loaded PLGA nanoparticles, the effect of some formulation variables such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) concentration, homogenization speed, polymer amount and molecular weight, and levodopa content on the entrapment efficiency (EE) and particle size of the nanoparticles were investigated. Besides these variables, the effect of different parameters on the WGA binding constant was also searched. In addition to in vitro release studies, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FT-IR), and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis were used in the characterization of nanoparticles. Among all formulations, A2 and A8a which was produced with different molcular weights of PLGA, different added levodopa amounts and with different homogenization speeds were chosen as optimum formulations due to their sustained release properties and the ability to release 80 % of their drug content.WGA binding constant was found 78.20 % for A8a-1 and 95 % for A2-1. In this study, we aimed to determine the effect of different formulation parameters on the development of levodopa loaded and WGA grafted PLGA nanoparticles and on the quality characteristics of nanoparticle formulations such as particle size, zeta potential, and EE. In this paper, our results are demonstrated for a better understanding of the effect of process parameters on the development of nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems by using the double-emulsion solvent evaporation technique and on WGA binding of drug-loaded PLGA nanoparticles.

POTENTIAL ANTIOXIDANT EFFICACY OF THE SECONDARY METABOLITES ISOLATED FROM CALOCYBE INDICA (VAR.APK2): AN EDIBLE MACROFUNGI

Objective: Mushrooms have been valued as traditional sources of natural bioactive compounds for many centuries and targeted as promising therapeutic agents. The bioactive mycomolecules of mushrooms are reported to have antioxidant, antitumor, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activity, which are the important medicinal targets in terms of drug discovery today. Hence, an attempt was made in the present study, to evaluate the immunomodulatory and oxidative process of secondary metabolites from the milky mushroom Calocybe indica (P&C) var.APK2 using radical scavenging assays. Methods: The fruiting bodies of milky mushrooms were found to produce an array of mycomolecules such as phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids, steroids, and saponins in their methanolic extract which was confirmed using Fourier-transform infrared spectrophotometer (FT-IR) analysis and standard phytochemical studies; hence, chromatography fractions of these mushroom seem greatly promising biological activities including antioxidants. Results: The functional analysis of the secondary metabolites of these macrofungi was evaluated by the separation of potential fractions using preparative thin-layer chromatography (TLC) that revealed seven distinct bands with Rf values of 0.14, 0.26, 0.31, 0.42, 0.52, 0.70, and 0.82; the antioxidant activity was determined through TLC in situ bio autography. The quenching property of metabolite compound which was ranging from 19% to 77.9% and the half effective concentration values of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity was recorded as 64.26 μg/ml and 54.5 μg/ml sample concentration, respectively. The active mycomolecules of C. indica from the TLC was, further, confirmed using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry studies. Conclusion: The present investigation of the study revealed that the antioxidant efficacy of edible milky mushroom may be further proceeded for in vivo studies for novel drug discovery.

Highly active PdPt bimetallic nanoparticles synthesized by one-step bioreduction method: Characterizations, anticancer, antibacterial activities and evaluation of their catalytic effect for hydrogen generation

Metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) have important applications in medicine and technology. Bimetallic NPs, which are among the metallic nanoparticles, are of great interest due to their properties. An innovative method by green synthesis has been developed to obtain bimetallic NPs. Aromatic plants are used in this synthesis method. One of the plants used for green synthesis is Nigella sativa and it has a unique place among plants for use as medicine. In this study, the synthesis of Palladium–Platinum bimetallic nanoparticles (PdPt NPs) and the catalytic, antibacterial, and anticancer activity of synthesized PdPt NPs by green synthesis method using Nigella sativa seed extract are reported. The synthesized PdPt NPs were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and UV–Vis spectrometry techniques. The catalytic activity of PdPt NPs was determined by performing sodium borohydride (NaBH4) hydrolysis experiments. According to the results obtained, Turnover Frequency (TOF), activation energy, entropy, and enthalpy values were found to be 1664.76 h−1, 13.93 kJ/mol, −119.02 J/mol.K, and 11.43 kJ/mol, respectively. It was determined that PdPt NPs are highly effective catalysts for hydrogen production. PdPt NPs (200 μg/mL) were determined to have antibacterial activity of 57.58%, 64.42%, 48.68%, and 58.77% against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis bacteria, respectively. In addition, the cytotoxic effects of PdPt NPs, MTT against human breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231), human endometrial carcinoma cell line (Ishikawa, ISH), human cervical cancer cell line (HeLa), L929-Murine fibroblast cell line test, and IC50 values were calculated. The IC50 values of PdPt NPs applied against MDA-MB-231, ISH, and HeLa cancer cell lines were calculated as 9.1744 ± 1.566 μg/mL, 12.2431 ± 1.132 μg/mL, 18.1963 ± 1.730 μg/mL, respectively. No significant cytotoxic effect was observed in healthy L929-murine fibroblasts. Green synthesis of PdPt NPs was determined to have significant advantages over chemical approaches. The biogenic PdPt NPs synthesized in this study suggest the design of bio-based bimetallic catalysts with high catalytic performance to prevent environmental pollution.

Characterization of Polymer Blend (Polystyrene/High Density Polyethylene) Using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR)

World’s population increases by the day, calling for more modern technological needs, polymer blending is the alternative in the realm of material science and engineering because today’s technology necessitates materials with amalgamated properties that are deficient in conventional class of polymers. In this research work, high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and polystyrene (PS) were blended in various percentage proportions, which are 100% HDPE 0% PS, and 50% HDPE/50% PS. Various characterization research was conducted to determine the properties of both the PB1 and PB2 using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR). A water absorption test was also conducted on the prepared blends. The results revealed that the PB2 exhibits better properties than the PB1 due to more strength and water absorption

Ultrasonic Functionalized Egg Shell Powder for the Adsorption of Cationic Dye: Equilibrium and Kinetic Studies

The present research focuses on synthesizing surface-modified egg shell powders using ultrasonic modification method for the effective adsorption of malachite green dye (MG). The presence of functional groups and surface morphology of ultrasonic-assisted egg shell powder (UAESP) was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis, respectively. A batch adsorption study was performed to predict the optimum conditions, and the results showed that maximum adsorption rate at the solution pH of 8.0 within the interaction time of 90 min, dosage of 1.5 g/L for MG dye concentration of 25 mg/L, and temperature 30°C. The isotherm and kinetics modeling of the present adsorption system can be well described by Freundlich and pseudosecond-order kinetics, respectively. The monolayer adsorption capacity of UAESP for MG dye was originated to be 64.58 mg/g. The results of the thermodynamic study reported that adsorption removal of MG dye onto UAESP was exothermic and spontaneous. This study accredited that UAESP has higher efficiency, cost-effective, and sustainable adsorbent for the removal of hazardous dyes on an industrial level.

Phytochemical Analysis of Crude Plant Extracts and Laboratory Synthesized Green Nanoparticles from Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth.

Recently the research and analysis of green nanoparticles (NPs) synthesized with plant extracts has been expanded significantly due to their biological activities. From the variety of agents used for nanoparticles synthesis, silver (Ag) is the most preferred due to its recommended use in medical field as best topical bactericides from ancient times. In the present study, crude bark extracts of Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. were used for nanoparticles synthesis and comparison of their biochemistry with crude extract was assessed by using biochemistry analytical techniques viz; UV-Visible spectrophotometer (UV-Vis), Fourier transform infra-red spectrophotometer (FTIR), Photoluminescence (PL) and Direct Light Scattering analysis ( DLS).

Preparation of Staphylococcal Protein A Imprinted Supermacroporous Cryogel Beads.

Protein A is the most commonly used ligand in IgG purification due to its specific binding to the Fc receptor of most immunoglobulins, making it commercially important. Molecular imprinting is a method based on the selective recognition of various molecules. Molecular imprinted polymers are materials that are easy to prepare, durable, cheap and have molecular recognition capability. Cryogels are prepared by radical polymerization in a partially frozen environment. The unique structure of cryogels combined with osmotic, chemical and mechanical stability make them attractive chromatography matrices for a variety of biological compounds/specimens (plasmids, pathogens, cells). In this protocol, protein A imprinted supermacroporous poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) cryogels were prepared in spherical form for protein A purification. The characterization of the prepared cryogels were made by swelling test, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis. After characterization, optimum conditions for protein A adsorption were determined in the batch system. The maximum protein A adsorption capacity was determined after optimization of the imprinted cryogels. Protein A relative selectivity coefficients of imprinted cryogels were examined for both Fc and protein G. Protein A was isolated from the bacterial cell wall using fast performance liquid chromatography (FPLC). The separated protein A was determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). In the last stage, the reusability of the cryogel was examined.