Four-stroke Engine Research Articles

Experimental Investigations of Diesel Engine Performance Using Blends of Distilled Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel with Diesel and Economic Feasibility of the Distilled Biodiesel

This paper elaborates on the production of distilled biodiesel of standard EN14214 from waste cooking oil (WCO). Its economic viability is assessed and experimental investigations of a single-cylinder, four-stroke engine using a mixture of distilled biodiesel and diesel of Euro 5 standard are described. The physical and chemical characteristics of biodiesel produced from waste cooking oil were determined. Fuel samples prepared with different percentages of biodiesel and diesel were used to run the engine. We observed the effects of increasing the percentage of biodiesel in the mixture on brake power, brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency, and the exhaust emission from the engine. The emission species included O2, CO, CO2, NOx, and SO2. Improved engine performance and reduced emissions from the engine were noticed with blended fuels with 10% and 20% distilled WCO biodiesel mixed with 90% and 80% mineral diesel by volume, respectively. The results of this study indicate that the distilled biodiesel blends with mineral diesel can be used as an alternative fuel to run diesel engines without changing the engine design, thereby providing an alternative energy resource with reduced costs for power generation by using engine fuel. An economic assessment and sensitivity analysis were used to determine the feasibility of distilled WCO biodiesel as an alternative fuel to diesel.

An ANN-entropy-FA model for prediction and optimization of biodiesel-based engine performance

The present work incorporated full factorial experimentation for performance analysis of Nahar oil-based biodiesel in a four-stroke diesel engine. The controllable input parameters are engine revolution per minute (N), engine load (EL), and blend mixture (BM) respectively. The measured engine performance characteristics are brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC), and exhaust gas temperature (ET). Prediction and optimization of engine output characteristics have been computed through the ANN-entropy-FA hybrid model. In this model, a trained Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is used to compute the objective function value during optimization using the Firefly algorithm (FA). The maximum absolute percentage error of trained ANN during the prediction of output parameters is found as less than 3%. The entropy method is employed to determine the weight of output parameters in the combined objective function. ANN-FA optimization determined minimum BSFC = 0.386 kg/kW-hr, maximum BTE = 24.60%, and minimum ET = 163.24 °C with corresponding operational input parameter setting of low engine rpm (1250 rpm), medium engine load (15.20 kg), and a high percentage of blend mixture (≈25%) respectively. A significantly low absolute % error of around 1.75% during experimental validation of ANN-FA optimized output indicates the efficacy of the proposed model.

Attempt to mitigate marine engine emissions with improved performance by the investigation of alcohol inclusion in sunflower biodiesel-sunflower oil-diesel blend.

The quaternary blends (diesel-biodiesel-vegetable oil-alcohol) offer enormous potential for reducing fossil fuel usage and mitigating air pollution caused by marine diesel engines. Biodiesel and alcohol are alternate fuels possessing high oxygen content, ensuring clean combustion. Vegetable oil is beneficial in saving diesel contribution and increasing engine lubrication. The objective of the present work was to reduce the dependency on conventional diesel and to come up with cleaner fuel that can also improve engine performance. This experimental work aims to lower exhaust emissions by fueling a single-cylinder, four-stroke direct-injection diesel engine with novel quaternary blends comprising diesel (50%), sunflower biodiesel (25%), sunflower oil (5%), and alcohol (20%). In order to develop cleaner fuel than diesel, different quaternary blends were prepared by varying the length of the carbon chain of alcohols in the blends, namely, DBOEth20, DBOProp20, DBOBut20, DBOHep20, and DBODec20. The performance emissions of quaternary blends were tested at varied engine loads from 5 to 20 Nm (full load), while engine speed was fixed at 1800rpm. The results indicate that DBOProp20 resulted in the lowest fuel consumption and highest thermal efficiency. DBOProp20 reduced CO2, NOx, and smoke emissions by 19.6%, 9.9%, and 85.7%, as compared to diesel. However, DBODec20 succeed in mitigating CO emission by 41.37% at 100% load. DBOBut20 proved to be most promising in reducing UHC emission by a maximum of 71.69% at 100% load. The highest BTE of 10.98% with lowest BSFC of 13.04% was recorded for DBOProp20 at 100% engine load, in comparison to pure diesel.

Honge Oil Biodiesel as a Promising feedstock – An Experimental Investigation

The performance, combustion and emission characteristics of a vertical air-cooled single-cylinder four-stroke diesel engine fueled with karanja (honge) and diesel oil blends with B20 (20% biodiesel and 80% diesel), B50 (50% biodiesel and 50% diesel) and B100 were experimental tested (100% biodiesel). The bio-oil was extracted using soxhlet extractor and mechanical pressing in the presence of n-hexane. The transesterification process was accomplished through two stage process with NaOH and methanol. Performance parameters evaluated include Thermal Braking Efficiency (BTE), Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC), Total Fuel Consumption (TFC) and Braking Performance (BP). Heat Release Rate (HRR) and pressure-crank angle diagram are two of the combustion properties evaluated. Carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and oxygen (O2) are among the emission characteristics examined. These parameters were determined under constant load conditions of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% at the rated speed of 1500 rpm and the results for each karanja oil blend (B20, B50, B100) were compared to diesel. As a result, it is concluded that B20 blend offers superior performance, combustion and emission characteristics compared to other test fuel blends.

The Effect of Eichhornia Crassipes Biodiesel/LPG Dual-Fuel on Performance and Emissions in a Single-Cylinder Compression Ignition Engine

This study investigates the effects of Eichhornia Crassipes Biodiesel (ECB) with liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) dual-fuel on diesel engine performance and exhaust emissions characteristics. A four-stroke, single-cylinder and water-cooled diesel engine was used. The engine was operated with pure Iraqi diesel (PID) as a reference fuel, 40% ECB-60% PID, and duel fuel mode (DFM) (40% ECB-60% PID-2.4 l/min LPG). The experimental testing was carried out at 1500 rpm constant engine speed, compression ratio 18, and time injection 23° bTDC under various load conditions (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) full load. Using a gas analyzer, the engine emissions, including carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), and nitrogen oxides (NOx), were measured. An OPABOX smoke unit was used to determine the smoke intensity. The result manifested that the 40% ECB reduced the thermal brake efficiency (BTH) by 7% at partial load, compared with the PID. Exhaust emissions tests at full load displayed a reduction in CO2, CO, HC, and smoke by 44.4%, 70.34%, 31%, 76%, and 47%, respectively, with increasing NOx emission by 17.02% compared with the PID. The (LPG- 40% ECB) DFM at full load elucidated a reduction in CO2, CO, and smoke by (52.38%-14.28%), (81.48%-37.5%) and (86.28 %-41.7%), respectively, while there was an increase in HC and NOx emission by of (15.38%-40%) and (34.2%-20.07%), respectively, compared with the PID and 40% ECB, where the BTH in DFM was higher than 40% ECB by 9.07%. Finally, the brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) decreased by (10.11%-11.2%) compared with PID and 40% biodiesel.

Outline of history and comparative analysis of internal combustion engines for flying models

The article discusses the most important facts from the history of the development of miniature aircraft engines and carries out their comparative analysis. Already in the 1930s, the structural system characteristic of model engines was established, which has hardly changed to this day. The following sections compare the various types of engines: two-stroke and four-stroke engines, spark-ignition engines, glow plug engines, engines with a push-pull cylinder arrangement, radial and in-line engines. The comparisons of the parameters and operational indicators of such engines presented in the tables allowed for the assessment of the advantages and disadvantages of individual engines, making several observations and drawing some more general conclusions.

Service Based Practical Technology Drinking Water Heater with Heat Smoke Recovery of Multipurpose Diesel Motorcycle Exhaust for Wooden Fisherman Boat Power

The gas power cycle of a four-stroke combustion engine is obtained from a mixture of diesel injection+compressed hot air as the working fluid, which in this case is taken from a versatile type of diesel engine from all kinds of fishing communities on the north coast of Java Island, it can be said that in general the use of multipurpose diesel engines used as a propulsion engine for fishing boats. A common sight for Pantura fishermen is hot smoke exhaust from the exhaust of a multipurpose diesel motor driving a wooden fishing boat released into the air. Eventually, it becomes a source of air pollution around the ship, especially nitrogen oxides, which are toxic to human respiration; hot smoke waste resulting from the combustion process released through the piston engine exhaust system still contains valuable energy potential in the form of hot gas released by the exhaust which if attempted to heat the hot gas energy before being discharged into the ambient air, the heat energy can be recovered by installing additional heat exchangers as a benefit of heat sources for heat exchange heaters or heaters the result is cold drinking water turns into hot drinking water. Heat balance is the calculation of the heat released in the combustion of fuel+air in the combustion chamber and its utilization in the transfer of cold fluids to hot fluids, which is the heat energy content of explosion in compression combustion engines based on fossil fuels. All heat products of combustion cannot be converted 100% into practical motor work or power; energy transfer is lost from the combustion motor, such as 25%, to cooling water 32%, in the exhaust gas 34%, pumping losses, 3%, losses -friction loss between parts due to lousy machining inaccuracy 6% and radiation to the air environment. A drinking water heater with hot smoke recovery from a versatile diesel motor exhaust driving a wooden fishing boat works by recovering or recovering heat energy from the exhaust gas in the exhaust directly from the combustion process cycle in a piston-type combustion engine. The hot flue gas flow is forced into direct contact with the wall of the heat exchanger tube before exiting the exhaust. As long as the piston combustion motor is running, the hot stream from the exhaust gas flows into the shell & tube heat exchanger shell. This experiment aims to get clean hot water 70OC with a linked cold water mass = 0.0064 kg/s at 28OC. Another effect of this experiment is to control exhaust emissions into the atmosphere from internal combustion engines.

Relation between fluctuations and efficiency at maximum power for small heat engines

We study the ratio between the variances of work output and heat input, $\eta^{(2)}$, for a class of four-stroke heat engines which covers various typical cycles. Recent studies on the upper and lower bounds of $\eta^{(2)}$ are based on the quasistatic limit and the linear response regime, respectively. We extend these relations to the finite-time regime within the endoreversible approximation. We consider the ratio $\eta_{\text{MP}}^{(2)}$ at maximum power and find that the square of the Curzon-Ahlborn efficiency, $\eta_{\text{CA}}^2$, gives a good estimate of $\eta_{\text{MP}}^{(2)}$ for the class of heat engines considered, i.e., $\eta_{\text{MP}}^{(2)} \simeq \eta_{\text{CA}}^2$. This resembles the situation where the Curzon-Ahlborn efficiency gives a good estimate of the efficiency at maximum power for various kinds of finite-time heat engines. Taking an overdamped Brownian particle in a harmonic potential as an example, we can realize such endoreversible small heat engines and give an expression of the cumulants of work output and heat input. The approximate relation $\eta_{\text{MP}}^{(2)} \simeq \eta_{\text{CA}}^2$ is verified by numerical simulations. This relation also suggests a trade-off between the efficiency and the stability of finite-time heat engines at maximum power.

Combustion characteristics of nanofuels: A comprehensive review on diesel/biodiesel-based nanofuels

Nanoparticles dispersed in liquid fuels are capable of creating colloidal mixtures with superior heat transfer and combustion properties. This approach has gain considerable attention from the internal combustion engine community to enhance the engine efficiency and reduce its pollutants emission. In the current study, a comprehensive review is performed on the recent findings on the effects of using various nanoparticles on the fuel properties and combustion characteristics in compression ignition (CI) engines. The experimental results on the Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE), Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC), NOx, smoke and unburned hydrocarbon (UNBC) emissions are reviewed and summarized. The detailed specifications of the test rigs are also reviewed. The literature review showed that most of the nanoadditives can enhance BTE and BSFC and at the same time reduce smoke and UNBC emissions. Although reduction in NOx emission was reported is some studies, considerable increment in NOx emissions was also observed in several scholars. Most of the studies are performed in single-cylinder four-stroke naturally-aspirated engines with a rated power at full load in the range of 3.7–5.5 kW. Finally, some suggestions on using novel hybrid types of nanoparticles as additives in CI engines are provided for future research studies.

Alternative fuel production from waste plastics and their usability in light duty diesel engine: Combustion, energy, and environmental analysis

Green biofuels have long been touted as a potential solution to society's reliance on fossil fuels and pollution emission problems. Commercially available renewable fuels like waste plastics oil alternative (P) made from waste plastic oil could take the place of fossil fuels, especially in diesel engines. Binary alternatives and diesel blends that partially replace diesel can be used in diesel engines without requiring major modifications. A four-stroke diesel engine used in the experiment was fed waste plastics oil alternative (up to 40% volumetric content), and diesel (D) mixes. Each binary blend is stabilised by a volumetric concentration and is composed of varying oil proportions. The investigations, therefore, relate partial diesel replacements to assessments of engine performance and mix combustion under various load conditions (25–100%), speeds (1200–1800 rpm), and compression ratios (15–19). Results showed that alternative-diesel mixtures up to 40% can still operate reliably. Thermal efficiency was somewhat lower than for diesel which was 100%. The experiment revealed higher fuel use, smoke, and NO emissions. The conclusion of the present research states that waste product oils can compete with fossil fuels in terms of engine performance, combustion, and emission characteristics when utilized in light-duty engines.

Experimental study of the impact of scavenging efficiency on diesel combustion in an opposed-piston two-stroke engine

The opposed-piston two-stroke (OP2S) engine is a promising alternative powertrain technology that can offer thermal and brake efficiency improvements over conventional four-stroke engines. In recent years, many of the technical barriers of the OP2S engine architecture have been overcome. However, there is still a need for fundamental studies to provide insight into the scavenging and combustion processes of the OP2S engine to help design and operate the most efficient combustion systems using this engine architecture. This work aims to provide such insights by analyzing experimental data collected on a 3-cylinder, 4.9 L OP2S engine. Specifically, a scavenging efficiency sweep, an engine speed sweep with a constant scavenging efficiency, and an engine speed with a constant pressure differential across the engine were studied in detail. It was found that in diesel combustion, as the scavenging efficiency decreased, the increase in temperature of the hot, internal residuals resulted in a significant increase in heat transfer. Despite lowering pumping losses, this resulted in an overall decrease in brake efficiency. When the bulk thermodynamic conditions of two different scavenging efficiency cases (67% and 72%) were matched at port closing, the lower scavenging efficiency case still displayed a 0.7 percentage point penalty in net thermal efficiency and an increase in engine-out indicated specific emissions of NOx of 18% due to residual stratification in the cylinder. The results presented in this work show that the optimal breathing strategy in diesel combustion on an OP2S engine architecture is one that results in a slightly under-scavenged environment at port closing. However, the results did show potential system-level efficiency benefits of decreasing scavenging efficiency, meaning that alternative fuels and combustion strategies without the constraints of diesel combustion could achieve system-level efficiency gains by running significantly under-scavenged.

The Tribo-Dynamics Performance of the Lubricated Piston Skirt–Cylinder System Considering the Cylinder Liner Vibration

The tribo-dynamics performance of the piston–cylinder system is affected by multiple physical fields. The current work presents a novel multiphysics coupling method to model and analyze the lubricated piston skirt–cylinder interface considering the cylinder liner vibration. This method is implemented by coupling multibody dynamics of the crank-connecting rod–piston–cylinder system, the heat transfer of the cylinder and piston, hydrodynamics lubrication on the skirt–cylinder interface, vibration of the cylinder liner, and thermal as well as elastic deformation in the piston–cylinder system together with rheological characteristics of lubricating oil. The proposed method is adopted into a four-stroke gasoline engine to predict its dynamics and tribological characteristics, with the purpose of revealing the influence of cylinder liner vibration on the tribo-dynamics implementation of the piston–cylinder system. The results indicate that increasing the stiffness and damping coefficient of the cylinder is beneficial to suppress the vibration of the system, but it has little effect on the tribological characteristics of the piston skirt–cylinder interface.

Utilization of enriched hydrogen blends in the diesel engine with MgO nanoparticles for effective engine performance and emission control

The influence of hydrogen on the diesel engine has been examined in this study. In addition, the impact of MgO nanoparticles was also analysed by conducting a series of tests on samples such as Diesel (100 % diesel), DN (Diesel-50 ppm MgO), H1N (10 % Hydrogen-50 ppm MgO) and H2N (20 % Hydrogen-50 ppm MgO). Hydrogen was injected through intake manifold at the volume of 10 % and 20 %. Nanoparticles were dispersed using the ultrasonication techniques to accrue stable suspension. The experiments were conducted between 6 N-m to 24 N-m loads on a four-stroke single cylinder engine. The parameters such as brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), and heat release rate (HRR) were assessed. In addition to the performance and combustion, the environmental impact of the test blends was also analysed by examining the exhaust with a gas analyser. From the series of tests, it was evident that hydrogen enrichment in the test blends reported lower levels of emissions compared to neat diesel. The formation of the hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen of oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), and carbon dioxide (CO2) was reduced due to the drop in the carbon atoms and enriched oxygen content in the combustion chamber. With regard to the performance, the hydrogen enriched nanoparticle blends reported peak BTE (37 %) and HRR (75 J/deg) than the other test blends. By assessing all the results, the addition of hydrogen is a potential option to reduce the environmental impact created by the fossil fuel without forfeiting the engine efficiency.

Effect of lubricating base oil on the oxidation behavior of diesel exhaust soot

In this study, the oxidation behaviors of soot particles from diesel engine when using neat diesel fuel (DF) and lubricating base oil-blended fuel (BBF) were investigated. The changes in the average particle size and nanostructure parameters during soot oxidation process were analyzed. Exhaust particulate matter (PM) samples were collected from a four-stroke, four-cylinder and turbo0charged diesel engine operated under 1200 rpm and 200 Nm. DF and BBF Soot samples with different oxidation weight losses of 20 %, 40 %, and 60 % were obtained by thermogravimetric isothermal oxidation experiments at 600 °C, and the particle size and nanostructure parameters (fringe length, La; fringe tortuosity, Tf) were characterized using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Results show that the DF soot particles exhibited an oxidation mode that was initially dominated by surface oxidation and gradually deviated to internal oxidation. Combustion of the base oil increased the soot internal oxidation tendency. HRTEM results showed that as the soot oxidation progressed, the primary particles showed a shell-core, onion-like and hollow structure gradually. The La of the primary particles gradually increased, and the Tf gradually decreased, indicating that the soot layer crystallites were rearranged during the oxidation process, which resulted in a disordered nanostructure that transitioned to a more graphitized nanostructure.

Optimization of diesel engine performance and emission characteristics with cerium oxide nanoparticles mixed waste cooking oil biodiesel blends

The study investigates the performance and emission characteristics of a four-stroke, single-cylinder, and direct injection diesel engine with variable compression ratio using nanoparticles blended biofuel. The cerium Oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles have been blended in corresponding ratios with waste cooking oil (WCO) biodiesel. Further, response surface methodology (RSM) based Box-Behnken design (BBD) approach was used to evaluate engine performance parameters such as brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), and emission characteristics (such as NOx, CO, and CO2 emission). In addition, the quadratic models were obtained to investigate the influence of input parameters on each output response with analysis of variance (ANOVA). The desirability approach was used to obtain the optimal engine performance and emission characteristics. The analysis revealed that WCO blended with CeO2 nanoparticles fuel improves CI engines’ performance and reduces their hazardous emissions. The compression ratio of 14:1 at 10.29% blend composition and 50 ppm concentration level of nanoparticles with composite desirability of 0.858 was found to be the engine’s optimal operating conditions. At optimal conditions, BTE, BSFC, NOx, CO, and CO2 were 36.62%, 0.2204 kg/kW-h, 168 ppm, 0.0192%, and 1.132% respectively.

Experimental analysis of diesel/biodiesel blends with a nano additive for the performance and emission characteristics of CI Engine

Recently nano additives have proven their significance in biodiesels to overcome the challenges of fossil fuels in CI engines. The current study examines the performance and exhaust emission characteristics of a CI engine on waste cooking oil biodiesel (WCME) blends with Titanium oxide (TiO2) nano additives. TiO2 of 50 and 100 ppm were added in WCME blends with the help of magnetic stirring, followed by ultrasonication. Test fuel with 100 ppm of TiO2 and WCME30 (30% WCME and 70% neat Diesel) showed a 4.04% improvement in brake thermal efficiency and a 3.3% decrement in BSEC. Moreover, lowered NOx, HC, and CO exhaust emissions by 1.7%, 14%, and 17.46% respectively than neat Diesel. So WCME30 with 100 ppm concentration of TiO2 can be utilized as a potential fuel for a single cylinder four-stroke compression ignition engine with the compression ratio of 18:1.

Combustion, Ecological, and Energetic Indicators for Mixtures of Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO) with Duck Fat Applied as Fuel in a Compression Ignition Engine

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of the application of hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) mixed with pure duck fat (F100) as fuel, replacing the conventional fossil diesel fuel (D100). The tests were performed using a four-stroke direct injection CI engine diesel engine. Six fuel samples were used: D100, HVO100, F100, as well as three HVO–fat mixtures F25, F50, and F75. To further study the main characteristics of fuel combustion, the AVL BOOST software (Burn program) was applied. The results of experimental studies showed that with the addition of pure fat to HVO, the ignition delay phase increased with an increase in the amount of heat released during the premix combustion phase and the pressure and temperature rise in the cylinder increased; however, the mentioned parameters were not higher as compared to diesel fuel. It was found that as the concentration of fat in the HVO–fat mixtures increases, the viscosity and density increases, while LHV was decreased, which thereby increases brake specific fuel consumption and slightly decreases brake thermal efficiency in comparison to diesel fuel. A decrease of CO2, HC, NOx emissions, and smoke was established for all HVO–fat mixtures as compared to diesel fuel at all loads; however; under low loads, CO emissions increased.

Effects of the Degree of Unsaturation of Fatty Acid Esters on Engine Performance and Emission Characteristics

Biodiesel is considered an environmentally friendly alternative to petro-derived diesel. The cetane number indicates the degree of difficulty in the compression-ignition of liquid fuel-powered engines. The allylic position equivalent (APE), which represents the unsaturated degree of fatty acid esters, was one of the key parameters for the cetane number of biodiesel. Due to the significant attributes of APE for biodiesel properties, the impact of APE on engine performance and emission characteristics was investigated in this study. The engine characteristics could be improved by adjusting the biodiesel fuel structure accordingly. A four-stroke and four-cylinder diesel engine accompanied by an engine dynamometer and a gas analyzer were used to derive the optimum blending ratio of the two biodiesels from soybean oil and waste cooking oil. Three fuel samples composed of various proportions of those two biodiesels and ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) were prepared. The amounts of saturated fatty acids and mono-unsaturated fatty acids of the biodiesel made from waste cooking oil were significantly higher than those of the soybean-oil biodiesel by 9.92 wt. % and 28.54 wt. %, respectively. This caused a higher APE of the soybean-oil biodiesel than that of the biodiesel from waste cooking oil. The APE II biodiesel appeared to have the highest APE value (80.68) among those fuel samples. When the engine speed was increased to 1600 rpm, in comparison with the ULSD sample, the APE II biodiesel sample was observed to have lower CO and O2 emissions and engine thermal efficiency by 15.66%, 0.6%, and 9.3%, while having higher CO2 and NOx emissions, exhaust gas temperature, and brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) by 2.56%, 13.8%, 8.9 °C, and 16.67%, respectively. Hence, the engine performance and emission characteristics could be enhanced by adequately adjusting the degree of unsaturation of fatty acid esters represented by the APE of biodiesel.

Synergism and production of hydrocarbon-rich fuel from mixed-feedstock through co-pyrolysis of LDPE and PP: An assessment of fuel properties, engine performance, and gas emission

This investigation reports the conversion of waste plastic materials to hydrocarbon-based fuel as an alternative source of energy with a detailed study of fuel properties and CI engine performance including an analysis of gas emission. Low-density polyethylene and polypropylene have been used for the production of hydrocarbon-based pyrolysis oil or pyro-oil. The properties of pyro-oil have been determined using different ASTM methods and analytical techniques such as GC-MS, 1H and 13C NMR, FTIR, CHNS analysis, etc. The fuel properties of the pyrolysis oil were more or less similar to that of commercial diesel. The results of mass spectroscopy and NMR confirmed the presence of hydrocarbons like paraffin, aromatic, cyclic olefins, and some lower hydrocarbons. The conversion rate of post consume waste plastic material was found to be 75–81 wt% in the form of liquid, 9–18 wt% fuel gases, and 2–10 wt% as a solid residue. As per the 1H NMR results, the percentage composition in liquid fuels was 9–11 % (v/v) aromatics, 17–26 % (v/v) olefins, and 65–71 % (v/v) paraffin with a degree of branching in the range of 0.84–3.94. The engine performance has been evaluated at different blending ratios using a four-stroke diesel engine. The emission results showed that blending of PO with diesel ∼31.34 % of CO emission could be reduced, while CO2 emission was found to be ∼3.55 % lower in PO blended fuel samples as compared to commercial diesel. On the other hand, the results showed that 10 % and 20 % blending of PO can reduce the un-burnt hydrocarbon release by ∼50.74 % and ∼21.8 % as compared to commercial diesel. The experimental results of performance and combustion revealed that blending of hydrocarbon-rich fuels produced from waste plastic material can reduce the overall fuel consumption as well as enhances the engine performance.

Numerical analysis of a single cylinder stationary diesel engine using enriched biogas

The current state of the economy, community growth, use of gasoline and diesel, and oil depletion problems are all significant factors in the creation of the next generation of power generation. Presently, diesel fuel, a type of regular petroleum product is used for commercial purposes, electricity production, and transportation. We could use enriched biogas like a diesel alternative fuel in regular C Iengines. This article's main focus was the study of theeffect ofenriched biogas being used in a stationary single-cylinder CI engine Data on various compression ratios, crank angles, and exhaust emissions for different loads were collected using the Tagauchi approach in comparison to the performance parameters. By making more observations under different loads, we can get different reading performance parameters, such as brake-specific fuel consumption, brake power, brake mechanical efficiency, indicated power, brake thermal efficiency. In this research, the experimental study is done using the Taguchi technique to examine the best input factors to get the performance of the C. I engine running on enriched biogas (CO2 − 3.05 %, H2S − 87 ppm, Calorific Value −48,488 kJ/kg, Moisture −1.07 %, O 2–1.07 %, CH 4–94.69 %). The engine and Taguchi L-9 orthogonal array are used in the experimental to evaluate the engine at various injection angles, compression ratios, and operating loads. S/N (Signal-Noise) ratios were used to assess the data for each factor. An enriched biogas-powered single-cylinder four-stroke diesel engine with an injection angle of 23obTDC and a compression ratio of 16:1 produces the best results when the maximum load is between 9 and 12 kg. In comparison to previous combinations, this result demonstrates an improvement in IP of 12.1684 %, mechanical efficiency of 3.63 %., BP of 8.641 %, BTE of 3.48 %, BSFC of 13.33 %.