Four-dimensional Manifold Research Articles

Some properties of four-dimensional Walker manifolds

Some properties of four-dimensional Walker manifolds

Light-cones, almost light-cones and almost-complex light-cones

We point out an unusual relationship among a variety of null geodesic congruences; (a) the generators of ordinary light-cones and (b) certain (related) shear-free but twisting congruences in Minkowski Space-time as well as (c) asymptotically shear-free null geodesic congruences that exist in the neighborhood of Penrose's Scri in Einstein or Einstein-Maxwell asymptotically flat-space-times. We refer to these geodesic congruences respectively as: Lignt-Cones (LCs), as Almost-Complex- Light-Cones, (ACLCs), [though they are real they resemble complex light-cones in complex Minkowski space] and finally to a family of congruences in asymptotically flat-spaces as `Almost Light-Cones', (ALC). The two essential points of resemblance among the three families are: (1) they are all either shear-free or asymptotically shear-free and (2) in each family the individual members of the family can be labeled by the points in a real or complex four-dimensional manifold. As an example, the Minkowski space LCs are labeled by the (real) coordinate value of their apex. In the case of (ACLCs) (complex coordinate values), the congruences will have non-vanishing twist whose magnitude is determined by the imaginary part of the complex coordinate values. In studies of gravitational radiation, Bondi-type of null surfaces and their associated Bondi coordinates have been almost exclusively used for calculations. Some surprising relations arise if, instead of the Bondi coordinates, one uses ALCs and their associated coordinate systems in the analysis of the Einstein-Maxwell equations near Scri. More explicitly and surprisingly, the asymptotic Bianchi Identities expressed in the coordinates of the ALCs, turn directly into many of the standard definitions and relations of classical mechanics.

Parity anomaly in four dimensions

In an analogy to the odd-dimensional case we define the parity anomaly as the part of the one-loop effective action for fermions associated with spectral asymmetry of the Dirac operator. This quantity is computed directly on four-dimensional manifolds with boundary and related to the Chern-Simons current on the boundary. Despite a quite unusual Chern-Simons level obtained, the action is gauge invariant and passes all consistency checks.

Ricci solitons on four-dimensional Lorentzian Walker manifolds

Abstract We prove that there exist non-trivial (i.e. not Einstein) Ricci solitons on non-conformally flat four-dimensional Lorentzian Walker manifolds. Moreover, we show that only steady Ricci solitons may be gradient ones.

Generating higher-order quantum dissipation from lower-order parametric processes

The stabilisation of quantum manifolds is at the heart of error-protected quantum information storage and manipulation. Nonlinear driven-dissipative processes achieve such stabilisation in a hardware efficient manner. Josephson circuits with parametric pump drives implement these nonlinear interactions. In this article, we propose a scheme to engineer a four-photon drive and dissipation on a harmonic oscillator by cascading experimentally demonstrated two-photon processes. This would stabilise a four-dimensional degenerate manifold in a superconducting resonator. We analyse the performance of the scheme using numerical simulations of a realisable system with experimentally achievable parameters.

(3 + 1)-dimensional topological phases and self-dual quantum geometries encoded on Heegaard surfaces

We apply the recently suggested strategy to lift state spaces and operators for (2 + 1)-dimensional topological quantum field theories to state spaces and operators for a (3 + 1)-dimensional TQFT with defects. We start from the (2 + 1)-dimensional TuraevViro theory and obtain a state space, consistent with the state space expected from the Crane-Yetter model with line defects.This work has important applications for quantum gravity as well as the theory of topological phases in (3 + 1) dimensions. It provides a self-dual quantum geometry realization based on a vacuum state peaked on a homogeneously curved geometry. The state spaces and operators we construct here provide also an improved version of the Walker-Wang model, and simplify its analysis considerably.We in particular show that the fusion bases of the (2 + 1)-dimensional theory lead to a rich set of bases for the (3 + 1)-dimensional theory. This includes a quantum deformed spin network basis, which in a loop quantum gravity context diagonalizes spatial geometry operators. We also obtain a dual curvature basis, that diagonalizes the Walker-Wang Hamiltonian.Furthermore, the construction presented here can be generalized to provide state spaces for the recently introduced dichromatic four-dimensional manifold invariants.

Quantum dynamics of spinless particles on a brane coupled to a bulk gauge field

We investigate the effective dynamics for spinless charged particles, in the presence of Abelian gauge field, constrained to an m-dimensional curved pseudo-Riemannian submanifold (brane) of an n-dimensional pseudo-Riemannian manifold (bulk). We employ the confining potential approach and a perturbative expansion for the Klein–Gordon and Schrödinger equations is derived. This allows us to obtain the effective Klein–Gordon and Schrödinger equations on a brane, in terms of the extrinsic curvatures, the intrinsic curvature and the extrinsic torsion. We show that the presence of a bulk gauge field induces a Zeeman coupling whenever the codimension is greater than one, even if the brane and the bulk are flat. The effect of a non-minimal coupling with the Ricci scalar curvature of the bulk is also considered. The results presented here can be applied in at least two physical scenarios: brane gravity, when the brane is four-dimensional, and condensed matter, when the bulk is a four-dimensional flat manifold and the brane is three- or two-dimensional.

A REMARK ON THE STABLE REAL FORMS OF COMPLEX VECTOR BUNDLES OVER MANIFOLDS

Let$M$be an$n$-dimensional closed oriented smooth manifold with$n\equiv 4\;\text{mod}\;8$, and$\unicode[STIX]{x1D702}$be a complex vector bundle over$M$. We determine the final obstruction for$\unicode[STIX]{x1D702}$to admit a stable real form in terms of the characteristic classes of$M$and$\unicode[STIX]{x1D702}$. As an application, we obtain the criteria to determine which complex vector bundles over a simply connected four-dimensional manifold admit a stable real form.

Levy Laplacian on a Four-Dimensional Riemannian Manifold

It is known that the Yang-Mills equations for a connection are equivalent to the Levy-Laplace equation for the parallel transport associated with this connection (see the paper [4] by L. Accardi, P. Gibilisco and I. V. Volovich). The Levy-Laplace equation is the Laplace equation for Levy Laplacian, which can be defined as the Cesaro mean of the second-order directional derivatives along the vectors from the orthonormal basis of some Hilbert space. The author’s work [11] has proved for the case of a four-dimensional Euclidean space, that with a certain choice of the orthonormal basis, the Laplace-Levy equation for a parallel transport becomes equivalent to the self-duality equations for a connection. A connection that is a solution to the self-duality equations is called an instanton and is a solution to the Yang-Mills equations. In the paper we define the Levy Laplacian for the case of a four-dimensional Riemannian manifold. This operator is a generalization of both the Levy Laplacian, introduced by the author in [11], and the Levy Laplacian, introduced in [3] by L. Accardi and О. G. Smolyanov for a Riemannian manifold. In the paper we consider the case of a line bundle over a four-dimensional Riemannian manifold and Maxwell's equations (the commutative case of the Yang-Mills equations). We find the conditions, which imply that from the fact that the parallel transport is a harmonic functional for the introduced Levy Laplacian follows that the appropriate connection is a solution to the self-duality equations. In addition, the paper considers the relationship of the introduced Levy Laplacian and the Laplace-Beltrami operator on a manifold. It can be expected that the results of the paper can be generalized to the non-commutative case of Yang-Mills fields.

The Characteristic Gluing Problem and Conservation Laws for the Wave Equation on Null Hypersurfaces

We obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of “conservation laws” on null hypersurfaces for the wave equation on general four-dimensional Lorentzian manifolds. Examples of null hypersurfaces exhibiting such conservation laws include the standard null cones of Minkowski spacetime and the degenerate horizons of extremal black holes. Another (limiting) example of such a conservation law is that which gives rise to the well-known Newman–Penrose constants along the null infinity of asymptotically flat spacetimes. The existence of such conservation laws can be viewed as an obstruction to a certain gluing construction for characteristic initial data for the wave equation. We initiate the general study of the latter gluing problem and show that the existence of conservation laws is in fact the only obstruction. Our method relies on a novel elliptic structure associated to a foliation with 2-spheres of a null hypersurface.

FuzzyCP2spacetimes

Four-dimensional manifolds with changing signature are obtained by taking the large $N$ limit of fuzzy $CP^2$ solutions to a Lorentzian matrix model. The regions of Lorentzian signature give toy models of closed universes which exhibit cosmological singularities. These singularities are resolved at finite $N$, as the underlying $CP^2$ solutions are expressed in terms of finite matrix elements.

Four-dimensional manifolds with positive biorthogonal curvature

We classify, up to homeomorphisms, the closed simply-connected 4-manifolds that admit a Riemannian metric for which averages of pairs of sectional curvatures of orthogonal planes are positive.

Применение пакетов символьных вычислений к исследованию оператора одномерной кривизны на нередуктивных однородных псевдоримановых многообразиях

The study of curvature operator properties, in particular, the one-dimensional curvature operator, is interesting for the understanding of the geometrical and topological structure of a homogeneous (pseudo)Riemannian manifold. In general case, this problem is quite difficult. Therefore, it is necessary to impose restrictions either on the class of manifolds or their dimension. An application of analytical calculation systems is possible if the dimension is finite. In this paper, mathematical and computer models for determining the components of the one-dimensional curvature operator and its spectrum (the set of eigenvalues) of non-reductive homogeneous (pseudo)Riemannian manifolds of a finite dimension are developed. The investigation of one-dimensional curvature operator spectrum on non-reductive homogeneous Lorentzian manifolds of dimension 4 is performed by implementing this algorithm in Maple software. Also, a symmetric operator with a matrix corresponding to a matrix of the one-dimensional curvature tensor is defined, and the problem of this operator possible signature existence on four-dimensional non-reductive homogeneous Lorentzian manifolds is studied.

О солитонах Риччи на 2-симметрических лоренцевых многообразиях

Ricci solitons are an important generalization of Einstein metrics on (pseudo) Riemannian manifolds, and this notion was introduced by R.Hamilton. The problem of solving the Ricci soliton equation is quite difficult, therefore one can assume some restrictions either on a structure of the manifold or on the dimension or on a class of metrics, or on a class of vector fields, which are contained in the Ricci soliton equation. Walker manifolds are one of the most important examples of such restrictions, that is pseudo-Riemannian manifolds admitting a smooth parallel (in sense of Levi-Civita connection) isotropic distribution. The geometry of Walker manifolds and Ricci solitons on them were studied by many mathematicians. In this paper, we investigate the Ricci soliton equation on some Lorentzian manifolds. In particular, we study the Ricci solitons on 2-symmetric Lorentzian manifolds, which are Walker manifolds, as it was proven by D.V. Alekseevsky and A.S. Galaev. K. Onda and B. Batat investigated Ricci solitons on fourdimensional 2-symmetric Lorentzian manifolds, and proved local solvability of the Ricci soliton equation on such manifolds. In this paper we have obtained local solvability of the Ricci soliton equation on fivedimensional 2-symmetric Lorentzian manifolds.

Dynamics of Cutting Near Double Hopf Bifurcation

Bifurcation analysis of the orthogonal cutting model with cutting force nonlinearity is presented with special attention to double Hopf bifurcations. The normal form of the system in the vicinity of the double Hopf point is derived analytically by means of center manifold reduction. The dynamics is restricted to a four-dimensional center manifold, and the long-term behavior is illustrated on simplified phase portraits in two dimensions. The topology of the phase portraits reveal the coexistence of periodic and quasi-periodic solutions, which are computed by approximate analytical formulas.

Free Fermions on a Piecewise Linear Four-Manifold. I: Exotic Chain Complex

Recently, an algebraic realization of the four-dimensional Pachner move 3--3 was found in terms of Grassmann--Gaussian exponentials, and a remarkable nonlinear parameterization for it, going in terms of a $\mathbb C$-valued 2-cocycle. Here we define, for a given triangulated four-dimensional manifold and a 2-cocycle on it, an `exotic' chain complex intimately related to the mentioned parameterization, thus providing a basis for algebraic realizations of all four-dimensional Pachner moves.

Breaking of parallelograms in presence of torsion: An equivalent alternative approach to detect gravitational waves

The equations for gravitational plane waves produced by a typical binary system as a solution of linear approximation of Einstein equations are derived. The dynamics of the corresponding gravitational field is analyzed in a four-dimensional space-time manifold, endowed with a metric and taking into account torsion. In this context, the geometrical reason of the existence of torsion due to the presence of gravitational waves (GW) is highlighted and the geodesic deviation is obtained taking into account both curvature and torsion. In a laser interferometer gravitational detector, the delay time between the arrivals of the two laser beams traveling back and forth along the two arms in presence of gravitational waves is interpreted from this point of view. This delay is calculated for the NS–NS binary pulsar (1913 + 16) in two specific orientations with respect to the experimental device, corresponding to different polarizations of gravitational waves. In the specific case of this example, it is shown that the results obtained in the context of the standard general relativity (GR) and in the framework of teleparallel gravity are equivalent.

Some cosmological models coming from gravitational theories having torsional degrees of freedom

In this work we consider gravitational theories in which the effect of coupling characteristic classes, appropriately introduced as operators in the Einstein-Hilbert action, has been taken into account. As it is well known, this approach strays from the framework of general relativity since it results in theories in which torsion can be present. We consider here all the characteristic classes that are consistent with a four-dimensional space-time manifold. Then, we present explicit expressions for the contortion $1$-form and torsion $2$-form that can be obtained under general conditions in various cases of interest. Additionally, we use the same framework to study cosmological scenarios that are obtained mainly by selecting the flat FLRW metric and an ideal fluid.

Five-dimensional generalization of the topological Weyl semimetal

We generalize the concept of three-dimensional topological Weyl semimetal to a class of five dimensional (5D) gapless solids, where Weyl points are generalized to Weyl surfaces which are two-dimensional closed manifolds in the momentum space. Each Weyl surface is characterized by a U(1) second Chern number $C_2$ defined on a four-dimensional manifold enclosing the Weyl surface, which is equal to its topological linking number with other Weyl surfaces in 5D. In analogy to the Weyl semimetals, the surface states of the 5D metal take the form of topologically protected Weyl fermion arcs, which connect the projections of the bulk Weyl surfaces. The further generalization of topological metal in $2n+1$ dimensions carrying the $n$-th Chern number $C_n$ is also discussed.

Asymptotically flat space–times: an enigma

We begin by emphasizing that we are dealing with standard Einstein or Einstein–Maxwell theory—absolutely no new physics has been inserted. The fresh item is that the well-known asymptotically flat solutions of the Einstein–Maxwell theory are transformed to a new coordinate system with surprising and (seemingly) inexplicable results. We begin with the standard description of (Null) asymptotically flat space–times described in conventional Bondi-coordinates. After transforming the variables (mainly the asymptotic Weyl tensor components) to a very special set of Newman-Unti (NU) coordinates, we find a series of relations totally mimicking standard Newtonian classical mechanics and Maxwell theory. The surprising and troubling aspect of these relations is that the associated motion and radiation does not take place in physical space–time. Instead these relations takes place in an unusual inherited complex four-dimensional manifold referred to as H-space that has no immediate relationship with space–time. In fact these relations appear in two such spaces, H-space and its dual space .