Four-digit Code Research Articles

Micro-computed tomographic analysis of the morphology of maxillary canines

Objective: This study aimed to examine the morphology of maxillary canines (MxCs) by means of micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). Materials and methods: The root canal configurations (RCCs) of 97 maxillary canines of a mixed Swiss-German population were analyzed using micro-CT. After representing the internal morphology by 3-D software imaging, the RCC results were described using a four-digit system code indicating the main root canal from coronal to apical thirds and the main foramina number. Results: The most frequently observed RCCs of the MxC of the Swiss-German population were 1-1-1/1 (77.3%), followed by 1-1-1/2 (14.4%), 1-1-2/2 (4.1%), and finally 1-1-1/3 and 1-2-1/1 with 2.1% each. One physiological foramen was observed in 79.4% of the samples, two in 18.6%, and only 2.1% had three foramina. In 52.6% of the MxC samples, accessory and connecting canals were identified, with the majority located in the apical third of the root. Conclusions: This study contributes detailed information about the RCCs of MxC. The most prevalent RCC is 1-1-1/1, with accessory or connecting canals present in over half of the samples. However, it is noteworthy that in more than one-fifth of the examined samples, a particularly challenging RCC was observed. This should be considered when selecting treatment techniques. Clinical relevance: This study presents the root canal configurations in maxillary canines of a Swiss-German population and emphasizes the importance of influencing endodontic treatment decisions and outcomes.

Technological Convergence of AI Across the Industrial Sectors

The AI market has been experiencing significant growth recently and is projected to thrive. Yet, there is still a lack of comprehensive studies integrating diverse industries and technologies in AI. Furthermore, AI-related patent analysis often examines AI technologies without considering their convergence with other sectors. Therefore, to fill this gap, this study aims to explore the technological convergence of AI using a network analysis approach with patent data in finance & management, healthcare, semiconductors, games, biotechnology, and transport. This study used an IPC-based convergence network methodology to define critical industrial areas and influential technologies with the four-digit IPC codes for the AI patent group from 2000 to 2019. Moreover, this study conducted a centrality analysis using Net-Miner software to identify hubs and connected nodes and analyze the comprehensive convergence status related to AI. According to the results, we defined hub nodes based on the degree and centralities and analyzed the centrality of six sectors in the AI convergence network. In addition, the technology classification of solid ties is analyzed based on IPC network analysis. Finally, this study attempts to deliver theoretical and empirical contributions to technological convergence, providing a comprehensive framework for understanding how different technologies can converge in AI with three categories: 1) learning and reasoning, 2) natural language processing, and 3) computer vision. This study suggests that companies operating within the industrial AI space should reflect the evolution of technology as revealed in the mainstream trends of sector-specific AI integration.

The analysis of age dynamics of causes of mortality of population of elderly age groups as reserve of maintaining population of older able-bodied age

The article analyzes age dynamics of initial causes of death according to records in medical death certificates of population of older age groups. Materials and methods. The records of causes of death of 34.914 persons aged 60 years and older were used as primary source of information. The initial cause of death was determined according to the ICD-10 rules. The rate of registration by reason of death was calculated as intensive value per 100 deaths in concrete age and sex group. Each cause was coded according to the ICD-10 rules (revision 2014-2016). The belonging to group was determined by first character (letter) in four-digit code that corresponded to the Class. On the basis of analysis of structure of causes of death, the group A of causes that included five Classes of ICD-10, determined 81.4% of all deaths in population aged 60 years and older. Two Classes: "Diseases of the circulatory system" (Class IX) and "Neoplasms" (Class II) determine in all studied age groups more than a half of all deaths (from 55% to 71% of males and from 59% to 67% in females) and namely they determine mortality rate in older age groups. There are no gender differences in age characteristics of registration rate in these groups (p > 0.05), however age dynamics differ. In case of diseases of circulatory system initial cause of death is increase rate of registration at increasing of age. In case of neoplasms at increasing of age decrease of registration rate as initial cause of death is established. At that, rate of decline is higher than rate of increase that determines certain decrease of structural significance of combined contribution of these two groups of causes at increasing of age. The Group B of causes, including three Classes of ICD-10 "Respiratory diseases" (Class X), "Diseases of the digestive system" (Class XI) and "Diseases of the nervous system" (Class VI), determined in overall 11.9% of all deaths in population aged 60 years and older. The age dynamics of causes of death of population of older age groups exists for certain groups of causes and it should be considered in organizing medical care of population of older age groups.

Internal Morphology of Mandibular Second Premolars Using Micro-Computed Tomography.

To examine root canal morphology of mandibular second premolars (Mn2P) of a mixed Swiss-German population by means of micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). Root canal configuration (RCC) of 102 Mn2P were investigated using micro-CT unit (µCT 40; SCANCO Medical AG, Brüttisellen, Switzerland) with 3D software imaging (VGStudio Max 2.2; Volume Graphics GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany), described with a four-digit system code indicating the main root canal from coronal to apical thirds and the number of main foramina. A total of 12 different RCCs were detected. 1-1-1/1 (54.9%) was most frequently observed RCC, followed by 1-1-1/2 (14.7%), 1-1-2/2 (10.8%), 1-2-2/2 (4.9%), 1-1-3/3 (3.9%), 1-1-1/3 (2.9%), 2-1-1/1 (2.9%) and less frequently 1-1-2/3, 1-2-1/2, 2-1-2/2, 1-1-2/5, 1-1-1/4 with each 1.0%. No accessory foramina were present in 35.3%, one in 35.3%, two in 21.6%, three and four in 2.9%, and five in 2.0%. In 55.9% Mn2Ps, accessory root canals were present in apical third and 8.8% in middle third of a root. Connecting canals were observed less frequently (6.9%) in apical and 2.9% in the middle third, no accessory/connecting canals in coronal third. Every tenth tooth showed at least or more than three main foramina. Almost two thirds of the sample showed accessory root canals, predominantly in apical third. The mainly single-rooted sample of Mn2Ps showed less frequent morphological diversifications than Mn1Ps.

Total Factor Productivity and Intangible Capital in Different Levels of Technology: A Case Study of Iranian Manufacturing Industries

This article tries to examine intangible investment in different levels of Iranian industrial technology by using a comprehensive measure of intangible capital costs in Iran. Previous studies in the study of intangible capital on total factor productivity (TFP), show that intangible investment has a positive and significant effect on this variable in Iran's manufacturing industry with a four-digit ISIC code. Also among the components, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has a more prominent role on the TFP variable. This study examines all the factors (which play a role in measuring intangible investment) on the growth of TFP at different levels of technology (which are divided into four categories).Unlike previous studies, for all industries, apart from technology levels, ICT is very effective and other components are ignored,the results of this study show that other factors affect intangible investment except ICT in high-tech and medium / high industries have higher impact on TFP than ICT and vice versa. It is also suggested to achieve the highest optimal level of TFP, by separating different levels of technology, to focus on components such as research and development, brand, educational services, etc. for high levels and ICT factor for low levels.

Primary nonadherence to drugs prescribed by general practitioners: A Dutch database study.

Primary nonadherence (PNA) is defined as not filling the first prescription for a drug treatment. PNA can lead not only to poor patient outcomes but also to exposure misclassification in written prescription databases. This study aims to estimate PNA in primary care in the Netherlands and to investigate associated factors. Patients from the Nivel Primary Care Database (Nivel-PCD) who received a new prescription (>1year not prescribed) from a general practitioner in 2012 were linked to pharmacy dispensing information of consenting pharmacies based on sex, year of birth, four-digit postal code and at least 50% matching Anatomical Therapeutic Classification codes. PNA was defined as not having a prescription dispensed within 30 days from the prescribing date. PNA was assessed overall and per drug class. The associations between PNA and several patient- and prescription-related characteristics were assessed using mixed-effects logistic regression models. After matching 86 361 of 396 251 subjects (21.8%) in the Nivel-PCD records to the pharmacy records, this study included 65 877 subjects who received 181 939 new drug prescriptions. Overall, PNA was 11.5%. PNA was lowest for thyroid hormones (5.5%) and highest for proton pump inhibitors (12.8%). Several factors were associated with PNA, such as having comorbidities (odds ratio [OR] 1.46, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.37-1.56 for >3 active diagnoses, compared to no active diagnoses) or reimbursement status (OR 2.78, 95% CI 2.65-2.92 for not reimbursed drugs compared to fully reimbursed drugs). A total of 11.5% of newly prescribed drugs were not dispensed. This can lead to overestimation of the actual drug exposure status when using written prescription databases.

Voyage of Ben Cao, Part II: Development of Chinese Medicinal Specimens in the British Museum

Voyage of Ben Cao, Part II: Development of Chinese Medicinal Specimens in the British Museum

Multiplex polymerase chain reaction typing scheme based on Escherichia coli O157:H7 Sakai prophage (Sp)-associated genes

ObjectivesEscherichia coli strains of the O157 serogroup include significant foodborne pathogens: enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) and enteropathogenic E. coli, which are responsible for a considerable number of hospitalizations and deaths worldwide each year. There is a constant need for rapid, reliable, and easy-to-use methods for their identification, typing, and phylogenetic classification. In this study, we proposed a new multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR)–based typing system for pathogenic E. coli, focusing on the O157 serogroup. MethodsWe designed primers targeting 12 lambdoid prophage regions carried by the prototypic polylysogenic strain of EHEC, the O157:H7 Sakai strain. The reactions were tested in vitro as well as in silico with the PubMLST database. ResultsThe PCR assays can be grouped into four multiplex reactions, and their results can be given as a four-digit code. In vitro and in silico testing showed that these Sakai prophage regions are prevalent not only in E. coli O157 strains but also in Shiga toxigenic E. coli non-O157 strains and the method provides appropriate resolution. ConclusionsThe proposed method could be a valuable tool in epidemiologic tracing and preliminary phylogenetic grouping of this diverse group of pathogens.

E-prescription in Poland - a preliminary report

Aim. Aim of the paper: to introduce the subject of e-prescription in Poland. E-prescription is a digital version of the previously used standard paper prescription. In Poland,professional arrangements were made, thanks to which it became possible to promotee-prescriptions in pharmacies and doctors’ surgeries throughout the country.Methods. The authors analyse how e-prescription is introduced in Poland. We appliedcomparative analysis (of eprescining in the European Union countries) , literature review(what are legal and technical constraints) and case study (how it was introduced in Poland).We showed the implementation of the e-Health (P1) system in Poland and describedthe use of the free application of the Ministry of Health. We presented preparations for theimplementation of digital health services by the Center for Health Information Systems(CSIOZ).Results and conclusion. For years in Poland, handwritten prescriptions used to be thepreferred method of communication for doctors when making decisions about therapywith medications and for pharmacists to distribute them. Nonetheless, over the last decade,interest in the subject of e-prescription, alongside other e-health solutions for processinghealth-related data, has increased. E-prescription is fi lled on the basis of a four-digit code,which we receive by text message sent to a given phone number or by email to an indicatedaddress. Alternatively, there is a possibility to obtain an information printout, dependingon the confi guration of our Patient Account. An important change introduced is that wedo not have to physically carry the printed prescription with us anymore. E-prescriptionprovides benefi ts for doctors, patients and pharmacists, such as: convenience, time saving,greater safety of the therapy, less risk of error, less bureaucracy. The main objectives of thee-prescribing system involve facilitation of the process of prescriptions delivery, reductionof errors, time optimisation for doctors and pharmacists and eliminating the problem ofillegible and fake prescriptions, which have so far been a common occurrence.Cognitive value. This article shows the process of introducing E-prescription in Poland.

МЕТОДЫ СИНТЕЗА САМОПРОВЕРЯЕМЫХ КОМБИНАЦИОННЫХ УСТРОЙСТВ АВТОМАТИКИ НА ОСНОВЕ ЛОГИЧЕСКОГО ДОПОЛНЕНИЯ ДО РАВНОВЕСНОГО КОДА «1 ИЗ 4»

The article is devoted to the development of the logical complement method for the synthesis of self-checking digital devices and systems. The article highlights the features of using the equilibrium 1-out-of 4 code for the synthesis of integrated control circuits of combinational logic devices by the method of logical complement. The basic structures of the organization of built-in control schemes by the method of logical complement to the equilibrium 1-out-of 4 code are described and several ways of organizing control schemes are considered. The fi rst one implies the control of devices with the allocation of outputs fours and the use of conversion of three outputs out of four in the basic structure. There is another way of organizing the control circuit by the method of logical complement to the equilibrium code and it involves the search for outputs triplets and their addition to the four-digit code word of the 1-out-of 4 code by directly connecting the output of the supervisor logic block to the tester input without any signal conversion. The third method is associated with the use of a basic structure with the circuit for the preliminary signal compression from the unit under test and the reduced number of outputs control. The article presents the results of experimental studies for each of the methods of organizing the built-in control circuit and estimates the structures technical implementation complexity as well as the probability of detecting errors at the outputs of the unit under test when single-stuck faults are introduced. In many cases the logical complement method allows to synthesize simpler self-checking devices compared to the duplication method with high rates of error detection at the unit under test outputs.

Technical efficiency and its determinants in the Indian textile garments industry

PurposeThis paper aims to examine technical efficiency and its determinants in Indian textile garments industry in post-agreement on textiles and clothing regime and evaluate the technical efficiency among micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) firms.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses unbalanced panel data for the period 2005–2010 to 2015–2016. The stochastic frontier function is used to estimate technical efficiency and its determinants.FindingsThe results show that the overall ecosystem of textile garments’ value chains could be improved to enhance the technical efficiency thereof. The result also reveals that small-scale firms have the highest technical efficiency scores, and medium-scale firms have the least technical efficiency score among all the categories of MSMEs.Research limitations/implicationsThe textile garments industry needs to define its innovation strategies, as these strategies lead to different results that can be achieved only through the management of resources dedicated to the generation and implementation of innovations.Practical implicationsThis study has shown that to offset India’s cost disadvantage in the international markets, there is a need to develop an ecosystem of textile manufacturing and value chains, eliminate the inverted duty structure (where inputs are taxed at a higher rate than the final product) and switch over from shuttle looms toward shuttle-less looms. This would unleash the potential of textile and garments industry and make it globally competitive and technically efficient. Further, there will be an alignment with the ease of doing business with an appropriate mix of policy, technology, institution, infrastructure, information and services.Originality/valueUsing frontier production function takes stochastic context into account for the dynamic character of technical efficiency and its components. Most of the past studies have assessed technical efficiency at the aggregate level using three-digit National Industrial Classification (NIC) or four-digit NIC code. An analysis at higher levels of aggregation masks the variation in technical efficiency. This study used five-digit NIC data to measure the firm-specific technical efficiency of the textile industry. According to the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first of its kind in the Indian textile industry using stochastic frontier approach and panel data. Further, it also looks at the contribution of different determinants in technical efficiency to the firms.

WTO and India’s Agricultural Trade Potential

India is an agrarian economy, which contributes about 15 percent of GDP and provides livelihood to more than 50 percent of the total population of the country. WTO has shown a momentous part in the expansion of the export market for developing and developed economy. Several measures are taken by WTO in order to reduce trade restrictions and trade barriers. In this study, we have been analyzed India’s agriculture trade, composition, direction and potential. The study is dependent on secondary data which is gathered from International Trade Centre, Department of Agriculture and Co-operation. Two-digits HS code products range from 01-24 were taken for the study. Few specific two and four-digit HS code products were taken to analyze the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA). Data were taken for the period 2001-2018. The export potential of India in international market was identified using reckoning of Balassa’s index of RCA. Study reveals that there has been a positive agricultural trade balance since 1990-91. In some agriculture commodities like coffee, oilseeds, tea and wheat India has a comparative advantage in export and India have both developed and developing countries such as UAE, USA, Saudi Arabia, Vietnam and Iran are exporting partner. In the last, study suggest that the government of India should focus more on producing agriculture products which has a country comparative advantage in trade like tea, oilseeds, coffee and wheat. Study suggests that EXIM bank should provide adequate credit to encourage agricultural export. The farming should be export-oriented to meet international standards.

UNEXPLAINED WAGE GAPS IN THE TRADABLE AND NONTRADABLE SECTORS: CROSS-SECTIONAL EVIDENCE BY GENDER IN BOLIVIA

This document analyzes the gender wage gap between in tradable and non-tradable sectors. The tradable sector is defined by the value of exports and imports in an industry based on the four-digit codes of the International Standard Industrial Classification. Based on Gary Becker's work, in an economy prone to discrimination against women, the document proposes a model from which discrimination is possible if companies generate supra-normal profits. These benefits will be determined by market power, which in turn depends on the number of companies participating in the industry, so under the assumption that tradable sectors are directly influenced by international trade and with the possibility of greater competition, this competition will generate a trend towards normal benefits, making it impossible to finance discrimination against women, so the wage gender gap should be lower in tradable than non-tradable sectors. Using the traditional Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition and the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition with Recentered Influence Function (RIF) regressions for the 2013 Household Survey, we find that unexplained wage differences against women are significantly lower in the tradable sector, suggesting that the impact of international trade on the tradable sector helps to reduce the gender wage gap in Bolivia.

Peer Selection and Valuation in Mergers and Acquisitions

Using unique data, this paper examines investment banks’ choice of peers in comparable companies analysis in mergers and acquisitions. We find strong evidence that product market space is amongst the most important factors in peer selection, but we provide evidence indicating that Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) codes, particularly three- and four-digit codes, do a poor job of categorizing related firms in this setting. Banks strategically select large, high growth peers with high valuation multiples, factors that are also positively related to premiums. Our evidence is consistent with target-firm advisors selecting peers with high valuation multiples to negotiate higher takeover prices.

Iran`s Intra-Industry Trade Based on a Schumpeterian Factor Endowment Model

The role of intra-industry trade has been emphasized in international commerce since the 1960s. Innovation and government size, which affect goods and services production and government presence in international commerce, have also been highlighted since then. This study examines the influence of these two factors on international trade and estimates their effects in linear and logistic transformation models from the years 2000 to 2016 using HS four-digit codes. This research focuses on 20 main import and export industries of Iran and selected commercial partners. The authors estimate the model using the bidirectional panel data method and analyze the data using Stata 15 software. Results indicate that in both models there is a U-shaped relationship (non-linear) between innovation and intra-industry trade. However, government size increases intra-industry trade in these models. Linder variables decrease intra-industry trade but GDP per capita increases intra-industry trade. Other control variables (geographical distance and membership in economic organizations) show the expected impact on intra-industry trade.

Productivity growth in India's bakery manufacturing industry

PurposeThe main aim of this paper is to examine the total factor productivity (TFP) and its components namely, technological change, technical efficiency change, scale change and allocative change in bakery industry in India.Design/methodology/approachThe study is based on panel data on 35 Indian states for the period 2009–2010 and 2012–2013. Stochastic frontier function is employed to estimate the productivity growth.FindingsThe results show that TFP is driven by technological progress, followed by technical efficiency and scale efficiency. Allocative efficiency, however, has a negative effect on TFP.Research limitations/implicationsThe bakery industry needs to define its innovation strategies, as these strategies lead to different outcomes that can be achieved only through the management of resources dedicated to the generation and implementation of innovations.Originality/valueUsing frontier production function takes the stochastic context into account for the dynamic behaviour of TFP and its components. Most of the past studies have assessed the TFP at the aggregate level using three-digit National Industrial Classification (NIC) or four-digit NIC code. An analysis at higher levels aggregation masks the variation in TFP and its components available at the firm level. This study uses five-digit NIC data to measure the firm specific TFP of bakery industry. Further, it looks at the contribution of technical progress (TP), technical efficiency, scale efficiency and allocative efficiency.

Root Canal Morphology of 116 Maxillary Second Premolars by Micro–Computed Tomography in a Mixed Swiss-German Population with Systematic Review

IntroductionThe aim of this investigation was to examine the root canal system morphology of maxillary second premolars (Mx2Ps) of a Swiss-German population by means of micro–computed tomography and provide systematic review of the root canal configuration (RCC) literature of Mx2Ps. MethodsThe RCC, main foramina as well as accessory canals and foramina frequency of 116 Mx2Ps, were investigated by means of micro–computed tomography and 3-dimensional software imaging. The RCC from the coronal to apical thirds of the root as well as the main foramina number were described by using a four-digit system code. The literature review follows the PRISMA guideline analyzing randomized controlled trials and cross-sectional, cohort, comparative, validation, and evaluation studies on RCC in Embase, grey literature, PubMed, and Scopus. ResultsMost frequently observed RCCs of Mx2Ps were 1-1-1/1 (35.3%), 1-1-1/2 (21.6%), and 2-1-1/1 (14.7%). Another 11 less frequent RCCs were observed. All Mx2Ps had 1 root. One main foramen was observed in 59.5% and two in 37.9%. Accessory foramina were observed in 46.6%. Thirty-one percent of the Mx2Ps showed accessory canals. One connecting canal between the buccal and palatal was observed in 12.1%. ConclusionsDetailed RCC information of Mx2Ps in a Swiss-German population and the results of a systematic literature review of different populations and research methods used to investigate root canal morphology and configuration of Mx2Ps are given. Within the limitations of the study, a high RCC, connecting and accessory canals variability occur in maxillary second premolars.

Occupation Coding of Job Titles: Iterative Development of an Automated Coding Algorithm for the Canadian National Occupation Classification (ACA-NOC).

BackgroundIn many research studies, the identification of social determinants is an important activity, in particular, information about occupations is frequently added to existing patient data. Such information is usually solicited during interviews with open-ended questions such as “What is your job?” and “What industry sector do you work in?” Before being able to use this information for further analysis, the responses need to be categorized using a coding system, such as the Canadian National Occupational Classification (NOC). Manual coding is the usual method, which is a time-consuming and error-prone activity, suitable for automation.ObjectiveThis study aims to facilitate automated coding by introducing a rigorous algorithm that will be able to identify the NOC (2016) codes using only job title and industry information as input. Using manually coded data sets, we sought to benchmark and iteratively improve the performance of the algorithm.MethodsWe developed the ACA-NOC algorithm based on the NOC (2016), which allowed users to match NOC codes with job and industry titles. We employed several different search strategies in the ACA-NOC algorithm to find the best match, including exact search, minor exact search, like search, near (same order) search, near (different order) search, any search, and weak match search. In addition, a filtering step based on the hierarchical structure of the NOC data was applied to the algorithm to select the best matching codes.ResultsThe ACA-NOC was applied to over 500 manually coded job and industry titles. The accuracy rate at the four-digit NOC code level was 58.7% (332/566) and improved when broader job categories were considered (65.0% at the three-digit NOC code level, 72.3% at the two-digit NOC code level, and 81.6% at the one-digit NOC code level).ConclusionsThe ACA-NOC is a rigorous algorithm for automatically coding the Canadian NOC system and has been evaluated using real-world data. It allows researchers to code moderate-sized data sets with occupation in a timely and cost-efficient manner such that further analytics are possible. Initial assessments indicate that it has state-of-the-art performance and is readily extensible upon further benchmarking on larger data sets.

Regulation, Entrepreneurship, and Dynamism

Recent empirical studies estimating the impact of US federal regulations on domestic business activity have reached seemingly contradictory conclusions. When measuring business activity with traditional measures of entrepreneurship (i.e., firm startups and job formation), some researchers observe a negative association between regulatory accumulation and entrepreneurship. Others, however, fail to find a significant association between regulatory accumulation and startup business activity when measuring business activity with metrics common to the dynamism literature. After ruling out differences in unit of measure (i.e., firms vs. establishments), industry aggregation (i.e., three- vs. four-digit NAICS code classification), and measurement of regulation (i.e., RegData 2.0 vs. 2.1), we demonstrate that methodological differences in the measurement of entrepreneurship are responsible for the conflicting results. However, when we allow the impact of regulation on the startup rate to vary across industries and over time, we empirically demonstrate that the decline in dynamism measured over the sample period is associated with higher regulation.

Specificity of Sustainable Structural Dynamics of Local Economy in Romanian Tourist Resorts

The lack of sustainable development strategies of the tourist resorts from Romania caused the structural dynamics of their economy to record large fluctuations under the impact of determinants with unpredictable developments. The spectacular dynamics have led to developments difficult to predict, in many situations that generate environmental conflicts, where the economic pressure has exceeded the support capacity of the natural environment. In this study, we aim to analyze the dynamic relationship between tourism and the other components of the economy, from each resort from Romania. The significant growth of tourism in recent years requires new approaches, relevant for understanding the role of tourism in increasing the complexity of the local economy. Measuring the role of tourism in the development of local economy was achieved by building an economic database for all tourist resorts from Romania (according to Government Decision No. 107 of 2018), at the four-digit NACE code level (Classification of National Economy Activities), for the economic indicators considered relevant: number of companies, number of employees, and turnover and profit, for the period 2000–2016, as well as at territorial administrative unit level. Detailed analyses revealed very different structural dynamics, the spectacular dynamics, lacking a coherent strategic framework, led in all situations to the emergence of environmental conflicts. Tourist resorts in which tourism has become an essential component of economic development have based their development on capitalization of local resources, which led to multiplication effects, materialized in a spectacular evolution of the local economy, and an increasing pressure on the natural environment.