Four-cylinder Diesel Engine Research Articles

SCIENTIFIC-TECHNICAL AND PRODUCTION POTENTIAL OF UKRAINE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF SCIENTIFIC PRODUCTS OF DIESEL CONSTRUCTION

In this work, an attempt is made to provide an assessment of the prospects for the development of automotive diesel engineering in Ukraine, the availability and preservation of scientific, technical and production potential for the continuation of the production of knowledge-intensive products of this domestic sub-industry in modern conditions. According to the authors, the manufacturers of vehicles in Ukraine quickly found the support of the State regarding the inclusion of the relatively most complex structural units of the car design - the engine and the chassis - in the list of imported components, since the manufacture of these parts requires high-tech processes that ensure the manufacture of low-quality parts. Other personal opinions of the authors have been expressed regarding the reasons for the absence of energy sources that ensure the economic development of the country and are considered science-intensive products in the modern domestic automotive industry. According to the results of the research, it was established that the list of developments of the domestic automotive diesel industry in recent years extends from the two-cylinder diesel engine of the ZIM-800D four-wheeled motorcycle, which was proven to be introduced into the series, and the ZIM-1901 and ZIM-1902 microcars, to the design documentation of the modern six-cylinder diesel engine 6DTNA2 with a four-valve cylinder head and electronic fuel injection system. As an example of the capacity of the domestic production potential, the production technology of the cylinder head of a four-cylinder diesel engine 4ChN 8.8/8.2 was worked out with the involvement of available production resources and the use of imported components. This approach makes it possible to significantly reduce the time for the manufacture and preparation of the production of structural elements of the domestically produced engine, which is a representative of the "Slobozhansky diesel" power series.

Numerical and experimental analyses for performance and emissions assessment of a four-stroke engine powered by oleic acid methyl ester biofuel made from waste frying oil

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Recently, several earlier works conducted research works dedicated to replacing fossil-based fuels with environmentally friendly ones. The goal of the research is to construct a multivariate linear regression model for the attributes of a four-cylinder diesel engine fueled by biodiesel. In this context, the goal of the research is to structure a multiple linear regression example for characterizing a four-cylinder engine fueled by biodiesel. In fact, experimental research was conducted on an agricultural tractor equipped with a 4-cylinder direct-injection diesel engine. The biodiesel is made from waste frying oil without blending referred to as the oleic acid methyl ester (OAME) biofuel. The biodiesel was extracted through a chemical transesterification reaction. The four-stroke engine is tested for both pure OAME biofuel and conventional diesel. One-dimensional numerical simulations were conducted. A strong correlation between numerical and experimental data was observed, validating the numerical model. Using the engine model, in-cylinder pressure, heat release rate, in-cylinder temperature, and emissions including Carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO<sub>x</sub>), and Carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) were recorded across a broad range of engine operating speeds. Additionally, brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and brake power were numerically calculated and compared to experimental data. The results showed that usage of the OAME as a biofuel could be a promising solution that enables similar performances with lower CO emissions compared to petroleum diesel particularly at low engine speeds.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

An Experimental Investigation on Performances and Emission Characteristics in a Multi-Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Nahar Oil Biodiesel Blended With Carbon Nano Tube

In recent years, the number of automobiles has drastically increased. As a result, the need for energy in the transportation sector is continuously rising. Additionally, using fossil fuels results in many hydrocarbon emissions, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and particulate matter, spoiling the environment. Renewable energy sources like solar power, biodiesel, wind turbine, bioethanol, methanol, hydrogen, and various biomasses from wastes become a great subject of interest. This paper includes biodiesel production from Nahar oil with two-step transesterification and the performance and exhaust emission in a four-cylinder diesel engine fueled with double-walled carbon nanotubes blended with Nahar oil biodiesel. In this case, the B30 blend of Nahar oil biodiesel is taken as base fuel and different proportionate carbon nanotubes blends are compared with pure diesel. The performance analysis is done in a multi-cylinder test engine setup, and the emission of different exhaust gases is considered. The outcomes from the tests demonstrate that Nahar oil biodiesel and its mixes with carbon nanotubes can substitute diesel engines in the future when nonrenewable energy source stores become compromised.

Evaluation of the influence of fuel pressure pulsation in the Common Rail system on the economic and environmental performance of a diesel engine

BACKGROUND: At present, all the worlds diesel engine manufacturers have directed their development strategy towards reducing harmful emissions, improving fuel efficiency and increasing power per liter. To achieve this, using only the Common Rail system is not sufficient. It is necessary to apply new additional devices, such as an exhaust gas converter, an exhaust gas recirculation system, the injection of additional fluids together with diesel fuel, as well as to improve existing ones. Increasing the accuracy of fuel delivery for an injector will make it possible to adjust the engine fuel system more precisely, leading to a positive effect on all areas of development of the diesel industry.
 In this article, the possibility of increasing fuel efficiency and reducing harmful emissions through exhaust gases of a diesel engine with a decrease in pressure pulsation in the accumulator of the Common Rail system is considered on the example of the D-442-59I-1 (4ChN 13/14) experimental four-cylinder diesel engine with a two-valve gas distribution system manufactured by Altai Motor Plant.
 AIMS: Study of the effect of fuel pressure pulsation in the Common Rail fuel system on the economic and environmental performance of a diesel engine.
 METHODS: On a non-motorized test rig, the dependence of the fuel delivery of the injector on the pressure in the accumulator was determined. To assess the effect of fuel pressure at the injector inlet on the performance of a diesel internal combustion engine, experimental designs of diesel engines were simulated using the specialized software. Theoretical studies have been carried out to assess the influence of fuel pressure in the fuel system.
 RESULTS: Data have been obtained on the effect of fuel pressure fluctuations in the high-pressure line on the injector cycling, harmful emissions and fuel efficiency.
 CONCLUSIONS: As a result of the study of the process of fuel supply and combustion in a 4CHN 13/14 diesel engine, it was found that with a pressure fluctuation range of 50 bar in the fuel accumulator, the concentration of wet NOx decreases by 11%. The concentration of solid particles increases to 13.4%, fuel efficiency deteriorates to 0.5% when the operating pressure of the fuel deviates 160 MPa in any direction from the set value.

Determination of Multi-Component Failure in Automotive System Using Deep Learning

Abstract The connectivity of modern vehicles allows for the monitoring and analysis of a large amount of sensor data from vehicles during their normal operations. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in utilizing this data for the purposes of predictive maintenance. In this paper, a multi-label transfer learning approach is proposed using 14 different pretrained convolutional neural networks retrained with engine simulation data to predict the failure conditions of a selected set of engine components. The retrained classifier networks are designed such that concurrent failure modes of an exhaust gas recirculation, compressor, intercooler, and fuel injectors of a four-cylinder diesel engine can be identified. Time-series simulation data of various failure conditions, which include performance degradation, are generated to retrain the classifier networks to predict which components are failing at any given time. The test results of the retrained classifier networks show that the overall classification performance is good, with the normalized value of mean average precision varying from 0.6 to 0.65 for most of the retrained networks. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this work represents the first attempt to characterize such time-series data utilizing a multi-label deep learning approach.

Performance of a Diesel Engine Run with Kerosene–Rapeseed Oil Blends Doped with Ignition Promoters

<div>The use of straight vegetable oil in diesel engines leads to undesirable consequences due to the peculiar physicochemical properties of vegetable oils. In this regard, the use of pure and unmodified vegetable oils requires their obligatory dilution with petroleum fuels, usually diesel fuel. However, blends of diesel fuel with vegetable oil have a significantly higher density and viscosity than pure diesel fuels. Therefore, in this article, it was proposed to use blends of vegetable oil with aviation kerosene since kerosene has lower density and viscosity compared to diesel fuel. In addition, kerosene is less prone to coking of injectors, has a higher calorific value, and has a lighter hydrocarbon composition, which makes starting the engine easier. Within the framework of the study, engine tests of a full-size four-cylinder diesel engine, MMZ D-245.12.C, were carried out at maximum load in the range of crankshaft speeds from minimum (1000 min<sup>−1</sup>) to nominal (2400 min<sup>−1</sup>). Various blends of kerosene with rapeseed oil with an oil content of 10 to 50% by volume have been tested. Ignition promoters were introduced into the fuel blends to improve their combustion. Commercial ethylhexyl nitrate was used as an ignition promoter. In addition, experimental additives were investigated, which are the FAMEs of vegetable oils oxidized to various concentrations of peroxide compounds. It has been shown that blends of kerosene and rapeseed oil doped with ignition promoters can be successfully used in diesel engines. The engine showed the maximum power and the lowest level of smoke emissions when running on a blend of kerosene and rapeseed oil with the addition of oxidized FAME of olive oil with a peroxide content of 1.1 g OOH/100 g.</div>

Simulation of combustion process in diesel/butanol dual fuel engine

ABSTRACT To investigate the feasibility of diesel engines with high butanol substitution rate (BSR), the performance and emissions of diesel–butanol dual fuel engines are studied numerically. It i based on a four-cylinder diesel engine, which is modified into a diesel–butanol dual fuel engine with port-injected butanol fuel and direct-injected diesel fuel. The simulation is performed using GT-Power software, and simulation results are validated with the experimental data. The engine speeds are set at 1600, 2300, and 3600 rpm, respectively. The engine load is set at 25%, 50%, and 75% engine load, respectively. The BSR varies from 0% to 80% with an interval of 10%. The results show that, with the increase of BSR, the peak cylinder pressure (PCP), and the maximum pressure rise rate (MPRR) decrease, while the brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) and the indicated thermal efficiency (ITE) increase under various working conditions. Among them, the MPRR increases by 9%–12%, while the ITE increases by 6%–7%. In terms of emissions, the nitrogen oxide (NOX) decreases obviously (decrease by 32%–54%), while the carbon monoxide (CO) and the hydrocarbons (HC) decrease slightly (CO: decrease by 4%–10%, HC decrease by 3%–4%).

Study of the effect of methanol/biodiesel fuel mixtures on the generation of soot particles and their oxidation reactivity

When diesel engines burn different fuels, the chemical composition of the emitted combustion particles changes, leading to changes in the oxidation characteristics of these particles and determining the regeneration strategy and service life of after treatment devices. In order to investigate the influence of methanol/biodiesel fuel mixtures on the chemical composition and oxidation activity of emitted soot matter, a test bench was built using a four-cylinder diesel engine, and soot matter in the exhaust was collected. Tests used mixed fuel with different methanol mixing ratios. By using a high-performance liquid chromatograph, a thermogravimetric analyzer, and other equipment, the changes of chemical composition and oxidation characteristics of particles were studied. The results show that as the methanol mixing ratio increases, the mass concentration of organic carbon (OC), bicyclic, and tricyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the particles increase, the mass concentration of elemental carbon (EC) and high molecular weight PAHs decreases, the concentration of nitrate ions first increases and then decreases, the activation energy decreases, and the oxidation activity increases. In general, the chemical composition of combustion particulates from methanol/biodiesel changes, and the oxidation activity is greatly improved. This research work can provide a reference for the coating design and regeneration strategy for optimizing diesel particulate filters (DPFs).

Effects of Engine Load and Ternary Mixture on Combustion and Emissions from a Diesel Engine Using Later Injection Timing

As a high oxygenated fuel, bioethanol has already obtained more and more widespread attention in diesel engines. The present work aims to study and compare effects of various diesel-bioethanol-biodiesel ternary mixture fuels on combustion and emissions from a four-cylinder diesel engine. A series of engine experiments are conducted on neat diesel fuel (D100), 95% D100 blended with 5% bioethanol and 1% biodiesel by volume (D95E5B1), 90% D100 blended with 10% bioethanol and 1% biodiesel by volume (D90E10B1), and 85% D100 blended with 15% bioethanol and 1% biodiesel by volume (D85E15B1) according to various engine loads (40, 80 and 120 Nm). The experimental results show that the peak value of pressure and heat release rate (HRR) in the cylinder, nitrogen oxides (NOx) and smoke emissions increase with the increase in engine load, but the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) decreases. There is no significant variation in cylinder pressure with the addition of ethanol, but HRR is improved and NOx and smoke emissions are effectively controlled. It is exciting that the addition of ethanol can simultaneously reduce NOx and smoke emissions under medium and high load conditions. Specifically, at 120 Nm, ethanol addition simultaneously reduces NOx emissions by 2.08% and smoke opacity by 36.08% on average. Through the results of this study, it is found that the ethanol can improve the combustion of the four-cylinder diesel engine and also effectively control the emissions of NOx and smoke. Therefore, ethanol will play an important role in the future research field of energy saving and emission reduction for diesel engines.

Study of the influence of methanol/F-T diesel combustion particle materiality parameters on the deposition process in diesel particulate filter trap units

The use of different fuels will change the structural characteristics of the diesel engine exhaust particulates. This paper studies the impact of the particle physical and structural properties on DPF capture, and proposes to measure the particle deposition by particle chain length and particle layer thickness. This study builds a test bench based on a four-cylinder diesel engine, using F-T diesel fuel with 0%, 5%, and 15% methanol mixing ratio to collect particles after running for half an hour under the calibration condition. The physical properties of particles were analyzed by synchrotron radiation small angle scattering. The particle formation rate, friction between particles, particle size, and other parameters of mixed fuel combustion particles were then confirmed. The particle model was developed in EDEM based on the experimental data, and the creation of particle chains was studied. In addition, the impact of collision bounce on the particle deposition was taken into consideration to mimic the process of particle collision deposition on the filter wall. The results show that when the methanol mixing ratio increases, the Particles Number (PN) value of methanol F-T diesel combustion particles increases, the inter-particle friction increases, and the average particle size decreases. During the deposition process, the amount of deposition on the non-windward side of the DPF trap unit sharply increases, and the particle deposition efficiency increases with the increase of the deposition time. The particle deposition increases with the deposition time, and the thickness and length of the particle layer and chain increase with the increase of the particle number, friction, and size.

Effect of Cetane-Coupled Pilot Injection Parameters on Diesel Engine Combustion and Emissions.

The effects of cetane number (CN) coupled with pilot injection ratio and pilot injection timing on the combustion and emission characteristics of a four-cylinder diesel engine were investigated. The results showed that as the pilot injection ratio increases, the peak cylinder gas pressure (CGP) increases, and the peak of heat release rate (HRR) increases accordingly; the coupled CN increases, the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) decreases, and the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) increases; CO and HC emissions increase; and NO x emissions increase. In addition, the number concentration and total mass of particulate matter (PM) decrease with the increasing pilot injection ratio. Only when the pilot injection ratio reaches 20% does the fuel produce pilot injection heat release. The ignition delay time (ID) and combustion duration (CD) are redefined for the pilot injection heat release operating conditions. With the delay of the pilot injection timing, the peak CGP increases, the coupled CN increases, the BTE increases, the BSFC decreases, CO and HC emissions increase, and NO x emissions decrease. With the delay of the pilot injection timing, the number concentration and total mass of PM decrease. In addition, no pilot injection heat release was generated for any of the five fuels at pilot injection timings from 30°CA BTDC to 45°CA BTDC.

Effects of the Degree of Unsaturation of Fatty Acid Esters on Engine Performance and Emission Characteristics

Biodiesel is considered an environmentally friendly alternative to petro-derived diesel. The cetane number indicates the degree of difficulty in the compression-ignition of liquid fuel-powered engines. The allylic position equivalent (APE), which represents the unsaturated degree of fatty acid esters, was one of the key parameters for the cetane number of biodiesel. Due to the significant attributes of APE for biodiesel properties, the impact of APE on engine performance and emission characteristics was investigated in this study. The engine characteristics could be improved by adjusting the biodiesel fuel structure accordingly. A four-stroke and four-cylinder diesel engine accompanied by an engine dynamometer and a gas analyzer were used to derive the optimum blending ratio of the two biodiesels from soybean oil and waste cooking oil. Three fuel samples composed of various proportions of those two biodiesels and ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) were prepared. The amounts of saturated fatty acids and mono-unsaturated fatty acids of the biodiesel made from waste cooking oil were significantly higher than those of the soybean-oil biodiesel by 9.92 wt. % and 28.54 wt. %, respectively. This caused a higher APE of the soybean-oil biodiesel than that of the biodiesel from waste cooking oil. The APE II biodiesel appeared to have the highest APE value (80.68) among those fuel samples. When the engine speed was increased to 1600 rpm, in comparison with the ULSD sample, the APE II biodiesel sample was observed to have lower CO and O2 emissions and engine thermal efficiency by 15.66%, 0.6%, and 9.3%, while having higher CO2 and NOx emissions, exhaust gas temperature, and brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) by 2.56%, 13.8%, 8.9 °C, and 16.67%, respectively. Hence, the engine performance and emission characteristics could be enhanced by adequately adjusting the degree of unsaturation of fatty acid esters represented by the APE of biodiesel.

The Failure Analysis of Crankshaft of Four Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Experimental Method

The crankshaft is one of the main components of the combustion engine used for continuous rotation. Therefore, this research aims to analyze the crankshaft failure of a jeep with a four-cylinder diesel engine used to transport 4 tons of logs on rugged terrain and uneven roads for 12 months. This research was carried out using the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), microstructure, hardness, chemical composition, and stress analysis testing methods. The chemical composition and microstructure test results showed that the crankshaft was made of AISI 3150 material with a pearlite phase. From the results of the visual observation on the fracture surface, the characteristics of failure due to fatigue are indicated by a beach mark pattern on the fracture surface. SEM test shows a crack initiation at the edge of the balancer due to the dynamic loads experienced by the crankshaft, which causes propagation from the initial beach marks pattern to the final fracture.

A comparatively numerical investigation on heat transfer behavior of different materials used for internal combustion engines

The aluminum and magnesium alloys are mostly used in the development of internal combustion engines. In the present investigation, an aluminum based composite material has been developed by utilizing the hybrid casting technique with the composition of Al + 7.5 wt.% Si3N4 + 5 wt.% MgO. Further, a comparative numerical analysis has been performed on the four-cylinder diesel internal combustion engine with the help of finite element analysis code Abaqus. The numerical investigation was performed and compared for the three materials Al + 7.5 wt.% Si3N4 + 5 wt.% MgO (Material 1), WE43A magnesium alloy (Material 2), and Al356 aluminum alloy (Material 3) based on temperature distribution and heat flux. The results revealed that the developed composite material (Material 1) shows a good temperature at the core of the four-cylinder diesel engine which supports the combustion process. Further, it shows the minimum temperature at the cylinder wall in both directions (along the length and width) which supports the cooling system. Further, Material 1 shows the lowest heat flux near the cylinder wall which is a more desirable characteristic for the internal combustion engine. Hence the developed material can replace Material 1 and Material 2 which are the alloys of aluminum and magnesium alloys.

Computational Investigation on the Performance Increase of a Small Industrial Diesel Engine Regarding the Effects of Compression Ratio, Piston Bowl Shape and Injection Strategy

This paper describes the simulative approach to calibrate an already extremely highly turbocharged industrial diesel engine for higher low-speed torque. The engine, which is already operating at its cylinder-pressure maximum, is to achieve close to 30 bar effective mean pressure through suitable calibration between the compression ratio, piston-bowl shape and injection strategy. The basic idea of the study is to lower the compression ratio for even higher injection masses and boost pressures, with the resulting disadvantages in the area of emissions and fuel consumption being partially compensated for by optimizations in the areas of piston shape and injection strategy. The simulations primarily involve the use of the 3D CFD software Converge CFD for in-cylinder calibration and a fully predictive 1D full-engine model in GT Suite. The simulations are based on a two-stage turbocharged 1950 cc four-cylinder industrial diesel engine, which is used for validation of the initial simulation. With the maximum increase in fuel mass and boost pressure, the effective mean pressure could be increased up to 28 bar, while specific consumption increased only slightly. Depending on the geometry, NOx or CO and UHC emissions could be reduced.

Stone Fruit Seed: A Source of Renewable Fuel for Transport

This study investigated the suitability of stone fruit seed as a source of biodiesel for transport. Stone fruit oil (SFO) was extracted from the seed and converted into biodiesel. The biodiesel yield of 95.75% was produced using the alkaline catalysed transesterification process with a methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 6:1, KOH catalyst concentration of 0.5 wt% (weight %), and a reaction temperature of 55 °C for 60 min. The physicochemical properties of the produced biodiesel were determined and found to be the closest match of standard diesel. The engine performance, emissions and combustion behaviour of a four-cylinder diesel engine fuelled with SFO biodiesel blends of 5%, 10% and 20% with diesel, v/v basis, were tested. The testing was performed at 100% engine load with speed ranging from 200 to 2400 rpm. The average brake specific fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency of SFO blends were found to be 4.7% to 15.4% higher and 3.9% to 11.4% lower than those of diesel, respectively. The results also revealed that SFO biodiesel blends have marginally lower in-cylinder pressure and a higher heat release rate compared to diesel. The mass fraction burned results of SFO biodiesel blends were found to be slightly faster than those of diesel. The SFO biodiesel 5% blend produced about 1.9% higher NOx emissions and 17.4% lower unburnt HC with 23.4% lower particulate matter (PM) compared to diesel fuel. To summarise, SFO biodiesel blends are recommended as a suitable transport fuel for addressing engine emissions problems and improving combustion performance with a marginal sacrifice of engine efficiency.

Role of water micro-explosion on fuel droplet size distribution, engine performance, and emissions in a water-diesel emulsified engine: A comprehensive numerical investigation

The global warming crisis and strict regulations have pushed the automotive industry into technological change, but it will take time, so finding quick solutions can be very helpful. Using water in diesel emulsion is one of the low-cost and fast solutions to reduce pollution and improve the performance of diesel engines. In this study, the effects of adding water to diesel fuel and the phenomena that occur when water enters the combustion chamber are investigated. For this purpose, a simulation of a four-cylinder diesel engine has been used with different content of water in diesel (0% or pure diesel, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%). The simulations are performed in Converge CFD using dynamic mesh and adaptive mesh refinement. The results showed that the use of water in diesel leads to an improvement of about 10% in engine indicated power and a simultaneous reduction in soot and NOx by 10 and 30%, respectively. The simulation results showed that water droplet micro-explosions accelerated the fuel droplet breakup process and reduced the combustion duration by 10%–30%.

Insight into Nanoparticle-Number-Derived Characteristics of Precharged Biodiesel Exhaust Gas in Nonthermal Plasma State.

The utilization of biodiesel as an alternative partial replacement of diesel fuel was shown to improve exhaust emissions from diesel engines. Waste cooking oil biodiesel (WCO) has also gained more attention due to edible biofuel supply and the environment. In this study, a nonthermal plasma (NTP) technique was applied to be equipped into the after-treatment system of a four-cylinder diesel engine at medium- and high-load conditions. The exhaust gases in the NTP state from the combustion of WCO and diesel (D100) fuels were partially drawn by spectrometers and nanoparticle-number-derived characteristics were analyzed. The particle number, area, and mass concentrations were in log-normal distribution over equivalent diameters, and they were higher at high load. The concentration of the particulate matter (PM) was lower but was larger in size when the NTP charger was activated due to coagulation principally owing to WCO’s number and surface area. The total particle masses were lower for WCO at the two load conditions tested. During NTP charger activation, the mass mean diameters were increased by maximum values of 24.0% for D100 and 5.5% for WCO. The PM removal efficiencies were maximized by 10.8% for D100 and 16.7% for WCO when the NTP charger was in use, and the WCO exhaust was dominantly seen to simultaneously reduce NOx and PM emissions.

Energy, exergy, thermoeconomic and sustainability assessment of tire pyrolysis oil in common rail direct injection diesel engine

Waste to fuel conversion has attracted prominence due to higher fuel demand, waste disposal issues, and environmental and economic impact. Therefore, an alternative approach for addressing the issue of waste tire disposal can be provided by using tire pyrolysis oil (TPO). The energy, exergy, thermoeconomic and sustainability studies of TPO-diesel blends were carried out in this study. The analysis was compared with biodiesel-diesel blended fuel and pure diesel. DP10 (Diesel 90%-TPO 10%), DB10 (Diesel 90%-Biodiesel 10%), and neat diesel are used in the experimental study. The four-cylinder diesel engine was used to perform the experiments at different crankshaft speeds ranges 1000–3500 rpm with the increment of 500 rpm. The results reveal that at 3000 rpm, DP10 shows the highest energy and exergy efficiency, 37.12% and 39.60%, respectively, compared to DB10 and D100. The thermoeconomic study indicates that DP10 produced the lowest energy and exergy losses compared to DB10 and D100. The DP10 provides the highest sustainability index, demonstrating that the DP10 is the most sustainable fuel compared to D100 and DB10. It is concluded that the DP10 shows the best results, and it is appropriate to use in the turbocharged common-rail direct injection diesel engine.

Research on the influence of key structural parameters on piston secondary motion

Piston secondary motion not only influences the side knocking of piston and frictional loss, but also influence the in-cylinder oil consumption and gas blow-by. An inline four-cylinder common rail diesel engine was chosen as the research object. Dynamic simulation model of piston assembly was built based on the piston and cylinder liner temperature field test. The impacts of pinhole offset, liner clearance and piston skirt ovality on piston secondary motion were researched. Based on the surface response method, the influence of multiple factors on friction power loss and slapping energy is estimated. The results indicate that: in-cylinder stress condition of piston will change with its structural parameters, then the secondary motion of piston will be affected as a result. Pinhole offset, liner clearance, piston skirt ovality and the interaction of the latter two all have significant effects on the friction power loss, while the slapping energy is significantly affected by liner clearance. Therefore, the parameters can be designed based on the significance level to optimize the secondary motion characteristics of the piston.