Foundation For Risk Management Research Articles

Cryptocurrencies under climate shocks: a dynamic network analysis of extreme risk spillovers

Systematic risks in cryptocurrency markets have recently increased and have been gaining a rising number of connections with economics and financial markets; however, in this area, climate shocks could be a new kind of impact factor. In this paper, a spillover network based on a time-varying parametric-vector autoregressive (TVP-VAR) model is constructed to measure overall cryptocurrency market extreme risks. Based on this, a second spillover network is proposed to assess the intensity of risk spillovers between extreme risks of cryptocurrency markets and uncertainties in climate conditions, economic policy, and global financial markets. The results show that extreme risks in cryptocurrency markets are highly sensitive to climate shocks, whereas uncertainties in the global financial market are the main transmitters. Dynamically, each spillover network is highly sensitive to emergent global extreme events, with a surge in overall risk exposure and risk spillovers between submarkets. Full consideration of overall market connectivity, including climate shocks, will provide a solid foundation for risk management in cryptocurrency markets.

The Safety of Outpatient Health Care : Review of Electronic Health Records.

Despite considerable emphasis on delivering safe care, substantial patient harm occurs. Although most care occurs in the outpatient setting, knowledge of outpatient adverse events (AEs) remains limited. To measure AEs in the outpatient setting. Retrospective review of the electronic health record (EHR). 11 outpatient sites in Massachusetts in 2018. 3103 patients who received outpatient care. Using a trigger method, nurse reviewers identified possible AEs and physicians adjudicated them, ranked severity, and assessed preventability. Generalized estimating equations were used to assess the association of having at least 1 AE with age, sex, race, and primary insurance. Variation in AE rates was analyzed across sites. The 3103 patients (mean age, 52 years) were more often female (59.8%), White (75.1%), English speakers (90.8%), and privately insured (70.4%) and had a mean of 4 outpatient encounters in 2018. Overall, 7.0% (95% CI, 4.6% to 9.3%) of patients had at least 1 AE (8.6 events per 100 patients annually). Adverse drug events were the most common AE (63.8%), followed by health care-associated infections (14.8%) and surgical or procedural events (14.2%). Severity was serious in 17.4% of AEs, life-threatening in 2.1%, and never fatal. Overall, 23.2% of AEs were preventable. Having at least 1 AE was less often associated with ages 18 to 44 years than with ages 65 to 84 years (standardized risk difference, -0.05 [CI, -0.09 to -0.02]) and more often associated with Black race than with Asian race (standardized risk difference, 0.09 [CI, 0.01 to 0.17]). Across study sites, 1.8% to 23.6% of patients had at least 1 AE and clinical category of AEs varied substantially. Retrospective EHR review may miss AEs. Outpatient harm was relatively common and often serious. Adverse drug events were most frequent. Rates were higher among older adults. Interventions to curtail outpatient harm are urgently needed. Controlled Risk Insurance Company and the Risk Management Foundation of the Harvard Medical Institutions.

A Systematic Review of the Socio-Legal Dimensions of Responsible AI and Its Role in Improving Health and Safety in Construction

Integrating artificial intelligence (AI) in the construction industry could revolutionise workplace safety and efficiency. However, this integration also carries complex socio-legal implications that require further investigation. Presently, there is a research gap in the socio-legal dimensions of AI use to enhance health and safety regulations and protocols for the construction sector in the United Kingdom, particularly in understanding how the existing legal frameworks can adapt to AI integration effectively. Comprehensive research is indispensable to identify where the existing regulations may fall short or require more specificity in addressing the unique implications introduced by AI technologies. This article aims to address the pressing socio-legal challenges surrounding the integration of AI in the UK construction industry, specifically in enhancing health and safety protocols on construction sites, through a systematic review encompassing the PRISMA protocol. The review has identified that the existing legal and regulatory framework provides a strong foundation for risk management. Still, it needs to sufficiently account for the socio-legal dimensions introduced by AI deployment and how AI may evolve in the future. The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) will require standardised authorities to effectively oversee the use of AI in the UK construction industry. This will enable the HSE to collect data related to AI processes and carry out technical, empirical, and governance audits. The provision of sufficient resources and the empowerment of the HSE within the context of the construction industry are critical factors that must be taken into consideration to ensure effective oversight of AI implementation.

РАЗВИТИЕ ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИХ ОСНОВ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ РИСКАМИ КРУПНЫХ ИНФРАСТРУКТУРНЫХ ГЧП-ПРОЕКТОВ

The purpose of this article is to develop the theoretical foundations of risk management in the implementation of large infrastructure projects with government participation using the example of the development of high-speed railways in Russia. The relevance of this topic is due to the fact that for Russia, high-speed highways are a completely new type of transport infrastructure, the creation of which requires the development of existing views and approaches to risk management of large infrastructure projects with government participation. The impact of high-speed highway projects on a country’s economy is difficult to overestimate, as they affect many factors: from stimulating development to improving the quality of life of the population, which is why studying existing tools and proposing new views on risk management that increase the success of projects with government participation is one of the key issues to be addressed.

Innovative Risk Management: Identification, Assessment and Management of Risks in the Context of Innovative Project Management

"The article aims to solve the critical problem of risk management in the context of innovative projects, which affects the competitiveness and sustainability of organizations in the modern business environment. The purpose of the article is to highlight and develop an innovative approach to risk management in innovative projects to improve their success. The article examines the theoretical foundations of risk management in the context of innovative projects, including concepts, principles, and methods of risk management. The article identifies and analyzes the key risks that arise in the process of implementing innovative projects, including technological, financial, market and organizational risks. The article proposes the development of risk assessment methods and tools in the context of innovative projects, which may include the use of analytical methods, models, and approaches to assess the probability of risk occurrence and their potential impact on projects. The article offers effective methods of risk management in innovative projects the development of proactive measures to prevent risks, the determination of control points, the implementation of backup plans, and the development of a risk monitoring and control system. The article provides practical recommendations and examples of implementing innovative risk management in the real field of innovative project management. The authors examine various aspects of risk management and offer practical recommendations for managing them effectively. The results of the study will contribute to the improvement of risk management practices in organizations engaged in innovative activities and contribute to ensuring sustainable development and competitiveness."

Integrating Good Corporate Governance, Islamic Corporate Social Responsibility, Zakat, Syariah Governance, and Syariah Compliance: Exploring their Interconnected Impact on the Financial Health of Islamic Commercial Banks

The background of this research revolves around the need to understand the complex relationship between Good Corporate Governance (GCG), Islamic Corporate Social Responsibility (ICSR), zakat, Shariah Governance (SG), and Shariah Compliance (SC) in the context of financial institutions, particularly Islamic banks. This study adopts a holistic framework to explore their interconnected impacts on the financial health of Islamic banks. The research utilized a comprehensive literature review with qualitative analysis, aiming to gain a thorough understanding of the subject from 2010 to 2023. The findings indicate that in the face of business complexity and global market dynamics, Islamic banks need to implement concepts such as Good Corporate Governance (GCG), Islamic Corporate Social Responsibility (ICSR), Zakat, Shariah Governance (SG), and Shariah Compliance (SC). The holistic integration of these principles can have a significantly positive impact on the financial health of Islamic banks. GCG provides a robust foundation for risk management and transparency, ICSR enriches the social and environmental dimensions, Zakat plays a crucial role in wealth redistribution and community economic empowerment, while SG and SC ensure adherence to Shariah principles and maintain the integrity of financial institutions. By effectively applying these concepts, Islamic banks can strengthen their position in facing market challenges and enhance their contributions to sustainable economic development.

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The article is aimed at solving the important problem of risk management in the context of innovative projects, which affects the competitiveness and sustainability of organizations in the modern business environment. The purpose of the article is to highlight and develop an innovative approach to risk management in innovative projects to improve their success. The article examines the theoretical foundations of risk management in the context of innovative projects, including concepts, principles, and methods of risk management. The article identifies and analyzes the key risks that arise in the process of implementing innovative projects, including technological, financial, market and organizational risks. The article proposes the development of risk assessment methods and tools in the context of innovative projects, which may include the use of analytical methods, models, and approaches to assess the probability of risk occurrence and their potential impact on projects. The article offers effective methods of risk management in innovative projects the development of proactive measures to prevent risks, the determination of control points, the implementation of backup plans, and the development of a risk monitoring and control system. The article provides practical recommendations and examples of the implementation of innovative risk management in the real field of innovative project management. The authors examine various aspects of risk management and offer practical recommendations for managing them effectively. The results of the study will contribute to the improvement of risk management practices in organizations engaged in innovative activities and contribute to ensuring sustainable development and competitiveness.

Performance Evaluation of Mutual Funds Using Risk Return Relationship Models - An Empirical Study

Purpose: The main purpose of this study is to analyse the performance of mutual funds using Risk- Return Relationship Models. Theoretical framework: One of India's most important financial intermediaries, mutual funds can provide a wide range of financial services to small and large investors. They are also involved in the country's transformation, and their market participation has become more important. Evaluating a mutual fund's performance concerns investors, researchers, and fund managers. It should be conducted in a way that helps investors make informed decisions and maximize returns. A regular evaluation of a fund's performance is also essential for investors. Design/methodology/approach: The performance of 12 growth-oriented mutual funds has been evaluated using three Risk Adjusted performance measures, namely the Treynor index, Sharpe index, and Jensen measure. Treynor Index, developed by Treynor and Mazuy (1966), defined the measure as the ratio of returns to systematic Risk (Beta). The higher the ratio better the performance. Sharpe Index, developed by Sharpe (1964) defined as the ratio of returns to the variability of returns. Jensen's measure (Jensen 1968) regresses excess fund return with the excess market return. Monthly data was used during the period from Jan 2015 to Dec 2019. Further monthly returns of 12 diversified Equity mutual funds were compared with the returns of the B.S.E.( Bombay Stock Exchange) national index during the same period. Findings: It is identified from the results that the mutual funds have not performed better than their benchmark indicators except the ICICI Multi-asset fund and HDFC mid-cap opportunity fund in terms of a non-risk adjusted measure of the average returns as well as in terms of Risk-adjusted performance measures. Research, Practical & Social implications: Fund houses, Fund managers, researchers, and mutual fund investors can benefit more from a strong risk management foundation. It can help them make informed decisions and maximize their returns. Originality/value: This study differs from past studies because it examined the risk-adjusted performance of a few mutual funds, which ultimately may use by investors and policymakers to enhance the returns in these funds.

Increased Perirolandic Cortical Excitability May Facilitate Sensory Motor Mapping in Children (P13-1.003)

<h3>Objective:</h3> We are hereby describing a case of refractory pediatric epilepsy where resection of perirolandic seizure foci was performed successfully under neurophysiologic guidance. <h3>Background:</h3> Pediatric neurophysiologic sensory-motor mapping is frequently unsuccessful, due to inability to localize central sulcus (CS) and primary motor cortex (M1). These shortcomings result from poor somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP) and high M1 depolarization thresholds respectively, both reflections of the immaturity of the central nervous system. <h3>Design/Methods:</h3> Case report <h3>Results:</h3> An 8-year-old boy with developmental delay, debilitating focal epilepsy and epileptic encephalopathy underwent phase 2 video EEG monitoring. The recordings showed seizures with early involvement of several depth electrodes located within the right parieto-frontal regions, and an early motor semiology involving the left arm. The patient underwent neurophysiologically guided resection of the seizure foci under general anesthesia. Pre-resection electrocorticography (ECoG) via a 64 contact grid showed abundant perirolandic epileptiform discharges (ED), maximal postcentrally. Cortical recordings of high amplitude median SSEP and a low depolarization threshold led to successful CS localization and identification of M1, respectively. A subdural strip electrode placed over the precentral gyrus and secured in position, allowed simultaneous ECoG and motor monitoring during the resection of the postcentral foci. Initially, ECoG showed near continuous runs of ED, unchanged by cortical electrical stimulation. Under steady state anesthesia, at a constant propofol infusion rate, this activity decreased in frequency and stopped altogether towards the end stages of the resection, as the M1 threshold increased by 7 mA. Post-resection fronto-parietal ECoG recordings were quiet. Post-operatively, the patient became seizure free, showed cognitive improvement and no motor deficits. <h3>Conclusions:</h3> Increased cortical excitability may lead to successful functional mapping in children. Under steady anesthetic conditions, increases in the M1 threshold during resection of nearby epileptic foci may be an early sign of decrease in the abnormal regional cortical excitability. <b>Disclosure:</b> Dr. Alzahrany has nothing to disclose. Dr. Simon has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as an Expert Witness for Risk Management Foundation of the Harvard Institutions Incorporated. Dr. Simon has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving as an Expert Witness for MCIC Vermont. Dr. Simon has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving as an Expert Witness for Aaronson, Rappaport, Feinstein&amp; Deutch. Dr. Simon has received publishing royalties from a publication relating to health care. Dr. Simon has received personal compensation in the range of $0-$499 for serving as a Speaker with American Clinical Neurophysiology Society . Dr. Simon has a non-compensated relationship as a Speaker with International Society of Intraoperative Neurophysiology that is relevant to AAN interests or activities. Dr. Simon has a non-compensated relationship as a Speaker with Brazilian Congress of Neurology that is relevant to AAN interests or activities.

MP53-17 FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO EFFECTIVE TELEMEDICINE USE IN PEDIATRIC UROLOGY

You have accessJournal of UrologyCME1 Apr 2023MP53-17 FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO EFFECTIVE TELEMEDICINE USE IN PEDIATRIC UROLOGY Julia Finkelstein, James Rosoff, Regina Tham, and Caleb Nelson Julia FinkelsteinJulia Finkelstein More articles by this author , James RosoffJames Rosoff More articles by this author , Regina ThamRegina Tham More articles by this author , and Caleb NelsonCaleb Nelson More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000003301.17AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: There is limited knowledge of the effectiveness of telemedicine (TM) for management of pediatric urological conditions. With TM expansion, it is necessary to deliberately evaluate and establish its optimal role in pediatric urology. We sought to prospectively investigate clinician-determined efficacy of video visits (VVs) performed for pediatric urologic encounters at a single tertiary care children’s hospital. METHODS: After entering the diagnosis and submitting billing using a TM modifier, clinicians were mandated to select whether the VV allowed for: complete case management (CCM), suboptimal, but adequate, case management (SCM); or incomplete case management (ICM) necessitating an in-person visit. These categorizations were compared according to patient pathology: internal organ pathology (IOP), functional urological pathology (FUP) or external organ pathology (EOP). The data were also stratified by patient-centered variables, including age, sex, race, and insurance type, to assess their impact on VV efficacy. RESULTS: During the 4.5-month study period (5/18/22 - 9/29/22), 1,127 unique patients had a VV. Mean patient age was 8.4 years and 57.0% were male. Ninety-six percent, 3.3%, and 0.7% of VVs demonstrated CCM, SCM, and ICM, respectively. Approximately 88% of VVs were established patients and these TM patients were more likely to have CCM, compared to new patients (p<0.001). TM patients with IOP and FUP were more likely to have CCM, than those with EOP (99.0% and 96.9% vs 87.1%, p<0.001). Older patients also had a higher likelihood of CCM (p=0.03). Meanwhile, Black, non-Hispanic patients were significantly less likely to have CCM (85.3%, p=0.02). Patient sex and insurance type did not impact the VV efficacy. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, TM is very effective for the management of pediatric urological patients. Our findings suggest that older established patients with IOP or FUP may be better suited for TM. Expanding on this data will allow for the development of best practice guidelines surrounding TM use in pediatric urology. To implement more inclusive strategies, further evaluation is necessary to understand why certain communities have less effective virtual care. Source of Funding: We have grant funding from our malpractice insurer, CRICO (Risk Management Foundation of the Harvard Medical Institutions), to investigate the safety, efficacy and equitability of telemedicine use in pediatric urology © 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 209Issue Supplement 4April 2023Page: e718 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Julia Finkelstein More articles by this author James Rosoff More articles by this author Regina Tham More articles by this author Caleb Nelson More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

THE IMPACT OF RISK AND PROFITABILITY ON INVESTMENT BANKING MANAGEMENTM BRIEFCASE

Deeply penetrating all spheres of the economy, banking institutions exert an active influence on economic growth and social development of the country. The intensity of investment processes, the dynamics of the development of production of goods and the provision of services largely depend on the ability of banks to rationally manage risks. If in economically developed countries the theory and practice of the investment business of banks is well developed, then in relation to the conditions of the domestic economy, it undergoes a process of adaptation, which is caused by a number of characteristic differences. In particular, there are: unstable economic and political situations in the country; critical financial condition of a significant number of industrial enterprises; danger of significant inflationary processes; imperfection of the legal framework; lack of developed stock market infrastructure. Banking difficulties can be overcome only based on a systematic approach to bank management in general and risk management in particular. The theoretical and methodological foundations of risk management in banking are considered. The role of investment risks in the general system of banking risks is determined. The essence of the bank’s investment portfolio and the impact of risks on it are characterized. An assessment of the risks of the implementation of the investment project was carried out. The influence of risk and profitability on the management of bank portfolio investment is determined. The directions for improving the management of the bank’s investment portfolio, taking into account risk, are substantiated.

The Safety of Inpatient Health Care

BackgroundAdverse events during hospitalization are a major cause of patient harm, as documented in the 1991 Harvard Medical Practice Study. Patient safety has changed substantially in the decades since that study was conducted, and a more current assessment of harm during hospitalization is warranted.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study to assess the frequency, preventability, and severity of patient harm in a random sample of admissions from 11 Massachusetts hospitals during the 2018 calendar year. The occurrence of adverse events was assessed with the use of a trigger method (identification of information in a medical record that was previously shown to be associated with adverse events) and from review of medical records. Trained nurses reviewed records and identified admissions with possible adverse events that were then adjudicated by physicians, who confirmed the presence and characteristics of the adverse events.ResultsIn a random sample of 2809 admissions, we identified at least one adverse event in 23.6%. Among 978 adverse events, 222 (22.7%) were judged to be preventable and 316 (32.3%) had a severity level of serious (i.e., caused harm that resulted in substantial intervention or prolonged recovery) or higher. A preventable adverse event occurred in 191 (6.8%) of all admissions, and a preventable adverse event with a severity level of serious or higher occurred in 29 (1.0%). There were seven deaths, one of which was deemed to be preventable. Adverse drug events were the most common adverse events (accounting for 39.0% of all events), followed by surgical or other procedural events (30.4%), patient-care events (which were defined as events associated with nursing care, including falls and pressure ulcers) (15.0%), and health care–associated infections (11.9%).ConclusionsAdverse events were identified in nearly one in four admissions, and approximately one fourth of the events were preventable. These findings underscore the importance of patient safety and the need for continuing improvement. (Funded by the Controlled Risk Insurance Company and the Risk Management Foundation of the Harvard Medical Institutions.)

Prudence as an ethical foundation for risk management

PurposeThis paper aims to draw on historical conceptions of true and false prudence within the broader context of virtue ethics ideas, to create a prudence framework for developing risk-and-ethics cultures in organisations.Design/methodology/approachThe authors use a theoretical analytical approach as a means of examining plausible representations of risk as ethical practice.FindingsWhile the ethical ideal of true prudence is explained primarily with reference to psychological theories of generativity, false prudence is explained as undesirable, primarily with reference to psychological problems of narcissism and the broader dark triad. True and false prudence are represented as centring upon very different motivations for foresight, each of which might set the cultural tone for organisational risk management.Originality/valueThis paper’s main contribution is therefore to call attention to the benefits for organisations of reflecting upon differences between true and false prudence when planning the risk management they want.

Converting critical enterprise risks into a usable risk matrix

Successful compliance is built upon a solid foundation of risk management. Effective compliance programmes begin with a thorough assessment to identify areas of risk within the organisation. Developing a risk management framework is crucial to an organisation's ability to develop appropriate protocols to identify, monitor, and if needed, mitigate the risks. Aside from the practical benefits a risk assessment can provide, it can also demonstrate to a regulator that a compliance programme is ‘reasonably designed’ to prevent violations of federal securities laws.1 The purpose of this paper is to discuss practical ways to develop and implement a risk management programme as well as conveying identified risks to senior management for use in practical business decisions.

Skills in Flexible Endoscopy Are a Valuable Tool for GI Surgeons.

Department of Surgery, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH Department of Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH. [email protected]. The authors report no conflicts of interest. Disclosures: DAH is a consultant for Johnson & Johnson, Activ Surgical, US Endoscopy, and Verily Life Sciences. He has received research support from the Olympus Corporation, Intuitive Foundation, and the CRICO Risk Management Foundation. JMM is a consultant for US Endoscopy, Olympus, and Boston Scientific. Commentary on: Advancing Gastroscope from Intraluminal to Extraluminal Dissection: Primary Experience of Laparo-gastroscopic Esophagectomy

Risk Management Strategies in Salesforce Project Delivery: A Case Study Approach

In the dynamic realm of Salesforce project delivery, effective risk management is crucial to ensure successful outcomes and mitigate potential issues that could impact project timelines, budgets, and overall quality. This research paper explores risk management strategies specifically within the context of Salesforce implementations, employing a case study approach to provide a nuanced understanding of how risks are identified, assessed, and mitigated in real-world scenarios. The study begins with a comprehensive review of the theoretical foundations of risk management in project management, emphasizing its importance in Salesforce projects due to the platform's complexity and the custom nature of many implementations. It highlights common risk categories, including technical challenges, resource constraints, and stakeholder engagement issues. To provide practical insights, the paper examines three detailed case studies of Salesforce projects undertaken by different organizations. Each case study offers a unique perspective on the risk management strategies employed, from initial risk identification and assessment through to the implementation of mitigation measures and the evaluation of their effectiveness. The cases cover a range of project sizes and industries, providing a broad view of the challenges faced and the solutions implemented.

СУТНІСТЬ ТА ТЕОРЕТИЧНІ ЗАСАДИ УПРАВЛІННЯ РИЗИКАМИ В МИТНІЙ СПРАВІ

The article examines the essence and theoretical foundations of risk management in customs. It is proved that in the scientific literature there is no unified approach to the interpretation of the concepts of "customs risk", "management of customs risks", which is explained by the versatility of the concept of "risk". The scientific results of the study of the theoretical foundations of risk management in customs are based on the basis of international agreements, conventions and other legislative acts in the field of foreign economic activity, international and methodological documents of international trade and using monographic and abstract logical methods, as well as methods of comparison, analogy, analysis , synthesis and generalization. Based on the results of the generalization of the study, it was determined that the risk is a violation of the established procedure for the execution of normatively regulated activities, encroaches on social standards in a particular area of public relations. It is argued that the fundamental property of all risks is uncertainty, characterized by insufficient provision of the decision-making process with knowledge about a certain problem situation. Risks in the customs business are inherent in a certain specificity, due to the scope of their occurrence and certain forms of expression. It has been substantiated that in the context of the annual growth of the intensity of foreign economic activity between countries and enterprises, the need to create and constantly improve customs risk management systems is becoming more urgent, confirmed by international and national customs legislation, since the development of an effective risk management system in customs will help protect the national and customs interests of Ukraine. The study confirms that by the risk management system the activities of customs authorities in analyzing risks are meant, identifying and assessing risks, developing measures to neutralize possible risks associated with the implementation of professional activities and is part of the overall process of predicting and neutralizing negative consequences associated with the identification of goods. vehicles, documents and persons subject to customs control, forms of customs control applied to such goods, vehicles, documents and persons, as well as the scope of customs control.

АСПЕКТИ ІДЕНТИФІКАЦІЇ АНАЛІЗУ ТА УПРАВЛЯННЯ РИЗИКАМИ

In today's changing, economic, market conditions, under the influence of external and internal factors, the analysis of existing and potential risks is a very important element in the activities of economic entities. This problem is relevant in any sector of the economy. Each of the subjects of market relations at all levels feels the impact of unforeseen circumstances and risk situations, an adequate response to which allows to save resources, and market position. In addition, risk management involves risk analysis and active search for various tools to influence them. Thus, it can be noted that no risk management system can exist without a structured risk model that currently poses a threat. Analysis of potential and known risks is a very important area in planning the activities of the enterprise. Assessing risks, taking into account their likely effects on the state of the enterprise, and applying methods to minimize them is very important to ensure the effective operation of economic entities. In addition, it is important to add that risks are present in any field of activity. That is why the topic of risks is relevant for both economists and business leaders and managers. In modern economic conditions, the importance of the risk category for domestic enterprises is growing. The state of uncertainty makes it almost impossible to avoid risk. However, this does not mean that you should look for solutions in which the result is known in advance - they are usually ineffective. It is important for the company to have the ability to anticipate risk, critically assess its size, immediately plan preventive measures and do not exceed acceptable limits. Risk identification is a very important step in the risk management process. The relevance of effective consideration of possible risks in the course of the enterprise is beyond doubt, given that risk becomes an integral part of the strategy and tactics of economic policy of most enterprises. The problem of risk management is extremely broad and important, because it arises in a variety of areas of human activity. Moreover, the content of risk is determined depending on the scope in different ways. In the course of the enterprise there are a variety of risk situations. Analysis of the theoretical foundations of risk management allows you to identify and select those methods and stages of the risk management process that would allow the most effective work with them. Risk management in business is based on risk analysis and finding tools to help influence them. The risk management system is impossible without a structural model, the factors of which, in turn, will depend on the specifics of business. Risks are inherent in any activity and any business entity.

Source quantification and risk assessment as a foundation for risk management of metals in urban road deposited solids

Urban road build-up solids contain toxic metals posing potential risks to human health. Management of human health risks arising from these metals is critical in urban areas. This study collected solids build-up data from 16 study sites with various land use and traffic characteristics. Source quantification was conducted using PCA/APCS receptor model. It was found that soil and asphalt wear are the largest contributors (69.43%) to risk and mainly contribute Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Zn and Pb to build-up solids. Brake wear is the second largest contributor accounting for 17.20% and contributes Cd and Cu. Tyre wear is the third major contributor (11.38%) and it primarily contributes Ni, Zn and Cr. Mathematical equations were fitted to estimate the risk against daily traffic volume and land use fractions, and the uncertainty analysis highlighted that risk assessment should account for the variability in metal concentrations rather than a point value of concentrations at a given time and space. Based on source quantification and risk assessment, an integrated risk management model was developed to manage human health risks from toxic metals in build-up solids. This risk model provides guidance for urban planning and land use development to mitigate risk arising from urban road deposited solids.

Critical Results in Radiology: Defined by Clinical Judgment or by a List?

Effective communication across medical specialties is critical to the successful coordination of high-quality health care services [ 1 Larson D.B. Froehle C.M. Johnson N.D. Towbin A.J. Communication in diagnostic radiology: meeting the challenges of complexity. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2014; 203: 957-964 Crossref PubMed Scopus (34) Google Scholar ]. Ineffective communication has been the most often cited root cause for sentinel events in the hospital setting in repeated Joint Commission analyses [ 2 The Joint CommissionInadequate hand-off communication. Sentinel Event Alert. https://www.jointcommission.org/assets/1/18/SEA_58_Hand_off_Comms_9_6_17_FINAL_(1).pdfDate accessed: September 5, 2019 Google Scholar , 3 Lucey L.L. Kushner D.C. The ACR guideline on communication: to be or not to be, that is the question. J Am Coll Radiol. 2010; 7: 109-114 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (21) Google Scholar ] and contributes, at least in part, to roughly 30% of medical malpractice claims filed in the United States [ 4 CRICO StrategiesMalpractice risk in communication failures. in: 2015 Annual Benchmarking Report. The Risk Management Foundation of the Harvard Medical Institutions, Inc., Boston, MA2015 Google Scholar ]. Communication is of particular importance in diagnostic radiology, because the interpreting radiologist is almost always in a different specialty than the physician who acts on the information [ 5 Larson D.B. Langlotz C.P. The role of radiology in the diagnostic process: information, communication, and teamwork. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2017; 209: 992-1000 Crossref PubMed Scopus (6) Google Scholar ], and is especially critical when the finding reveals a life-threatening situation.