Emotional Foundations Research Articles

The laws of emotionThe Laws of Emotion, by FrijdaNico H. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2006.

Academy of Management ReviewVol. 32, No. 3 Book ReviewsThe laws of emotionJonathan D. RaelinJonathan D. Raelin George Washington University, Washington, DCPublished Online:1 Jul 2007https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2007.25275690AboutSectionsView articleView Full TextPDF/EPUB ToolsDownload CitationsAdd to favoritesTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail View articleAbstractThe article reviews the book “The Laws of Emotion,” written by Nico H. Frijda.REFERENCES Brief A. P. , Weiss H. M. 2002. Organizational behavior: Affect in the workplace. Annual Review of Psychology. 53: 279–307. Google Scholar Côté S. 2005. A social interaction model of the effects of emotion regulation on work strain. Academy of Management Review, 30: 509–530. Link , Google Scholar Doring S. A. 2003. Explaining action by emotion. Philosophical Quarterly, 53: 214–230. Google Scholar Frijda N. H. 1986. The emotions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar Frijda N. H. 1988. The laws of emotion. American Psychologist, 43: 349–358. Google Scholar Frijda N. H. , Kuipers P. , ter Schure E. 1989. Relations among emotion, appraisal, and emotional action readiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57: 212–228. Google Scholar Isen A. M. 1984. Towards understanding the role of affect in cognition. In Wyer R. S.Srull T. K. (Eds.), Handbook of social Cognition, vol. 3: 179–236. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Google Scholar James W. 1884. What is an emotion? Mind, 9: 188–205. Google Scholar Kuppens P. , Van Mechelen L , Smits D. J. , De Boeck P. 2003. The appraisal basis of anger: Specificity, necessity and sufficiency of components. Emotion, 3: 254–269. Google Scholar Lange C. 1922. (First published in 1885.) Om Sindsbevae-gelser: Et psyko-fysiologisk Studie. (Translated by I. A. Haupt.) In Lange C. G.James W. (Eds.), The emotions. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. Google Scholar Locke E. A. 2005. Why emotional intelligence is an invalid concept. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26: 425–431. Google Scholar Morris J. A. , Feldman D. C. 1996. The dimensions, antecedents, and consequences of emotional labor. Academy of Management Review, 21: 986–1010. Link , Google Scholar Panksepp J. 1998. Affective neuroscience: The foundations of human and animal emotions. New York: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar Rubin R. S. , Munz D. C , Bommer W. H. 2005. Leading from within: The effects of emotion recognition and personality on transformational leadership behavior. Academy of Management Journal, 48: 845–858. Link , Google Scholar Schachter S. , Singer J. E. 1962. Cognitive, social and physiological determinants of emotional state. Psychological Review, 69: 379–399. Google Scholar Seo M. G. , Barrett L. F. , Bartunek J. M. 2004. The role of affective experience in work motivation. Academy of Management Review, 29: 423–439. Link , Google Scholar Smedslund J. 1992. Are Frijda's “laws of emotion” empirical? Cognition and Emotion, 6: 435–456. Google Scholar Zajonc R. B. 1980. Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences. American Psychologist, 35: 151–175. Google ScholarFiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Vol. 32, No. 3 Permissions Metrics in the past 12 months History Published online 1 July 2007 Published in print 1 July 2007 Information© Academy of Management ReviewKeywordsBOOKS -- ReviewsEMOTIONSNONFICTIONDownload PDF

From affiliative behaviors to romantic feelings: A role of nanopeptides

Love is one of the most desired experiences. The quest for understanding human bonds, especially love, was traditionally a domain of the humanities. Recent developments in biological sciences yield new insights into the mechanisms underlying the formation and maintenance of human relationships. Animal models of reproductive behaviors, mother–infant attachment and pair bonding complemented by human studies reveal neuroendocrine foundations of prosocial behaviors and emotions. Amongst various identified neurotransmitters and modulators, which control affiliative behaviors, the particular role of nanopeptides has been indicated. New studies suggest that these chemicals are not only involved in regulating bonding processes in animals but also contribute to generating positive social attitudes and feelings in humans.

Social and Emotional Foundations for Early Learning: A Conceptual Model for Intervention

Over the last several years, there has been an increased focus on school readiness and supporting children during the preschool years to learn the skills they need to be successful in elementary school and beyond (Bowman, Donovan, Burns, et al., 2000; Shonkoff & Phillips, 2000). The capacity to develop positive social relationships, to concentrate and persist on challenging tasks, to effectively communicate emotions, and to problem solve are just a few of the competencies young children need to be successful as they transition to school. In this article, we describe the Teaching Pyramid (Fox, Dunlap, Hemmeter, Joseph, & Strain, 2003), a model for promoting young children's social—emotional development and addressing children's challenging behavior and its link to critical outcomes for children, families, and early childhood programs. The Pyramid includes four components: building positive relationships with children, families, and colleagues; designing supportive and engaging environments; teaching social and emotional skills; and developing individualized interventions for children with the most challenging behavior. Given the unique characteristics of early childhood settings, implementation issues and implications of the model are a primary focus of the discussion.

The Lure of the Unknown

Using event-related fMRI, Bunzeck and Düzel show that midbrain regions putatively housing dopamine cell bodies activate more for novel pictures than for negative pictures, pictures requiring a motor response, or repeated pictures. These findings indicate that midbrain regions preferentially respond to novelty and suggest that novelty can serve as its own reward.

Wonder and the Religious Sensibility: A Study in Religion and Emotion

A few years ago Mark Taylor edited a volume assessing Critical Terms for Religious Studies. In the volume’s second essay, William LaFleur notes that, twenty years ago, mysticism would have been considered a core term for the study of religion. Yet twenty years ago the body rarely surfaced as a critical concept for understanding religion. Now, however, the situation is reversed: “research into psychedelics, the brain, and the chemical components of health and happiness has been impressive. . . . The leverage on our minds exerted by our DNA and what has been called the ‘selfish’ gene cannot be denied. Studies that reject or ignore such data now seem out-of-date.” Although mysticism has hardly receded as a prime topic of religious investigation, it is true that new questions are being asked about it and that new critical terms structure those investigations. Among these terms are concepts drawn from the study of the body—its genetic predispositions, its neurochemical functions, and its emotional programs. This article examines how one aspect of “the body”—its emotional programs—might be used as an organizing construct in religious studies. More specifically, I hope to show how experiences of wonder exert “leverage” on our perception and cognition in ways that encourage the development of a distinctively religious posture toward life. It is also my hope that the “psychology of wonder” will contribute to recent inquiries into the relationship between religion and the emotions. Ever since Friedrich Schleiermacher defined religion in terms of the feeling of absolute dependence, scholars have argued about the emotional foundations of a religious orientation to life. Many historical and theoretical studies have explored the relationship between religion and such specific emotions as anger, fear, bliss, love, mourning, and ha-

Emerson, Romanticism, and intuitive reason: the transatlantic "light of all our day"

Emerson, Romanticism, and Intuitive is a comparative study in transatlantic Romanticism, focusing on Emerson's part in the American dialogue with British Romanticism and, as filtered through Coleridge, German Idealist philosophy. The book's guiding theme is the concept of intuitive Reason, which Emerson derived from Coleridge's distinction between Understanding and Reason and which Emerson associated with that of all our day in his favorite stanza of Wordsworth's Ode: Intimations of Immortality. Intuitive Reason became the intellectual and emotional foundation of American Transcendentalism. That light radiated to illuminate Emerson's life and work, as well as the complex and often covert relationship of a writer who, however fiercely self-reliant and original, was deeply indebted to his transatlantic precursors. The debt is intellectual and personal. Emerson's supposed indifference to, or triumph over, repeated familial tragedy is often attributed to his Idealism - a complacent optimism that blinded him to any vision of the tragic. His art of losing may be better understood as a tribute to the healing power, the consolation in distress, which Emerson considered Wordsworth's principal value. The second part of this book traces Emerson's struggle - with the help of the benignant influence shed by that of all our day - to confront and overcome personal tragedy, to attain the equilibrium epitomized in Wordsworth's Elegiac Stanzas: Not without hope we suffer and we mourn.

Ułuda racjonalności? O emocjonalnych postawach społecznego funkcjonowania człowieka

The article analyzes the concept of rationality in sociological theory and attempts to identify its significance in the light of research in neurophysics, evolutionary, and neuronal psychology. The author proposes a thesis that the sociological concept of man and human nature and decision making processes which shape social behavior of individuals stand in sharp contrast with the concept of man offered by the most recent studies of human mind. The examples of that specific “backwardness” are the primacy of the role of “I” or the use of outdated terminology suggesting the discrepancy between the spheres of “reason” and “emotions”. The author proposes to abandon such divisions and to treat man not as a decision making center but as a homogenous structure adjusting its actions to the context, which is done primarily through emotions. Based on such assumptions the author suggests a direction in which sociological theory should go. Therefore it is crucial to consider emotional foundations of perception of reality and neuronal basis of social behavior (as necessary compliments of their socio-cultural aspects).

The biology and evolution of music: A comparative perspective

Studies of the biology of music (as of language) are highly interdisciplinary and demand the integration of diverse strands of evidence. In this paper, I present a comparative perspective on the biology and evolution of music, stressing the value of comparisons both with human language, and with those animal communication systems traditionally termed “song”. A comparison of the “design features” of music with those of language reveals substantial overlap, along with some important differences. Most of these differences appear to stem from semantic, rather than structural, factors, suggesting a shared formal core of music and language. I next review various animal communication systems that appear related to human music, either by analogy (bird and whale “song”) or potential homology (great ape bimanual drumming). A crucial comparative distinction is between learned, complex signals (like language, music and birdsong) and unlearned signals (like laughter, ape calls, or bird calls). While human vocalizations clearly build upon an acoustic and emotional foundation shared with other primates and mammals, vocal learning has evolved independently in our species since our divergence with chimpanzees. The convergent evolution of vocal learning in other species offers a powerful window into psychological and neural constraints influencing the evolution of complex signaling systems (including both song and speech), while ape drumming presents a fascinating potential homology with human instrumental music. I next discuss the archeological data relevant to music evolution, concluding on the basis of prehistoric bone flutes that instrumental music is at least 40,000 years old, and perhaps much older. I end with a brief review of adaptive functions proposed for music, concluding that no one selective force (e.g., sexual selection) is adequate to explaining all aspects of human music. I suggest that questions about the past function of music are unlikely to be answered definitively and are thus a poor choice as a research focus for biomusicology. In contrast, a comparative approach to music promises rich dividends for our future understanding of the biology and evolution of music.

The Emotional Foundation of Political Cognition: The Impact of Extrinsic Anxiety on the Formation of Political Tolerance Judgments

Common sense recognizes emotion's ability to influence judgments. We argue that affective processes, in addition to generating feeling states, also influence how political cognition is manifested. Drawing on the theory of affective intelligence, we examine the role that anxiety plays in how and when people rely on predispositions and when they rely on contemporaneous information in making political tolerance judgments. We report on two experimental studies to test our arguments. In the first study we find that extrinsic anxiety generates a resistance response among subjects who hold a strong predisposition and a receptive response among those who do not. In the second study we present subjects with explicit “frames” exposing them to a pro‐ or anti‐free speech message. We find that extrinsic anxiety enhances responsiveness to frames while an absence of anxiety diminishes the impact of these frames. Taken together these results show that affective processes shape how people make political judgments.

A Classic Guide to the Neurophysiological Foundations of Emotions and Behaviors

A Classic Guide to the Neurophysiological Foundations of Emotions and Behaviors

The Professional Conscience: A Psychoanalytic Study of Moral Character in Tolstoy's The Death of Ivan Ilych

Modern professional behavior all too often fails to meet high standards of moral conduct. An important reason for this unfortunate state of affairs is the expansive self interest of the individual professional. The individual's natural desire for his/her own success and pleasure goes unchecked by internal moral constraints. In this essay, I investigate this phenomenon using the psychoanalytic concepts of the ego ideal and superego. These concepts are used to explore the internal psychological dynamics that contribute to moral decision-making. The contrasts between self interest and concern for others, selfishness and moral values, and moral conscience and social conformity are examined in Tolstoy's study of the modern professional in The Death of Ivan Ilych. By reviewing Freud's work on the moral conscience, particularly its complex inner structure and liabilities to dysfunction, and applying it to Tolstoy's penetrating portrayal of Ivan Ilych's personal and professional life, an understanding of the inner (emotional) foundation of moral character, its dependence on the past through the links between generations, and the need to integrate idealism with moral values is generated. Examples from Enron Corporation will be used throughout the paper to relate the analysis and discussion to contemporary business ethics problems.

Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions

Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions

Religion and the Changing Intensity of Emotional Solidarities in Durkheim’s The Division of Labour in Society (1893)

This article re-reads the six evolutionary stages contained in The Division of Labour so as to uncover the key importance of human emotion in Durkheim’s early views on the nature and social role of religion. This important, yet hitherto neglected, thematic link in Durkheim’s early writings will be used to defend Nisbet’s (1972[1966]) belief that it is the religious and emotional foundations of order that provide the true germinative link between Durkheim’s early and later work, and not structural functional differentiation, as commentators like Wallwork (1984, 1985) had otherwise suggested.

Lessons Learned: The Aftermath of September 11

September 11, 2001, will be indelibly stamped upon all our memories. It taxed our emotional foundation and tested the very mettle upon which our country was built. It also provided a most compelling reason for having a viable and executable business continuity planning (BCP) process. No longer will most corporate executives question the need for recovery planning. In fact, the very opposite is unfolding in corporations around the world. Boards of directors are now asking for an assessment of their recovery capabilities and want to understand their exposure.

The simulation of emotion experience: On the emotional foundations of theory of mind

An argument is developed that supports a simulationist account about the foundations of infants' and young children's understanding that other people have mental states. This argument relies on evidence that infants come to the world with capacities to send and receive affective cues and to appreciate the emotional states of others – capacities well suited to a social environment initially made up of frequent and extended emotional interactions with their caregivers. The central premise of the argument is that the foundation of infants' understanding of other minds is built upon an early-developing capacity to share others' emotion experiences. The emotion experiences elicited in interactions between caregivers and infants enable the elaboration of this primitive understanding into a more fully developed understanding of psychological subjects. The evidence presented in support of these claims derives from a wide range of studies of the phenomena of emotional contagion, affective communication, and emotion regulation involving infants, young children, and adults.

The critical-practitioner model in therapy

As insurance companies and governments demand biopsychosocial forms of managed and evidence-based care from psychologists, the scientist-practitioner model has become more dominant in therapy. According to this model, what is to count as knowledge in psychology and as efficacious in therapy is established solely through controlled scientific experiment or clinical trial methodology. Yet there is an inherent tension between this kind of academic outcome research and the practice or art of psychotherapy in its natural setting. Recent discussion in the psychology literature concerning what works in the real world of therapy suggests that a broader, more flexible interpretation of the scientist-practitioner model is required, one that combines empirically supported psychological techniques and clinical wisdom as an awareness of therapeutic context and relationship. This integration of scientific and critical perspectives is evidence-based and consistent with best therapy practice. Thus, practitioners who apply cognitive-behaviour therapy may also draw on narrative, psychodynamic, interpersonal, and systemic therapy and other critical frameworks in their psychological work. The paper proposes a critical-practitioner model in therapy that introduces relational and contextual factors into the scientific therapy equation. A critical psychology that addresses the cultural, spiritual, emotional, subjective, physical, and discursive foundations of psychological life invites psychologists to consider qualitative, collaborative, meaning-focused, and person-sensitive methodologies in scientific therapy and its research. This is discussed in terms of deconstructing the violent logic of either/or thinking in a modern theoretical psychology.

Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions.

Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions.

Perceived antecedents of emotional reactions in inter-ethnic relations.

It is argued that the aspects of intergroup relations that potentially can arouse emotions in the perceiver are likely to become central and motivationally relevant elements of group stereotypes. Asking participants to report on the perceived antecedents of their emotional reactions to in-group and out-group members should therefore be an especially useful method to reveal the content of stereotypes. Native Dutch participants reported both the frequencies with which different emotions were felt in different intergroup relations and the perceived causes of these emotions. Analysis of self-reported antecedents of emotional reactions revealed that (a) despite a general in-group favourability bias, both the in-group and the two out-groups employed arouse different kinds of negative and positive emotions; and (b) differences in emotional reactions to the two out-groups are related to salient differences in perceived antecedents between these groups. Theoretical and practical implications of the present emphasis on the cognitive foundation of emotion in intergroup relations are discussed.

Personal ideology polarity: its emotional foundation and its manifestation in individual value systems, religiosity, political orientation, and assumptions concerning human nature.

Personal ideology is an individual's philosophy of how life should be and of what forces influence human living. In this study S.S. Tomkins's (1963b, 1965, 1978, 1987) polarity theory of ideology was used to examine the manifestation of personal ideology in 4 value-laden domains of personality. Tomkins's theoretical postulates concerning the emotional foundation of personal ideology also were tested. Analyses revealed that the 2 defining dimensions of polarity theory--humanism and normativism--are related in the predicted meaningful ways to value systems, assumptions concerning human nature, religiosity, and political orientation. Evidence also was found for Tomkins's contention that specific affect clusters serve as the foundation of personal ideology. Participants who scored high in humanism ideology related autobiographical memories containing the emotion cluster of joy, distress, fear, and shame, whereas the memories of participants with normative ideologies contained relatively more anger.

Personal ideology polarity: Its emotional foundation and its manifestation in individual value systems, religiosity, political orientation, and assumptions concerning human nature.

Personal ideology polarity: Its emotional foundation and its manifestation in individual value systems, religiosity, political orientation, and assumptions concerning human nature.