Foundation Movement Research Articles

The prediction of collapse mechanisms for masonry structures affected by ground movements using Rigid Block Limit Analysis

Masonry structures belonged to the Cultural Heritage suffered severe damages in the last decays due to the action of the settlement-induced ground movements. The researchers have been developing numerical tools for the vulnerability analysis and assessment of masonry structures subjected to settlements. Continuous, discrete and rigid block models were proposed in literature. The analysis of both local or global failure modes due to settlement is a still debated topic, involving several questions related to the modelling techniques and to the investigation of the parameters which affect the masonry behaviour against foundation movements. In this framework, the paper focuses on a numerical approach for the settlement analysis based on the rigid block limit analysis. The Italian Code (NTC 2018) also suggests linear kinematic approach for the seismic-induced collapse mechanisms analysis. In such a formulation, the structure is modelled as a collection of polyhedral rigid blocks assuming frictional contact interfaces with infinite compressive strength and zero tensile strength and neglecting the mortar contribution. Originally formulated for the in-plane and out-of-plane mechanisms analysis, the numerical formulation was recently improved in order to analyze blocky-structures subjected to uniform settlement.Numerical case study of a monumental masonry church façade subjected to uniform settlement at the base was presented in this paper aiming at testing the numerical procedure. The results were discussed to evaluate the software capability and accuracy in the settlement-induced collapse mechanisms prediction.

Analytical and Computational Modeling of Integral Abutment Bridges Foundation Movement due to Seasonal Temperature Variations

AbstractClassical mechanics theory is used to develop an analytical model for determining pile displacement due to temperature variations, in integral abutment bridges (IABs). The advantage of this...

Experimental Investigation of Effect of Soil Structure Interaction on Buildings

In the conventional analysis and design, buildings are generally considered to be fixed at their bases, but in actual practice, the support condition depends on the type of soil on which it is founded. The flexibility of the soil medium allows the movement of soil and foundation, which decreases in the overall stiffness of building frames and results in a subsequent increase in natural periods of the system. Thus, the response of the entire structure is altered. However, when the foundation of the structure rests on hard strata, these movements due to seismic activities become insignificant. Nonetheless, hard strata are not always available at a reasonable depth. Thus, the construction of structures on soft soil becomes inevitable, and ground motions due to seismic activities modify the behavior of a structure. The structure resting on soft soil becomes more flexible and has a longer time period as compared to the same structure resting on hard strata. This effect of soil and structure on each other is called Soil-structure Interaction (SSI). In this paper, SSI is studied for a three-story scaled-down model on soft soil block of various depths. The experimentation work was conducted on a shake table, and a ground motion was applied in terms of harmonic excitation. The story displacements of structure with soil block (flexible base) are compared with story displacements of the structure without soil block (fixed base).

Atmosphere-soil-structure interaction: Isolated building foundation movements induced by environmental loads

This paper presents a simplified method for the study of the soil-structure interaction problem for isolated footings on soils subjected to water content-related volume changes. The method is based on the 2D modelling of thermo-hydro-mechanical processes occurring in the soil and the soil–atmosphere interface, the calculation of the soil-footing system stiffness and the modelling of the structure. The idealization of soil-structure interaction from an equivalent springs model, obtained from the above characteristics, allows the movements changes in time of the foundations to be obtained. These in turn can be used for evaluation of building damage related to angular distortion among foundations.

Making a Difference in PE Lessons: Using a Low Organized Games Approach to Teach Fundamental Motor Skills in China.

Background: Fundamental motor skills (FMS) is the foundational movement for children’s physical development. Physical Education (PE) lessons provide a unique opportunity for children to acquire these skills. The purposes of this study were to: (1) to describe the FMS performance of primary school children in China; and (2) to examine the effect of a PE-based intervention on children’s FMS. Methods: The 12-week PE-based intervention was conducted using a low organized games (LOG) approach. Children’s FMS was measured by the Test of Gross Motor Development-2 (TGMD-2). Participants were 560 children aged between 6–9 years old (grade one to three) from two primary schools in Chongqing, China. They were grouped into intervention group (with LOG program PE; n = 282) or control group (with regular PE; n = 278). Results: The results revealed significant interaction effect between group and grade on the locomotor skill score changes (F(1,554) = 22.31, p < 0.000), and object control score change (F(1,554) = 627.1, p < 0.000). There was no significant interaction effect between the intervention group and gender on locomotor skill (F(1,554) = 1.49, p = 0.223) and object control skill significant (F(1,554) = 743, p = 0.389). Conclusions: The present study supported the application of LOG approach in PE lesson as an effective intervention to enhance children’s FMS in China.

Piles and lateral loads: comparison of calculation methods

Introduction. Calculation and analysis of pile resistance to loads remains to be a relevant problem in geoengineering. The design of pile foundations is currently performed using diverse analytical, empirical and numerical methods. However, the reliability of these methods remains to be a topic of interest among researchers and designers. This research paper analyses methods used for calculating the lateral-load capacity of piles in comparison with field-test data. Materials and methods. The paper dwells upon the development of reliable analytical expressions based on mathematical models of the pile–soil interaction. Main existing mathematical models of the soil environment, including the Mohr – Coulomb elastic ideal plastic model and the hardening soil model (HSM) were analysed. A particular attention was paid to a variety of factors affecting the pile–soil interaction, such as natural factors, pile types, pile sinking depth and technology, configurations of loads, as well as time-changed processes. A comparison of methods for calculating the lateral-load capacity of piles was conducted. To that end, calculations using the Mohr – Coulomb model and the local elastic strain theory (still required by building codes) were performed. High-level solid elements were used to develop and compute a finite-element pile-in-soil model in a spatial setting. Another model on the basis of parametric pile elements was designed using the MIDAS software. Results. It is established that the use of numerical calculation methods for evaluating the capacity and movements of pile foundations provides results comparable to those of field tests. These methods demonstrate a higher reliability compared to standardized analytical techniques. Conclusions. The reliability of numerical calculations of pile resistance to lateral impact is shown to be sufficiently high, thus being feasible for use in geoengineering. The use of these methods should be based on advanced non-linear soil models, such as HS, CamClay, etc.

Quantifying cycling as a foundational movement skill in early childhood

ObjectivesThe addition of cycling to the fundamental movement phase of the motor development model has been proposed. Lifelong physical activity behaviours, like cycling, are established during childhood and it is vital that research focuses on these skills. In order to determine the position of cycling within this newly proposed model, the learning process of this skill must be examined. The current paper will quantify the skill of cycling as a learning process and investigate cycling’s place as a Foundational Movement Skill. Investigation into whether a composite score could be derived from combining fundamental movement skills proficiency scores and ability on a balance bike (as a measure of the learning process of cycling) will also be conducted. Design and MethodsNinety-seven preschool children were assessed on ability on a balance bike (bike with no pedals) using two separate timed tracks (straight and curved) and fundamental movement skill proficiency. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, Pearson product-moment correlations and principal axis factoring. ResultsStatistically significant correlations were found between ability on a balance bike and all three subcomponents of fundamental movement skills (locomotor, object-control & stability). Principal axis factoring revealed the presence of one component that all four variables could explain. ConclusionAbility on a balance bike is a standalone Foundational Movement Skill and is not a representation of locomotor, object-control or stability. Furthermore, ability on a balance bike can be combined with locomotor, object-control and stability to produce an overall composite score for Foundational Movement Skills.

Influence of soil-structure interaction on seismic demands in shear wall building gravity load frames

This paper presents a complete and simple linear method, with a suitable force modification factor, to compute seismic demands in the gravity load resisting system (GLRS) of shear wall buildings including foundation movement. Based on the method first proposed by Beauchamp, Paultre and Léger in 2017, this paper compares two approaches to consider foundation movement on linear soil media such as (a) a simple rotational spring under each core and (b) a complete set of springs and dashpots. A fixed-base model using code foundation factors is also used for comparison. Springs and dashpots are assessed by modelling soil-structure interaction (SSI) with solid finite elements. Then, these approaches are evaluated for a typical 12-storey concrete shear wall building considering several nonlinear time history analyses (NLTHAs). SSI is modelled with a set of springs and dashpots, and ground motions are selected from the conditional spectrum method. NLTHAs are performed for soil classes ranging from stiff to soft, and the effect of the underground structure cracking is analysed. Analysis results show that the proposed methods are accurate in computing seismic demands in the GLRS compared to NLTHA. Foundation movements should be explicitly modelled for soil class D or softer, and underground structure cracking should be considered. For the very soft soil class E, the behaviour of the building is poorly captured in linear analysis methods; thus, nonlinear analyses are required.

Early Identification for Prospective Housing Area in the Landslide Potential Zone

Identification of area for prospective housing before construction is much needed, especially area with a steep slope and young volcanic that have landslide risk. The risk of landslides is not only caused by high rainfall or steep slope but can be caused by shocks due to earthquakes. It is necessary to identify the rock types in the prospective housing near Mount Salak in Cijeruk area, Bogor Regency. The purpose of this research is early identification types of rocks, soils, and potential of a landslide in prospective housing by geological and soil survey methods. The geological survey method used is to identify morphometry and lithology specially landslide, whereas soil survey identifies soil characteristics. According to results of research, morphometry at prospective housing is included moderately until steep slope category. Steep slopes potentially cause landslides with debris avalanche type. Characteristics of soil at Cijeruk support it has an of high coefficient of linear extensibility; this condition affects the shallow foundation movement. Therefore needs additional material so that the coefficient of linear extensibility value becomes low. The soil in this location comes from volcanic activity with tuff and lapilli types, sometimes found pebbles until boulder, and they are not lithification. If the location of the housing is exposed to an earthquake with a scale of 5 SR, it would be high shocks and areas with steep slopes would cause landslides. For maintenance from landslides, retaining walls need to be made with the type of gravity wall and cantilever wall. The distance between the retaining wall and housing is 15 meters. The type of foundation to be used is the foundation of the spread footing.

Dynamic response of pipelines under impact and harmonic loading

This study deals with the dynamic response of pipelines under flexural loads. The flexural loads can be harmonic (transmitted by pumps, compressors, etc.) or transient (seismic loads, foundation movement and impact for pipeline inspection). Existing works provide solutions in the frequency domain or in the time domain. However, the methods in the frequency domain cannot simulate the pipeline response under transient loading and the methods in the time domain are mostly based on approximate techniques. An exact solution for pipeline response under transient and harmonic loads is proposed. The modelling of fluid−pipe interaction under transient loading conditions yields coupled equilibrium and motion partial differential equations. Decoupling of the above equations is possible; however, it increases the order of the differential equations from 1 to 4. A system of eight first-order coupled partial differential equations is decoupled, yielding eight fourth-order ones. Integral transforms are used to achieve an analytical solution. The methodology is based on double integral transforms. The implementation of a finite sine Fourier transform for the spatial variable and the analytic inversion of the Laplace transform in the time domain are new. Results are provided for pipelines subjected to impact and harmonic loads.

Closure to “Discussion of ‘Axial Uplift Behavior of Belled Piers in Sloping Ground’ by F. A. B. Danziger, C. Pereira Pinto, A. P. Ruffier, and M. P. Pacheco”

Abstract The main target of this closure is to clarify some issues related to the interpretation of the test results. Based on the suggested critical depth (i.e., the depth to determine the uplift failure mode to change from shallow to deep or vice-versa) in the literature and the sketch of the failure cracks of the load tests, the failure modes for the two belled piers were suggested, which are in agreement with those recommended by the discussers. The Meyerhof and Adams method was used to predict the ultimate uplift resistances for the belled piers in the case of horizontal ground conditions, and it provides reasonable results for the load test predictions. The small difference between the interpreted failure loads may be due to the inherent spatial variability of the geotechnical properties of loess soils. The normalized load–displacement curves of the two belled piers in this study were compared to each other and to that of belled piers in loess with horizontal ground conditions. It is indicated that the additional embedment of the foundation in a sloping ground can result in an increase in the relative stiffness of the foundation-soil system, though the presence of the slope may result in a decrease in the relative stiffness of the foundation-soil system. The writers agree that further investigations on the subject of structure behavior in response to foundation movement may be of much help.

Calibration of foundation movements for AASHTO LRFD bridge design specifications

ABSTRACTIn the bridge design specifications of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials using the Load and Resistance Factor Design method, the loads and resulting force effects are given two-letter designations, e.g. “SE” for “force effects due to settlement”. The same two-letter designation is used as a subscript to distinguish load factors, γ, to be applied to loads and other actions acting on the bridge. Thus, the load factor γSE is used to develop factored values of the additional induced force effects such as moments and shears in a bridge structure due to foundation movements. This paper presents the process to calibrate the SE load factor as a function of the target reliability index based on structural service limit states such as cracking in a bridge superstructure. In this process, the target reliability index, uncertainty in predicted movements, and user-specified deterministic tolerable movements are considered in a unified manner. The calibration process can be used for any analytical method and any pattern of movement. The calibration process is demonstrated by an example of immediate settlement for five analytical methods using a dataset based on 20 instrumented spread footings from 10 bridges in the northeast USA.

Power Testing in Basketball: Current Practice and Future Recommendations.

Wen, N, Dalbo, VJ, Burgos, B, Pyne, DB, and Scanlan, AT. Power testing in basketball: Current practice and future recommendations. J Strength Cond Res 32(9): 2686-2700, 2018-Numerous foundational movements performed during basketball are predicated on underlying power-related attributes, including speed, change-of-direction (COD), and jumping. Accordingly, fitness testing batteries for basketball have incorporated an assortment of linear speed tests, COD tests, and jump tests. However, because of the wide variety of testing options, it is difficult for basketball practitioners to select appropriate testing protocols for the assessment of power-related attributes. As a result, there is a need to review the relevant literature to identify game-specific, power-related attributes important in basketball and the most appropriate tests available to assess power-related attributes for basketball practitioners. Therefore, the aims of this review were to: (a) identify essential power-related attributes important in basketball; (b) discuss the suitability of common and novel power-related tests; and (c) provide recommendations for future research and best practice approaches for basketball coaching staff. In this review, we propose a series of novel tests that are more targeted and specific to basketball movements including: (a) 5- and 10-m linear sprints, (b) modified agility T-test, (c) change-of-direction deficit (CODD), (d) lateral bound, (e) Sargent jump, (f) one-step jump, and (g) isometric midthigh pull test. Improved testing of power-related attributes should enable basketball practitioners to develop targeted training plans for enhancing player performance.

TRANSFORMATIVE ECOFEMINISM MOVEMENT IN EMPOWERING INDONESIAN WOMEN

This research has a purpose to analyze Women’s Journal Foundation as an organization of women who performs the environmental movement and the empowerment of women (ecofeminism) through the Journal. This research used a critical paradigm, a qualitative approach and phenomenological designs. The research locations were held in Jakarta, Salatiga, and Klaten, and took time for 23 months (August 2013 - June 2015). The result showed that: (1) Women Journal Foundation was founded in 1995 by Gadis Arivia with the goal of advancing gender equality; (2) it innitially lied on feminist ideology, a courage to build women’s awareness through women journals as the essential movement media; (3) instrument of Women Journal Foundation movement is Friends of Women Journal, performing financial strengthening while providing ecofeminism awareness, and raising ecofeminism in the practical level; and (4) the implications of the movement Women Journal Foundation are the growth of ecofeminism awareness that manifests itself into empowerment of women who care about garbage (Garbage Bank) in Salatiga and natural dye used for batik in Klaten.

Art Interventions and Disruptions in Financial Systems: An Interview with Paolo Cirio

Prior to the release of the 2016 Panama Papers and 2017 Paradise Papers – leaked documents that uncovered the movement of funds through offshore tax havens – conceptual artist Paolo Cirio’s (b. 1979) project Loophole for All (2013) revealed and documented the mechanics behind offshore financial centers. In this interview, Cirio expounds upon his investigations of offshore banking practices, describes his projects for instituting alternative financial models, and explains his hacktivist (i.e. Internet activist) strategies that engage with legal and economic systems. Defining the foundational movements that inform his work, Cirio in turn illuminates his methods of direct provocation and performance to reveal social and economic inequalities.

Integrated Superstructure-Substructure Load Rating for Bridges with Foundation Movements

Integrated Superstructure-Substructure Load Rating for Bridges with Foundation Movements

Development of Foundational Movement Skills: A Conceptual Model for Physical Activity Across the Lifespan.

Evidence supports a positive association between competence in fundamental movement skills (e.g., kicking, jumping) and physical activity in young people. Whilst important, fundamental movement skills do not reflect the broad diversity of skills utilized in physical activity pursuits across the lifespan. Debate surrounds the question of what are the most salient skills to be learned which facilitate physical activity participation across the lifespan. In this paper, it is proposed that the term 'fundamental movement skills' be replaced with 'foundational movement skills'. The term 'foundational movement skills' better reflects the broad range of movement forms that increase in complexity and specificity and can be applied in a variety of settings. Thus, 'foundational movement skills' includes both traditionally conceptualized 'fundamental' movement skills and other skills (e.g., bodyweight squat, cycling, swimming strokes) that support physical activity engagement across the lifespan. A proposed conceptual model outlines how foundational movement skill competency can provide a direct or indirect pathway, via specialized movement skills, to a lifetime of physical activity. Foundational movement skill development is hypothesized to vary according to culture and/or geographical location. Further, skill development may be hindered or enhanced by physical (i.e., fitness, weight status) and psychological (i.e., perceived competence, self-efficacy) attributes. This conceptual model may advance the application of motor development principles within the public health domain. Additionally, it promotes the continued development of human movement in the context of how it leads to skillful performance and how movement skill development supports and maintains a lifetime of physical activity engagement.

Predicting heave on the expansive soil

The heave of expansive soil information is a fundamental part of the preparation of a foundation design to accommodate the anticipated volume change and consequences associated with the foundation movement over the design life of the structure. The one-dimensional oedometer is the most widely accepted method to identify and evaluate the amount of swell that may occur. Although the oedometer is used extensively for evaluating the amount of heave, the procedures used are quite varied, and few of the methods have been validated experimentally. An objective of this research study is to briefly explain common practices and existing heave prediction by oedometer methods and then, to validate by experimental laboratory heave tests using soil sample from Ngawi. The two prediction methods provided results that represent low and upper bound predictions of the actual soil heave movement in the laboratory. The difference between the prediction with heave measurement is about 29,50% and 45,02%, respectively.

Community Foundations in China: In Search of Identity?

This paper provides an assessment of the current state of China’s community foundation movement. We use a mixed-methods approach that combines the collection and analysis of secondary data with interview-based comparative case studies. We first present a typology, followed by an estimate of the number of existing community foundations. We then present a comparative analysis of two community foundation types (independent vs. government-affiliated). Our findings, organized around four themes, suggest the presence of dual identities among Chinese community foundations: government-led social reform and civil society-led social innovation. Although vastly outnumbered by their government-affiliated counterparts, independent community foundations are able to achieve greater strategic agility, suggesting a promising future for this new form of institutional philanthropy in China.

Injury prevention in male youth soccer: Current practices and perceptions of practitioners working at elite English academies

ABSTRACTForty-one practitioners inclusive of physiotherapists, sports scientists and strength and conditioning coaches from the academies of elite soccer clubs in the United Kingdom completed an on-line questionnaire which examined their: (1) background information; (2) perceptions of injury occurrence and risk factors; (3) screening and return to play; and (4) approach to designing and delivering injury prevention programmes with a response rate of 55% (41/75). Contact injuries were the most common mechanism reported and players between 13–16 years of age were perceived to be at the greatest risk. Pertinent risk factors included: reduced lower limb and eccentric hamstring strength, proprioception, muscle imbalances, and under developed foundational movement skills. Joint range of motion, jump tests, the functional movement screen, overhead and single leg squats were the most utilised screening methods. Training modalities rated in order of importance included: resistance training, flexibility development, agility, plyometrics and balance training. Training frequency was most commonly once or twice per week, during warm-ups, independent sessions or a combination of both. Injury prevention strategies in this cohort appear to be logical; however, the classification of injury occurrence and application of screening tools to identify “at risk” players do not align with existing research. The frequency and type of training used may also be insufficient to elicit an appropriate stimulus to address pertinent risk factors based on current recommendations.